Antihistamines in drops for children

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Allergy medications for children: review of medications, dosages

An allergy is the body’s reaction to foreign agents, which is manifested by skin rashes, disruptions in the digestive system, disorders of the respiratory system, lacrimation, coughing and other symptoms.

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Many of these manifestations are managed with medications. When eliminating allergy symptoms in a child, you should remember that not all drugs intended for this are suitable for them. It is also important to adhere to a dosage that is several times lower than for an adult.

Allergy symptoms in children

The most common manifestations of allergies are redness and peeling of the skin, various types of rashes. But allergic reactions are not always only skin reactions. Nasal congestion and the discharge of clear mucus from it, difficulty breathing, coughing attacks, lacrimation, swelling and redness of the eyes - these are all manifestations of allergies, which are often confused with the onset of colds. Symptoms of allergies can also include disruptions in the gastrointestinal tract, expressed in changes in the color and consistency of stool (for example, in children of the first year of life it becomes green), intestinal colic, diarrhea or constipation.

Many symptoms can be easily relieved by protecting the child from contact with the allergen (allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis), others disappear only by taking special medications (skin rashes). There are also types of allergies that require long-term treatment (for example, atopic dermatitis).

How are allergies treated?

There is no cure for allergies as such. An exception can be considered ASIT therapy, or the introduction of minimal doses of an identified allergen into the body in various ways, which has been practiced not so long ago and causes a lot of controversy and controversy among pediatricians.

In most cases, allergy treatment is aimed at quickly identifying the allergen and eliminating it, relieving the symptoms of allergic reactions with antihistamines, and restoring the skin and the body as a whole with the help of medications.

Video: What is ASIT therapy and how is it carried out?

Allergy medications for children

In the treatment of allergies, medications from several groups are used. The main ones that relieve symptoms and alleviate the child’s condition are antihistamines. Often there are enough of them. In case of severe allergies, local medications, hormonal agents, and sorbents are additionally used.

Antihistamines

Most common when relieving symptoms of allergic reactions. The action is based on the blockade of histamine in the body, which provokes reactions to the allergen in the form of redness, rashes, swelling, and itching. Antihistamines are widely used to relieve symptoms of other diseases, including colds, nasal congestion to ease breathing, central nervous system diseases and others.

There are currently three generations of antihistamines. In pediatrics, along with new generation drugs, old generation antihistamines are actively used.

First generation

These include fenkarol, diphenhydramine, chloropyramine, diazolin, tavegil, suprastin. They have a sedative effect, causing inhibition of physical and mental reactions and drowsiness. When treating children, especially the first three years of life, they are rarely used, as they are characterized by high toxicity. However, when relieving anaphylactic shock or Quincke's edema, they are indispensable, as they are highly active and quickly cope with allergy symptoms.

First generation drugs are eliminated from the body faster than others, so they are taken 3 times a day, but in short courses, as addiction is noted.

They are used in children for acute reactions to an allergen (stings of wasps, bees and other insects). Diphenhydramine is the most dangerous for children; diazolin is also not recommended due to its ability to cause severe intoxication and reactions from the central nervous system. Most often, children are prescribed suprastin and tavegil.

Second generation

These are cetrin, lomilan, loragexal, claritin, kestin, zodak, fenistil, loratadine. These medications should be taken once a day, preferably at the same time. Due to the absence of an overly pronounced sedative effect and minimal toxic effect on the body, they are allowed to be used for a long time. Oddly enough, children often experience allergic reactions to the components of these antihistamines, so they are prescribed with caution. In addition, long-term use may cause dizziness, nausea, muscle pain and headaches.

The main danger is cardiotoxicity, which increases with the simultaneous use of antibiotics and antifungals. Not recommended for liver pathologies. The most suitable medications for children in this group are loratadine, fenistil and zodak.

Third or new generation

These are Fexadine, Hismanal, Cetirizine, Astemizole, Erius, Telfast, Terfenadine, Xysal, Zyrtec. They are most often prescribed to children because they do not have a sedative effect and are not dangerous to blood vessels and the heart, unlike first and second generation drugs. But they are not suitable for quickly relieving symptoms.

In most cases, they are used for long-term treatment, for example, hay fever, atopic dermatitis, and bronchial asthma.

Antihistamines for allergies for children under one year of age

Antihistamines are given to newborns and infants in the form of drops and syrups. Old generation drugs are contraindicated for them due to their high toxicity and sedative effect.

But even among the new generation of drugs, not all are approved from birth. Thus, Zyrtec is used only from six months, while Fenistil is allowed from the first days of life. Meanwhile, pediatricians recommend using little-tested new generation drugs with caution, giving preference to the proven Suprastin (¼ tablet up to 2 times a day).

The dosage for children is prescribed not according to age, but according to body weight. You should also study the annotation for the selected drug.

It should be remembered: The most effective treatment is eliminating the allergen, and antihistamines only relieve allergy symptoms. With prolonged use, sometimes addiction occurs, and then in emergency situations they may not work.

Dosage of antihistamines depending on age (table)

½ tablet (12.5 mg) 2 times a day

½ tablet (12.5 mg) 3 times a day

Suprastin (solution for injection)

The maximum daily dose of suprastin in any form of release is 2 mg/kg body weight

½-1 tablet 2 times a day

In severe cases, the daily dose can reach up to 4 tablets

3-12 years (and weighing up to 30 kg)

once a day ½ tablet (5 mg)

from 12 years (and weighing more than 30 kg)

once a day 1 tablet (10 mg)

2-12 years (and weighing up to 30 kg)

once daily 5 mg

from 12 years (and weighing more than 30 kg)

once a day 10 mg

3-10 drops (2 drops per kg of body weight) 3 times a day

10-15 drops (2 drops per kg of body weight) 3 times a day

15-20 drops (2 drops per kg of body weight) 3 times a day

20-40 drops 3 times a day

5 drops 1 time per day

5 drops 1-2 times a day

5 drops 2 times or 10 drops 1 time per day

2.5 ml (1.25 mg) per day

5 ml (2.5 mg) per day

10 ml (5 mg) per day

Corticosteroids

These are hormonal drugs, they are used strictly as prescribed by the doctor. It is the pediatrician who must give recommendations on a specific medicine, its dosage, which cannot be increased or reduced independently, much less change the duration of treatment.

Corticosteroids are available in the form of tablets, ointments, and injection solutions. Children are usually prescribed hormonal ointments. Children's skin is very delicate, its permeability is much higher, so there is a high probability of an overdose of the hormonal drug, which can lead to serious side effects. During the first days, the ointment is mixed with baby cream and the reaction is monitored.

The use of drugs based on hydrocortisone (fucidin, Cortade, Lokoid and others), triamcinolone (Nasacort, Photoderm, Berlicort), flumethasone (Sinalar, Flucort) in children is prohibited.

Cromony

A feature of cromones is their cumulative effect, so they are often prescribed for preventive purposes (for example, in the spring and summer to prevent the development of hay fever). These are drugs based on cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium, prescribed in complex therapy for the treatment of allergies. They have different forms of release, so systemic effects on the body are excluded. Available in the form of drops for the treatment of runny nose of allergic origin, conjunctivitis, ointments to relieve redness and rashes, and other skin reactions.

It should be remembered: Cromones are not an instant-acting medicine; the effect of the drugs is felt no earlier than two weeks from the moment you start taking them.

The use of cromones in children is due to their safety. When exposed locally, they are not absorbed into the blood and are completely eliminated from the body.

The following dosage forms are used in children:

  • cromohexal - spray and drops for nasal instillation for allergic rhinitis, allowed from 5 years;
  • ketotifen – syrup and tablets for children over 3 years old;
  • intal – capsules and aerosol for topical use is intended for children over 5 years of age;
  • cromoglin - eye drops and nasal spray for children from the first months of life;
  • Tailed is an aerosol for the treatment of bronchial asthma.

Cromones act for up to 2 hours, so they are used repeatedly, up to 6 times a day.

Sorbents

When allergic reactions occur, histamine is released, which can increase vascular permeability, which leads to the release of bacteria and their toxins into the intercellular space. Therefore, in the complex treatment of allergies, sorbents are often prescribed to quickly remove and cleanse the body of allergens, as well as toxic substances.

Sorbents have different release forms, and for each age it is possible to select the most appropriate drug together with a pediatrician. From birth, polysorb, polyphepan, enterosgel, and smecta are used. From the age of one you can use atoxyl and multisorb, from the age of 14 white coal is allowed.

Medicines to treat allergic rhinitis

For nasal congestion and lacrimation of an allergic nature, along with oral antihistamines, topical preparations are used in the form of nasal drops and sprays, eye drops (for conjunctivitis). Sprays are not recommended for children under 2 years of age due to the risk of mucus and the drug itself being thrown into the middle ear and sinuses and the development of otitis media.

The following are prescribed as targeted therapy:

  • antihistamine drops - allergodil (from 6 years), histimet (from 12 years);
  • drops and sprays of combined action (antihistamine and vasoconstrictor) - vibrocil (from birth);
  • cromones – cromohexal, cromoglin;
  • products with glucocorticosteroids (as prescribed by a doctor).

A relatively recent development is anti-allergenic microdispersed powders. Nazaval contains cellulose. Prevalin consists of a mixture of oils and emulsifiers. When sprayed from a convenient spray dispenser onto the nasal mucosa, the preparations form a gel-like or oily film, which creates a natural barrier to the penetration of allergens through the nose.

To relieve swelling from the mucous membrane and facilitate nasal breathing for the child, vasoconstrictor drops are used: naphthyzin, tizin, nazol, nazivin. It should be understood that drugs in this group do not treat allergies, but only temporarily relieve their symptoms. You cannot take them for a long time (more than 5 days without a break), as this threatens the development of serious complications.

Treatment of skin allergies

As a rule, taking an antihistamine orally is enough to eliminate skin manifestations of allergies. But sometimes parents choose external application of such drugs, for example, when the rashes are localized small or in a pinpoint location (insect bites). For these purposes, ointments, creams and gels with antiallergic effects are chosen: fenistil, tavegil, soventol.

Their action is based on relieving swelling and itching, redness, slightly cooling and softening the skin. But it should be taken into account that the effect of external use of antihistamines is not as pronounced as when taken orally. Therefore, if a child develops a rash in front of his eyes or the swelling from the bite spreads far beyond his boundaries, he should immediately take the medicine orally.

Hives and rashes go away fairly quickly when the allergen is eliminated or an antihistamine is taken. But dermatitis (atopic, diaper rash), weeping, and eczema require special treatment. It consists of keeping the skin clean and dry and applying anti-inflammatory and wound-healing ointments. Products based on dexpanthenol (dexpanthenol, d-panthenol, bepanthen) have proven themselves to be excellent. They not only relieve inflammation, but also promote rapid epithelization. They are often used to prevent diaper rash, sweat rash and other dermatological problems in infants.

Sometimes allergies manifest as skin tightness, which leads to microcracks in which infection and fungus develop very quickly. In this case, moisturizing baby creams will help: “Umka”, “Ushasty Nyan”, “La-Cri” and others.

Video: Which cream to choose for a child

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Antihistamines for children and infants - tablets, drops, syrups by generation and mechanism of action

It is a rare child who does not experience allergies to various pathogens; some already react painfully to certain products from birth, others to cosmetics or flowering plants, but thanks to new generation medications - antihistamines for children, serious complications can be avoided. If you take timely measures to eliminate childhood allergies, then acute processes will not turn into a state of chronic illnesses.

What are antihistamines

A group of modern medications that suppress the action of histamine (a neurotransmitter) are called antihistamines. When the body is exposed to an allergen, a mediator or an organic compound, histamine begins to be released from connective tissue cells that are part of the immune system. When a neurotransmitter interacts with specific receptors? Swelling, itching, rash and other manifestations of allergies often occur. Antihistamines are responsible for blocking these receptors. Today there are four generations of these drugs.

Antiallergic drugs do not completely cure the disease. They do not particularly affect the cause of allergies, but only help cope with unpleasant symptoms. Such medications can be prescribed to patients of any age, even one-year-olds and infants. Antihistamines are prodrugs. This means that when they enter the body, they begin to be converted into active metabolites. An important property of these drugs is the complete absence of cardiotoxic effect.

Indications for use

When teething, before vaccination, special antiallergic medications can be used to neutralize a possible allergic reaction. In addition, indications for the use of such drugs are:

  • hay fever (hay fever);
  • Quincke's edema;
  • year-round, seasonal allergic reactions (conjunctivitis, rhinitis);
  • skin itching in infectious chronic diseases;
  • previously observed complex manifestations of allergies or symptoms of anaphylactic shock;
  • atopic dermatitis, eczema, dermatosis, urticaria and other skin rashes;
  • individual predisposition to allergies;
  • deterioration of the child’s condition due to chronic respiratory tract diseases (laryngitis, laryngeal stenosis, allergic cough);
  • high level of eosinophils in the blood;
  • insect bites;
  • swelling of the mucous membranes of the nose and oral cavity;
  • acute manifestations of allergies to drugs.

Classification

Antiallergic drugs, depending on the characteristics of the chemical composition, can be divided into groups:

  • piperidine derivatives;
  • alkylamines;
  • alphacarboline derivatives;
  • ethylenediamines;
  • phenothiazine derivatives;
  • piperazine derivatives;
  • ethanolamines;
  • quinuclidine derivatives.

Modern medicine offers a huge number of classifications of antiallergic drugs, but none of them is generally accepted. The classification of medications according to the time of their creation or according to generations, which are currently divided into 4: 1 - sedatives, 2nd generation - non-sedative, 3rd and 4th - metabolites, has become more widely used in clinical practice.

Generations of antihistamines

The very first antiallergic drugs appeared back in the 30s of the 20th century - these were 1st generation drugs. Science is constantly moving forward, so over time, similar 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation products have been developed. With the advent of each new drug, the strength and number of side effects decrease, and the duration of exposure increases. Below is a table of 4 generations of antiallergic drugs:

Main active ingredient

Diphenhydramine, diphenhydramine, diprazine, clemastine, hifenadine

They have a sedative effect and have a short-term effect. Diphenhydramine is often prescribed for hay fever and allergic dermatosis. Medicines cause tachycardia and vestibulopathy.

Psilo-balm, Suprastin, Tavegil, Diazolin

Azelastine, ebastine, astemizole, loratadine, terfenadine

Not sedative. No effect on the heart. Only one dose per day is needed, long-term use is possible.

Claritin, Kestin, Rupafin, Cetrin, Ketotifen, Fenistil, Zodak

Cetirizine, fexofenadine, desloratadine

Active metabolites do not affect the functioning of the heart. Rarely cause dryness of the mucous membranes of the mouth.

Xyzal, Allegra, Desloratadine, Cetirizine, Telfast, Fexofast

Modern means that instantly affect the body. 4th generation drugs quickly block histamine receptors and effectively eliminate allergy symptoms.

Ksizal, Glencet, Erius, Ebastine, Bamipin, Fenspiride

Antiallergic drugs for children

The choice of antihistamines should be made by a doctor. Self-medication will only aggravate the emerging allergic reaction and cause undesirable consequences. Parents often use creams to provide first aid. They can be smeared when a reaction to the vaccine occurs. Other forms: drops, tablets, syrup, suspension should be used after consulting a specialist. The pediatrician will select the dosage taking into account the severity of the allergy and the age of the baby.

Up to a year

As a rule, pediatricians prescribe drugs of a new generation to infants, since the second and first ones can cause side effects: headache, drowsiness, suppression of activity, respiratory depression. Doctors often do not recommend taking antihistamines for children, but sometimes in acute situations they are simply necessary. The best remedies for young patients are:

  • Suprastin solution. Used to treat runny nose, urticaria, acute allergic dermatitis. It relieves itching well and speeds up the process of getting rid of skin rashes. Approved for the treatment of infants (from the age of 30 days). The pediatric dose is one fourth of an ampoule 2 times a day. Rarely, the medicine can cause nausea, bowel dysfunction, and dyspepsia. Suprastin is dangerous when taking more than one ampoule.
  • Fenistil drops. A popular allergy remedy for children is used to treat rubella and chickenpox. In addition, it is often drunk for contact dermatitis, sunburn, and insect bites. Antihistamine drops for children Fenistil can cause drowsiness at the very beginning of treatment, but after a few days this effect disappears. The medicine has side effects: dizziness, muscle spasms, swelling of the oral mucosa. Children under one year of age are prescribed 10 drops per day once, but not more than 30.

From 2 to 5 years

As the child grows up, the range of medications expands, although many well-known drugs are still contraindicated, for example, Suprastin and Claritin tablets, Azelastine drops. The most popular medications used from 2 to 5 years are:

  • Cetrin drops. Used for food allergies, for the treatment of conjunctivitis and rhinitis. The advantage of using the medicine is its long-lasting effect. The drops need to be taken only once a day. Side effects: anticholinergic effects, drowsiness, headache.
  • Erius. This allergy syrup for children is one of the most popular. It belongs to the 3rd generation drugs. Helps relieve allergic symptoms and alleviate the patient's general condition. Not addictive. Erius syrup is useful for rhinitis, hay fever, allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria. Side effects: nausea, headache, diathesis, diarrhea.

From 6 years and older

As a rule, starting from the age of 6, a specialist can prescribe 2nd generation antihistamines for children. A child at this age is already able to take the tablet form, so allergists often prescribe Suprastin in tablets. For allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, Allergodil drops are used. In addition, patients over 6 years of age can take:

  • Tavegil. Recommended for hay fever, dermatitis, allergic insect bites. Among antiallergic drugs, Tavegil is considered the safest. Therapy for children from 6 to 12 years old involves the following administration of the drug - half a capsule in the morning and evening. The tablets should be taken regularly before meals, preferably at the same time. They should be taken with caution by patients with glaucoma, because Tavegil causes deterioration in the clarity of perception of visual images.
  • Zyrtec. These non-hormonal tablets have anti-inflammatory and anti-exudative effects. The advantage of using the drug is its use as part of the combination treatment of bronchial asthma. Children over 6 years old can take half a tablet 2 times a day. Side effects: itching, rash, malaise, asthenia.

Which antihistamines are best for a child?

Unstable children's immunity often contributes to the occurrence of allergic reactions. Modern antihistamines for children help cope with negative symptoms. Many pharmaceutical companies produce antiallergic drugs in pediatric dosages in the form of syrup, drops, and suspension. This makes it easier to take and does not cause the baby to have an aversion to treatment. Often, to eliminate local inflammation, the doctor may prescribe an antihistamine in the form of a gel or cream. They are used externally for allergic skin reactions to insect bites.

As a rule, antihistamines for newborns are allowed to be given in the form of syrup or oral drops, and they should not use older generation (1st) drugs due to sedation and high toxicity. The dosage of medications also depends on the severity of symptoms and the patient’s body weight. For children over one year of age, 3rd generation antiallergic drugs are recommended. For older children, tablets are more suitable. It is also possible to use anti-allergenic local products: nasal sprays, eye drops, gels, creams, ointments.

Pills

The most common form of antiallergenic drugs is tablets. A child can take them only from the age of 3, but often at this age the child is not yet able to swallow the medicine. Therefore, you can give crushed tablets, diluting them with water. Popular tablet drugs are:

  • Loratadine. Second generation medicine. Helps quickly eliminate unpleasant symptoms of allergic rhinitis, reactions to pollen and plant flowering. Used in the treatment of urticaria and bronchial asthma. Children over two years of age are recommended to take a single dose of 5 mg. Teenagers – 10 mg. Side effects: fever, blurred vision, chills.
  • Diazolin. Helps with allergic seasonal runny nose and cough. It can be prescribed during chickenpox, urticaria, and conjunctivitis caused by pollen. The maximum daily dose of Diazolin for patients aged 2 to 5 years is 150 mg. It is not recommended to take pills if you have heart problems.

Drops

This form is convenient for use in small children; it is easily dosed using a special bottle. As a rule, doctors try to prescribe antihistamines in drops for newborns. The most famous means are:

  • Zodak. The product has an antiexudative, antipruritic, antiallergic effect, and prevents the further development of the disease. The effect of the medicine begins within 20 minutes after administration and lasts throughout the day. Dosage for children over one year of age: 2 times a day, 5 drops. Rarely, when using drops, nausea and dry mouth occur. Patients with liver diseases should drink them with caution.
  • Fenkarol. The drug relieves spasms, reduces suffocation, and quickly extinguishes the negative manifestations of allergies. It is recommended to give 5 drops 2 times a day to patients under three years of age. Fenkarol is prescribed for chronic and acute hay fever, urticaria, dermatosis (psoriasis, eczema). Side effects: headache, nausea, dry mouth.

Syrups

Most antihistamines for children come in tablets, but some have alternatives in the form of syrups. Most of them have age restrictions of up to two years. The most popular antihistamine syrups are:

  • Claritin. Has a long-lasting antiallergic effect. The remedy is suitable for eliminating acute symptoms and preventing severe relapses. After oral administration, the medicine will begin to act within 30 minutes. Claritin is prescribed for seasonal or year-round rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis. Rarely, drowsiness and headache may occur while taking the medicine.
  • Gismanal. The drug is prescribed for allergic skin reactions, for the treatment and prevention of angioedema. Doses of the drug: patients over 6 years old - 5 mg once a day, younger than this age - 2 mg per 10 kg. Rarely, the medication may cause nausea, headache and dry mouth.

Antiallergic children's ointments are a large group of medicines intended for topical use. Antihistamine ointments are applied to the affected area of ​​skin manifestations of allergies. The most famous are:

  • Bepanten. An ointment that stimulates tissue regeneration. Used to care for babies, for skin irritations, diaper dermatitis, and to relieve dry skin. Rarely, Bepanten causes itching and urticaria during long-term treatment.
  • Gistan. Non-hormonal antihistamine cream. It contains components such as string extract, violets, and calendula. This topical medication is used for allergic skin reactions and as a topical anti-inflammatory agent for atopic dermatitis. Contraindications: the ointment should not be used by children under one year of age.

Overdose of antihistamines in children

Abuse, improper use or long-term therapy with antiallergic drugs can lead to their overdose, which often manifests itself in the form of increased side effects. They are only temporary and disappear after the patient stops taking the medicine or is prescribed an acceptable dose. As a rule, children with an overdose may experience:

  • severe drowsiness;
  • excessive stimulation of the central nervous system;
  • dizziness;
  • hallucinations;
  • tachycardia;
  • excited state;
  • fever;
  • convulsions;
  • renal dysfunction;
  • dry mucous membranes;
  • pupil dilation.

Price of antihistamines for children

Any antiallergic medications and their analogues can be purchased at a pharmacy without a prescription or ordered online. Their cost depends on the manufacturer, dosage, release form, pricing policy of the pharmacy and region of sale. Approximate prices for antiallergic medications in Moscow are presented in the table:

Zyrtec drops, 10 ml

Suprastin tablets, 20 pcs.

Erius syrup, 60 ml

Zodak tablets, 30 pcs.

Tavegil tablets, 10 pcs.

Fenistil drops, 20 ml

Cetrin tablets, 20 pcs.

Video

Reviews

My son often suffers from plant allergies in the spring. After the examination and tests, the doctor advised us to start taking Zodak antihistamine drops. The child drinks half a dessert spoon of them 3 times a day. The drug quickly relieves symptoms. In addition, this medicine is ideal for preventive use; I start giving it in February.

I consider Fenistil one of the most effective antihistamines. Its different shapes are great for the whole family to enjoy. At 3 months old, my daughter was prescribed drops after mosquito bites; all the redness went away in a couple of days. Fenistil tablets and ointment are suitable for my wife and I, we especially need them during the summer holidays at the dacha, when insects are more active.

Medicines containing Desloratadine relieve allergy symptoms well. Recently, my one-year-old son developed a rash all over his body, and he began to scratch the sores a lot. We went to the doctor, after tests and a thorough examination we were diagnosed with hay fever. Erius syrup with Desloratadine was prescribed. My son liked the taste and after 5 days the symptoms disappeared.

My grandson often suffers from colds and other respiratory diseases. After another visit to the doctor, he was diagnosed with allergic rhinitis. The doctor first prescribed Claritin antihistamine drops, but the baby’s face began to swell very much, and the drug was replaced with Zyrtec. We have been drinking 10 drops 3 times a day for 4 days now. It has become noticeably better.

Source: http://mosmama.ru/2487-antigistaminnye-preparaty-dlya-detej.html

The use of antihistamines for the treatment of allergies in children: a list of medications in the form of tablets, syrup and drops

Many of us have had to deal with such a problem as allergies. It can appear at certain times of the year, prevents you from having a pet, and forces you to go on a strict diet. Each patient has his own symptoms, they cause a lot of inconvenience and problems, but they are united by a common name - an allergic reaction. The main way to combat allergies for children and adults is the use of antihistamines. They help reduce the reaction and almost completely eliminate the manifestations of the disease. How to choose the best medicine?

How do antihistamines work?

Surely everyone has heard the word “antihistamine”, but what is histamine? This substance is found in the body of every person and is involved in the regulation of vital processes. In its normal state, histamine is bound and inactive, but under the influence of allergens or in situations unusual for the body (shock, burn, frostbite), it is released and becomes active. Histamine causes muscle spasms, changes in blood pressure, swelling and can affect the production of gastric juice.

In the human body there are 4 groups of specific receptors:

  • H1 receptors are found in smooth muscle and the central nervous system. Exposure to them causes swelling, spasms, dilation of blood vessels and capillaries.
  • H2 receptors are located in the stomach and regulate the production of gastric juice.
  • H3 receptors influence the functioning of the nervous system and are localized in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
  • H4 receptors are found in internal organs, bone marrow, blood cells and the oral cavity.

Antihistamines primarily block H1 receptors, which are what cause severe allergic reactions. For stomach diseases, H2 receptor blockers are used. H3 blockers are used in the treatment of neurological diseases.

Indications for use

Some parents are faced with the need to use antihistamines immediately after the birth of their child. Urticaria, dermatitis in various forms, conjunctivitis, various peeling and redness on the skin - these diseases have unpleasant symptoms, which medications will help to cope with. The attending physician should prescribe antihistamines to the child. Depending on the age of the baby, not only the dosage, but also the drug itself will differ. Most antihistamines are contraindicated at an early age.

With the introduction of the first complementary foods or even earlier (if the baby is bottle-fed), food allergies may appear. A child may experience a reaction to pet hair, dust, or plant pollen. An allergic reaction to medications and vaccinations is possible. Antihistamines for children will also help cope with diseases such as chronic rhinitis, bronchitis, anaphylactic shock, bronchial asthma, and enteropathy.

Three generations of antihistamines

All antihistamines are conventionally divided into 3 generations. This division is based on the effect that the drug has. 1st generation drugs affect other organs in addition to H1 receptors; 2nd and 3rd generation drugs act more selectively.

1st generation

The 1st generation has been used for a long time and differs from the others in the manifestation of a sedative effect. Prominent representatives:

  • Suprastin;
  • Feninstil;
  • Tavegil;
  • Clemastine;
  • Demidrol.

They are available in various forms and are very effective in the treatment of dermatitis, diathesis, urticaria, and rhinitis. Local forms (gels) are used for acute reactions to insect bites or allergies that cause itchy skin. Injections are effective for Quincke's edema.

All 1st generation drugs have a sedative effect and are used as sleeping pills and sedatives. It is undesirable to use them when driving a car, since there is a slowdown in reaction. However, the sedative effect is successfully used in the treatment of allergies in young children, when sleep is disturbed due to severe itching and burning due to dermatitis.

Another feature of the 1st generation is that the drugs promote dry mucous membranes, therefore they are successfully used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Side effects also include abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, dizziness and changes in blood pressure.

2nd generation

2nd generation drugs:

They act more selectively, do not cause drowsiness and have fewer side effects. These drugs do not affect concentration and attention; they can be used by schoolchildren during their studies, but they are not recommended for children under 2 years of age, because have not yet been sufficiently studied.

3rd generation

The 3rd generation - Erius, Levocetirizine, Xyzal, Suprastinex - is practically free of side effects. The drugs have been clinically poorly studied, so taking these medications is strictly contraindicated for children under one year of age. Most are recommended for allergies for children over 6 years of age.

Use of various forms of antihistamines

Depending on the type of allergic reaction, different forms of drugs are used, the main ones are tablets, syrups, suspensions, gels, ointments, solutions for injections and inhalations. This is convenient for various situations and problems that arise in young patients.

For babies, allergy medicine is prescribed in the form of drops. Older children can be given syrup or suspension. Tablets are usually not prescribed for children under 2 years of age, because They are difficult to swallow, and often babies simply cannot cope with them. In extreme cases, they can be crushed and diluted with water. Injections are prescribed by a doctor; as a rule, they are used only when an acute form of allergy is present and emergency care is needed.

Gels and ointments are convenient to use when there is a local reaction on the skin, dermatitis, eczema. They reduce skin itching and have soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

The doctor prescribes the necessary form of medication depending on the type and symptoms of the disease. He calculates the dosage and specifies the time of administration in case the drug has a sedative effect. It should be understood that gels and ointments do not cure the problem, but only help alleviate the condition, reducing the manifestations of an allergic reaction.

Oral (tablets, drops, syrups)

Antihistamines in tablet form are usually prescribed to older children; after 7 years, they can be taken in any form. The choice depends on ease of use and the availability of the required drug in the required form in the pharmacy. In pediatric practice, medicines of all 3 generations are used - the doctor’s prescription will depend on the effect that should be obtained as a result of treatment:

  • Fenistil. This is a 1st generation drug that has calming properties, has been well studied and is recommended for allergies in children from 1 month of age. Fenistil is widely distributed and is sold in pharmacies without a doctor's prescription. The drops are convenient to use and easy to dose.
  • Suprastin. It has been known and used for a very long time, is available in tablets, is inexpensive, but because of the sedative effect, it should not be used by schoolchildren - it will worsen academic performance, because has a bad effect on concentration and attention. Sometimes it is prescribed to newborns, the tablet is divided into parts, crushed and dissolved in water. If necessary, it can be given to children of preschool age (4-5 years).
  • Zyrtec or Zodac. 2nd generation drugs are used from 6 months and 1 year, respectively. The form of the drug is drops or syrup. Less studied, but do not have many side effects and have proven themselves in pediatrics. Effective against many forms of allergies, acting quickly. One dose per day is often sufficient.
  • Loratadine. Used for school age children. It can be used for a long time, just one tablet per day is enough, and it is not addictive. Preparations with the active substance - cetirizine - act similarly. You can use Claritin with a similar effect. In addition to tablets, it is available in the form of syrup. These drugs do not have a sedative effect.
  • Erius. 3rd generation drug (a more modern analogue of Loratadine). Available in the form of 5 mg tablets and syrup for children. Can be used from 2 years old, valid for half an hour. The product is good, but expensive, it helps a lot with atopic dermatitis.

Hormonal medications are very effective for spasms. Most of them are recommended from 4 years of age. An exception is Budesonide (Pulmicort), it is used from 6 months to treat laryngospasms in children, for example, with laryngotracheitis.

External (ointments, gels)

Ointments and gels are often used after a child has been bitten by an insect. Children under 3 years of age often experience a very strong reaction, which affects the general condition of the body. A gel (for example, Fenistil) will relieve itching and redness and reduce swelling. Psilo-balm is also available in gel form.

Ointments are used for skin allergic reactions, dermatitis and urticaria. They help reduce pathological manifestations. Rash and peeling cause a lot of trouble and inconvenience for parents and children. Constant diaper rash and irritation cause severe itching and anxiety in the baby. Hormonal agents are very effective for dermatitis, but they must be used with caution for a certain period of time and strictly as prescribed by a doctor. Children's age is a contraindication for many of them.

Overdose and side effects

Treatment with antihistamines should be prescribed by an allergist and carried out under his close supervision. In this case, the risk of overdose will be minimal. What to do if, due to parental carelessness or accident, the child exceeded the daily dose of the drug?

In case of overdose, side effects (excessive drowsiness, dry skin, thirst) will increase several times, and body temperature will rise. It is possible that seizures, hallucinations may occur, and the child may fall into a coma.

One of the simplest 1st generation allergy medications is Suprastin. In the event that a one-year-old child accidentally finds a package of pills and swallows them, thereby exceeding the daily norm, it is necessary to urgently call an ambulance. While waiting, you should induce vomiting and empty your stomach. Signs of an overdose include restlessness, redness of the skin, unusual movements of the child, possible seizures and coma.

In case of overdose of any tablets or drops, you should immediately induce vomiting and give an absorbent (activated carbon or Polysorb). It is important to monitor changes in blood pressure and pulse in the child.

Side effects of a drug depend on which generation it belongs to. However, even new generation drugs can have individual intolerance. The drug should be discontinued or replaced if the following reaction occurs:

  • changes in blood pressure;
  • redness on the skin;
  • spasms, convulsions;
  • dizziness.

An allergist should prescribe an antihistamine. The list of allergy medications is extensive, and new drugs appear every day. It is better to entrust the choice to a specialist. He will help you choose a high-quality and effective product that will save your child from unnecessary problems.

When my son and I first went to the hospital and we were prescribed antibiotics, the doctor recommended taking Fenistil to avoid an allergic reaction to the new drug. Fenistil drops are allowed from 1 month.

And my daughter is absolutely not predisposed to allergies. But I am still “armed” on long trips and during flowering periods, etc. There is always Suprastin or Tavegil in the first aid kit just in case

Attention! All information on the site is provided for informational purposes only and is for informational purposes only. For all questions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, you must consult a doctor for an in-person consultation.

Source: http://vseprorebenka.ru/zdorove/preparaty/antigistaminnye-dlya-detej.html

Antihistamines for children 0-6 years and older, indications, types

What kind of substance is histamine?

Cells of the human immune system produce a special substance - histamine, which is normally found in the body in combination with heparin. Free molecules are quickly oxidized and removed.

Under the influence of certain provoking factors, the synthesis of free histamine is activated. Its excess amount is perceived by special receptors, which in turn cause specific reactions called allergies.

Histamine is a kind of accelerator of neuroreactions. Depending on the receptors involved, histamine can cause a child to:

  • Edema reactions of the nasal mucosa or bronchospasm;
  • Unusual skin reaction (blisters, redness, peeling, itching, swelling);
  • Gastrointestinal disorders (colic, heartburn, bloating and others);
  • Changes in the functioning of the cardiovascular system (arrhythmias, low blood pressure due to spasm of blood vessels);
  • Changes in the condition of organs that have smooth muscles in their structure.

Generations of antihistamines

Antihistamines for children block histamine receptors, inhibiting the development of specific reactions. Their effect begins from the moment of administration and reaches its maximum as the required amount accumulates (usually 2-3 days).

There are four generations of antihistamines. With each subsequent generation, the risk of addiction decreases, a smaller dose of the active substance is required to provide a therapeutic effect, and the risk of developing complications from administration is reduced.

First generation drugs

The first generation of drugs has the most significant period of existence, starting in the 30s of the last century. In the body, such drugs block H1 receptors. Despite their “age,” medications are still in demand and popular among patients. This includes:

They are often used for prophylactic purposes (for example, before a preventive vaccination or Mantoux test to exclude a nonspecific allergic reaction of the child). Some are used as motion sickness remedies.

Taking medications is quite long and requires periodic changes in the drug due to the likelihood of addiction. The effect is especially noticeable in the early phase of allergy manifestation.

Negative reactions include some drowsiness and a decrease in physical activity. Adverse effects from the gastrointestinal tract may occur:

Second generation drugs

Antiallergic drugs for second generation children are more adapted. As a result of their intake:

  • there is no sedative effect,
  • the effect is more prolonged (the tablet lasts for a day),
  • no addiction;
  • After discontinuation of use, the antihistamine effect lasts for about a week.

The drugs are characterized by a number of additional properties, thanks to which they are effective against the asthmatic component of the disease, atopic dermatitis, and seasonal allergies.

Contraindications for taking this group of drugs is a violation of the functional state of the liver. The use of medications should be under the control of the heart. There are observations of toxic effects on the heart muscle.

Examples of representatives of this group are:

Third generation drugs

Antihistamines for children of the third generation are substances that, when taken, have a sharply selective effect. They do not affect the heart and do not cause certain reactions from the central nervous system (drowsiness, indifference, decreased vitality).

They have a significant antiallergic effect due to their effect on the epithelial cells lining the nasal cavity and the surface of the nasopharynx. This prevents the development of bronchospasm, which is the initial stage of severe allergic manifestations.

New generation antihistamines are in demand for the treatment of long-term allergies:

Prominent representatives are the following drugs:

  • Telfast
  • Trexil;
  • Gismanal;
  • Zyrtec.

New generation drugs

4th generation antihistamines are the safest and have the least negative consequences after use. These are the “youngest” pharmaceutical anti-allergenic developments that act on H1 receptors, gently and effectively removing their increased susceptibility to histamine.

This action leads to the disappearance of clinical manifestations of allergies in a short period of time and stops these processes for a week or two after their use.

This group includes:

The drugs have a strictly targeted effect on H1 receptors, without affecting their other two types. Thanks to this, the consequences of using the medicine are not pathological.

We recommend reading more information about the use of antihistamines in this article.

Indications for the use of antihistamines

Doctors recommend treating most allergic diseases symptomatically, first of all, by eliminating the effect of the allergenic agent.

The use of antihistamines should be strictly limited to indications and prescribed by a doctor.

This is explained by the ability of drugs of this kind to cause serious changes in the functioning of the body’s immune system, as well as the high risk of developing addiction to them.

Direct indications for the treatment of allergic conditions are:

  • changes in the blood formula;
  • deterioration of the condition over a certain period of time;
  • a history of anaphylactic reaction or shock;
  • the presence of concomitant diseases that do not allow the body to cope with such “stress” on its own;
  • hereditary predisposition to allergic diseases;
  • autoimmune conditions;
  • various types of immunodeficiencies;
  • stress.

What antihistamines are best to use? The choice will be made by the doctor depending on the history of the disease and the general condition of the body, strictly individually.

Types of antihistamines

Antihistamines differ in their type, which determines their purpose. There are hormonal drugs and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Hormonal drugs

For the treatment of dermatitis, especially in advanced stages, doctors recommend hormonal antihistamines for children.

The peculiarities of their biological composition prohibit their use for more than five days.

They are produced in the form of ointments, creams, and gels of various concentrations. Examples are:

This local treatment reduces itching, reduces hypersensitivity, and effectively combats swelling, hyperemia, and local increases in body temperature.

Anti-inflammatory drugs

The next type is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The direction of their action is to relieve inflammatory manifestations, reduce the pain effect, increase overall body temperature, and develop intoxication processes.

Such antihistamines are often used for skin allergies, especially if previous local treatment has not produced results.

Examples of compositions are:

  • Ibuprofen,
  • Diclofenac,
  • Indomethacin.

Antihistamines for children are sometimes prescribed for prophylactic purposes (for example, Tavegil, Diazolin, Suprastin). An example of such a case is carrying out preventive vaccinations for children with a history of allergies or the need to take medications to which allergies may develop.

Age restrictions for antihistamines

Antiallergic drugs are prescribed by an allergist based on the results of the examination and according to the age of the child. For no apparent reason, the use of any drug is not recommended, since most antihistamines are addictive.

Medicines for children under one year of age

The use of antihistamines is not recommended for newborns. However, there are situations when you cannot do without them. For example, the development of an allergy to a bee or other insect sting.

Fenistil (drops) for children are allowed from 1 month from birth. Diphenhydramine is used from the seventh month of the baby’s life.

Suprastin is also considered the most acceptable option for children. It is the least dangerous and has a rapidly developing effect.

And yet, when choosing Suprastin, the instructions for children require careful reading so as not to cause harm.

Among other acceptable options, antihistamines for children under one year of age are distributed as follows:

Children with food allergies, urticaria, and drug-induced dermatitis are often prescribed Tavegil. It relieves swelling, relieves itching, and restores normal skin color.

If it is impossible to take it, Tavegil analogues will come to the rescue. These include:

The second generation drug Zyrtec - drops for children - is approved from the age of six months. It is most effective and continues to circulate in the child’s body for several days after the end of use.

Medicines from 2 to 5 years

From two to five years, if there are indications, pediatricians can add to the list of approved antiallergic medications:

The last two drugs belong to the second generation and are characterized by a lower dose, which means a frequency of administration and the same effect of treatment. Their intake is limited to one tablet per day and the presence of long-term results.

Cetrin has been especially popular lately. It is recommended to be used even for preventive purposes in children prone to true allergic reactions. If you are immune to the accompanying components, you can use Cetrin analogues.

For Tsetrin the price is about 240 rubles, there are cheaper analogues:

Some Cetrin analogues are cheaper than the drug itself. Prices can be compared in the pharmaceutical network.

After two years, it is permissible to use Astemizole, which is a third-generation drug.

Preparations from 6 years and older

For children over 6 years of age, the list of antihistamines is expanded. Can be used:

Doctors often prescribe fourth-generation drugs (Suprastinex, Cesera, Glencet).

Reviews from parents

Yarovaya Zinaida, 28 years old. Moscow

My five year old son developed an allergy to strawberries last summer. The cheeks were flushed as if they were rouged. She treated with Suprastin and applied Advantan. It helped. Now I give him these berries carefully, no more than three.

Ilchenko Mikhail and Irina, 25 and 23 years old, Essentuki

At the age of ten, my daughter began to suffer from seasonal allergies. Hay fever on sunflowers and ragweed. We can only save her with Loratadine. One tablet a day and you can breathe freely. They say it can become addictive. We try not to extend the deadline as much as possible.

Pimchenko Veronica, 39 years old, Orenburg

My son often suffers from colds. And it’s like a sin to be allergic to antiviral drugs. It is necessary to carry out complex therapy. We add Zyrtec or Claritin to the regimen. And everything is fine.

Reviews from experts

Mordvyanskaya I.P., allergist, children's health center "Malysh", Sochi

Today's children suffer from allergic reactions very often. Chocolate, citrus fruits, strawberries, red apples and other foods can cause severe allergic reactions in them.

Initially, we advise you to adjust your diet, eliminate risk factors and cleanse the body.

If the allergies do not subside, we use pharmaceutical assistants. For example, Zyrtec is effective for children.

Lyubimov D.S., immunologist, Family Medical Center, Rostov

Today's immunoprophylaxis is complicated by the large number of children with a history of allergic reactions to medications. And you need to get vaccinations, you can’t do without them. So we first have to prepare children for immunization.

Preventative antihistamines for children help well. We use them 3-4 days before vaccination. The children are healthy, the mothers are happy.

Conclusion

Allergies are the scourge of modern society. And it’s very sad when even children suffer from it. And here it is important: in order not to harm your child, you should understand that the best antihistamines are those prescribed by the doctor.

Which antihistamines are effective? When to use them? All useful information in the video!

Attention, TODAY only.

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