Child's nose is bleeding

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A child has a nosebleed: causes, diagnosis, what to do

From this article you will learn answers to the questions: why does a child have a nosebleed, what diseases may be hidden behind this. What additional symptoms may accompany bleeding.

Table of contents:

How to help a child if he has a nosebleed. Further examination of the body and treatment.

Nosebleeds (scientific name: epistaxis) occur when the capillaries found in large numbers in the nasal mucosa are damaged. This damage occurs either as a result of trauma or spontaneously.

The causes and diseases that cause nosebleeds are the same for both children and adults. However, in children this phenomenon is observed more often, since, firstly, in childhood and adolescence the cardiovascular system is still developing, and the capillaries located in the nose may be weak, and, secondly, many diseases that provoke bleeding, They first make themselves known precisely at the age of 18.

According to statistics, about 60% of the world's population has had a nosebleed at least once. Two age groups are most susceptible to nosebleeds: children under 10 years of age and adults over 60 years of age. Boys are more likely to bleed from the nose than girls (such statistics may be due to more frequent nasal injuries in boys due to a more active lifestyle).

Frequent nosebleeds are a dangerous symptom. Sometimes this may indicate serious disorders in the body.

You can completely get rid of nosebleeds by eliminating their cause.

If this symptom appears in a child, contact your pediatrician spontaneously. As a result of an injury, if it is not possible to stop the bleeding for a long time or there is a suspicion of a broken nose, contact a traumatologist.

You may also need to consult an ENT specialist, endocrinologist, hematologist, immunologist, or oncologist. Your pediatrician will refer you to these doctors if necessary.

In most cases, the source of nosebleeds in patients is the Kisselbach plexus.

Why might your nose bleed?

The causes of epistaxis can be divided into three groups:

  1. Local (the cause is located directly in the nose).
  2. Systemic (nosebleeds hide diseases of other organs).
  3. External (the reason lies not in diseases, but in the negative impact of the environment).

Reasons why nosebleeds may occur:

We also note the causes of nosebleeds, which are practically impossible in childhood. This is the use of substances that sharply dilate or constrict blood vessels (alcohol in large doses, energy drinks, cocaine, amphetamine and other drugs inhaled through the nose), as well as hormonal changes during pregnancy.

As you can see, the factors that can cause epistaxis are quite varied - from harmless dry air to serious diseases such as leukemia. Therefore, if this symptom appears spontaneously and frequently, consult a doctor and undergo the examination that he will prescribe for you.

With prolonged use of nasal drops or sprays, the nutrition of the nasal mucosa is disrupted, it becomes thinner, and the vessels become fragile. And with increased blood pressure or injury, nosebleeds occur

Additional symptoms

If the bleeding is heavy, it may be accompanied by the following symptoms:

  • pale skin;
  • dizziness;
  • weakness;
  • cold sweat;
  • sometimes fainting.

How to recognize a “dangerous” nosebleed

By dangerous we mean something that indicates serious illness.

Bleeding caused by diseases is frequent and begins spontaneously.

Vascular diseases and bleeding disorders are often accompanied by bleeding not only from the nose, but also from other mucous membranes. The appearance of bruises even from light blows is also typical.

Epistaxis caused by high blood pressure most often occurs at night.

Sudden, short and intense bleeding (when blood suddenly begins to literally flow in a stream) is dangerous. They may indicate:

  • rupture of a large facial or nasal vessel;
  • malignant tumor of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses.

Bleeding due to injury is also not always harmless. If blood comes from the nose as a result of a fall, especially from a height, pay attention to its color:

  • If it is scarlet and foams, this may be a sign of lung damage.
  • If it is dark, close to brown and curled, this may indicate an injury to the esophagus or stomach.

Complications

If there is a heavy nosebleed, a person may faint due to blood loss.

Epistaxis can also be complicated by nausea and vomiting. When blood is released abundantly, it flows down the back wall of the throat and, when it enters the stomach, provokes these unpleasant symptoms.

In severe cases, with very heavy bleeding, blood can enter the nasolacrimal duct and go out through the eye sockets. However, this rarely happens.

If blood comes from both nostrils at the same time, or if the bleeding lasts longer than 10 minutes, call a doctor immediately.

First aid

Rules for stopping nosebleeds:

If the bleeding does not stop within 10 minutes, call a doctor.

A doctor can stop bleeding using the following methods:

  1. Inserting a cotton swab soaked in chloroacetic acid into the nostril.
  2. Insertion of a hemostatic sponge into the nose. It is saturated with substances that promote blood clotting.
  3. Laser coagulation (cauterization) of bleeding vessels.
  4. In severe cases, when it is not possible to stop heavy bleeding, aminocaproic acid is administered intravenously. And, if the patient has lost a lot of blood, a plasma transfusion is performed.

Body examination

If bleeding began as a result of injury or the insertion of a foreign object into the nose, take the patient to a traumatologist. Diagnostics will proceed as follows:

  • The doctor will examine the nose manually and using a rhinoscope.
  • He will send you for an x-ray of the skull.
  • In case of a complex fracture, a CT or MRI of the nose and skull may be needed.

If bleeding occurs spontaneously and regularly, contact your pediatrician. First of all, the doctor will measure your blood pressure, collect data on previous diseases and current symptoms. He will also refer you for a general blood test.

During the initial examination, sometimes it is already possible to accurately determine the cause of nosebleeds or to suspect a possible cause. If all tests during the initial examination are normal and there are no complaints, then perhaps the cause is external (for example, low air humidity).

Depending on the results of the initial examination, the following diagnostic procedures may be prescribed.

Treatment

Specific treatment for epistaxis is to stop the bleeding. This process is described in the First Aid section.

Further treatment consists of eliminating the cause to prevent recurrent bleeding.

If bleeding of the nasal mucosa is caused by health problems, follow all doctor's recommendations regarding further treatment of the underlying disease.

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Blood from a child’s nose - what to do. For what reasons can a child bleed from the nose?

Why does nosebleed start? What needs to be done to stop it? What can be done to prevent what happened from happening again? These are the main questions that concern caring parents in such cases.

Why might a child's nose bleed?

This unpleasant phenomenon in medicine is called “epistaxis”. Anterior nosebleeds are most common; doctors rarely encounter posterior ones. But it is precisely this that attracts maximum attention. The main symptom is the appearance of drops of bright scarlet blood or a stream of it flowing either outward or along the back wall of the throat.

If the disease manifests itself frequently, the consequences may be a significant drop in blood pressure, a fairly rapid pulse, and noticeable weakness. Although there may be a threat to life in some cases, deaths are extremely rare.

You don’t have to be a doctor to understand: an unpleasant situation occurs due to a violation of the integrity of the blood vessels located in the tissues of the nasal cavity. It remains to figure out why this happens.

Local causes of bleeding from the nose in a child

1. Injuries. This is the most common problem that causes epistaxis. Domestic or industrial injuries received in road accidents or during surgical operations - there are many types of them that cause a violation of the integrity of the shell.

Do not forget about the entry of foreign bodies into the nasal cavity and respiratory tract, as well as damage to the tissues of the nasal cavity during various diagnostics for therapeutic purposes (probing, puncture, catheterization).

Here we can talk about the bad habit of many children to stick their fingers into their nose, thereby causing damage to the superficial vessels.

2. Painful conditions. Excessive congestion of the nasal membrane, caused by various ailments - adenoids, chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, often leads to the leakage of scarlet liquid from damaged vessels.

3. Dystrophic processes. Various deviations from the normal state of the mucous membrane of the olfactory organ can lead to bleeding from the child’s nose. Such pathologies include deviated nasal septum and atrophic rhinitis.

4. Tumors in the nose. The following diseases can lead to very serious consequences:

5. Direct effect of chemicals on the nasal mucosa, penetrated by small vessels.

6. Fragility of blood vessels. It occurs when there is an acute deficiency of vitamin C in the body of a child or teenager. This is due to the active participation of the element in the synthesis of a special protein that gives elasticity to the walls of blood vessels. Exacerbations can occur in the off-season (autumn, spring) and winter.

Another reason for increased capillary fragility is dry air, which occurs when sanitary and hygienic requirements for humidity are not met in rooms where children are present for an extended period.

7. Use of certain medications available in the form of sprays.

Common causes of nosebleeds in children

1. Prolonged exposure to bright sun leads to an increase in temperature and subsequent sunstroke or heatstroke, overheating. The consequence of this very often is epistaxis.

2. Malfunctions in the functioning of the cardiovascular system often lead to an unpleasant phenomenon. Usually these are diseases such as atherosclerosis and symptomatic hypertension. Developmental defects, in which there is a sharp increase in blood pressure readings, cause no less problems.

3. Infectious diseases accompanied by an increase in body temperature can also lead to bleeding from the child’s nose.

4. Adolescents are often at risk due to the developmental characteristics of their body at this age and possible hormonal imbalance.

5. If older children dive too deep or participate in mountain expeditions, then with a sudden and significant change in external pressure, nosebleeds occur.

6. Severe physical stress in most cases can cause nosebleeds in a child.

7. Significant allergic reactions to irritating provoking factors are another cause of vascular damage, similar to chronic runny nose, when the mucous membrane swells, the child often sneezes.

Symptoms of bleeding and blood loss

The onset of epistaxis may not be the same in different children. For some this happens suddenly and immediately, but for others the trouble is preceded by a number of symptoms: itching in the nasal cavity, a tickling sensation, headache with dizziness, significant tinnitus.

The most obvious symptom is blood coming out of the child’s nose. If this process occurs internally, then the liquid flows into the oropharynx, which is where it is found when pharyngoscopy is performed.

Mild blood loss has the following symptoms:

- the appearance of dizziness in a patient who sees the scarlet color (in especially impressionable children);

- noise in the ears is heard;

- there are complaints about heartbeat;

- the patient feels significant weakness.

Moderate severity of blood loss is characterized by severe dizziness. It is accompanied by shortness of breath and low blood pressure. Acrocyanosis (blue skin) and tachycardia (increased heart rate) may be observed.

When a child's nose bleeds heavily, severe loss may occur, leading to hemorrhagic shock. This manifests itself in the baby's lethargy; he may lose consciousness. When examined by a doctor, the main symptoms are a strong decrease in blood pressure and pronounced tachycardia. The patient has a thread-like pulse.

How to stop a child's nosebleeds

First of all, it is necessary for the adults themselves to remain completely calm so as not to frighten the child, thereby aggravating the situation. We must not forget that the very fact that a child is bleeding from the nose can completely unbalance him and the symptom will intensify.

During an attack, a doctor must be called and the patient placed on a flat bed. If it is impossible to lie down, then in a sitting position, tilt your head back a little, inserting hand-twisted cotton swabs into each nostril. Without them, doctors are categorically against throwing the head back - blood will flow into the oral cavity, or even into the esophagus. In this case, you need to put something cold on the bridge of your nose, for example, ice packs from the refrigerator (wrapped in a cloth), a towel, dipping it in cold water.

If you don’t have a first aid kit at hand, you can ask the victim to sit down, lean forward, squeeze the nostrils with two fingers (if he is not able to do this on his own) and hold them for several minutes to stop the child’s nosebleeds. You can also use clean gauze or a not very hard cloth so as not to damage the wings of the nose on the outside. Usually this is enough for everything to go away.

When the doctor arrives, his emergency actions may be as follows:

1. Coagulation. Cauterization of a damaged vessel that bleeds blood is performed using special devices using a laser, chemicals such as silver nitrate or various acids, ultrasound and electric current.

2. Tamponade. Using a cotton swab that has absorbed vagotil or chloroacetic acid, the nasal membrane is cauterized. Thanks to this, the child’s nose completely stops bleeding.

3. Hemostatic sponge. Such devices, placed in the nasal cavity, contain substances that can enhance the blood's ability to clot.

4. Plasma transfusion. Fresh frozen plasma is transfused in severe cases when the bleeding cannot be stopped by any other means.

5. Intravenous administration of drugs. Another way to deal with heavy bleeding is to inject aminocaproic acid into the body through a vein. Hemodez and rheopolyglucin are also used.

Preventing nosebleeds in children

It is good to give children and adolescents ascorutin, which contains important vitamins C, P. The dose is calculated as follows:

- children from three to twelve years old are prescribed half a tablet once a day;

- for teenagers over twelve, it is enough to take one tablet - 2-3 times a day, the course lasts for four weeks.

To prevent repeated relapses, it is necessary to undergo an examination by specialists.

1. The doctor examines the nasal cavity to see if there are various types of tumors, polyps, or foreign bodies that got there during the game.

2. A general blood test is given. It is necessary for a clear determination of the number of platelets (red blood cells). The norm for a child is 180x400x10x9 per liter.

3. A blood test is performed on its coagulation system. This includes determining the number of active platelets, flow rate, and coagulation factors.

If a child’s nose bleeds quite often, then he needs to attend a consultation:

In a family where there are often situations when a child bleeds from the nose, a first aid kit with the necessary set of supplies and medications should always be ready. Its composition is formed on the advice of the attending physician.

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Bleeding From The Nose - Causes and What to Do

Bleeding from the nose is a common occurrence, and how could it be otherwise, if this organ is equipped with a huge number of blood vessels, and besides, it protrudes considerably outward, which means it is more susceptible to injury than other parts of the body.

But it’s one thing when blood from the nose appeared as a result of a blow, and quite another when this unpleasant symptom arose for no reason, or even at all, and is repeated over and over again. Such cases cause serious concern and often lead patients to the doctor.

Let's figure out why such bleeding occurs, what to do in such situations, and how to prevent recurrences of such an unpleasant phenomenon.

Types of nosebleeds

Before talking about the causes of epistaxis, as doctors call this phenomenon, let's look at the types of bleeding. Doctors need this knowledge in order to determine the nature of bleeding and instantly assess the risks to the patient’s health. They help avoid mistakes in providing first aid to the patient and prescribing the correct treatment.

So, experts divide epistaxis according to the following criteria:

  • Localization.
  • Frequency of occurrence.
  • Volume of blood lost.
  • Mechanism of damage.

1. Localization

In a general sense, bleeding can be divided into:

  • local (relating directly to the nose);
  • systemic (related to the work of the whole organism).
Local bleeding is called local bleeding that affects only the nose. For the most part, they are harmless, since in 90% of cases local bleeding occurs from the Kisselbach area, i.e. large plexus of blood vessels in the nose. The appearance of blood in this case should not cause panic. Moreover, damage to this area stops bleeding quite quickly.

More dangerous is local bleeding from the back of the nose. In this case, heavy blood loss occurs, in which only a small part of the blood flows out of the nose, lulling the person’s vigilance, and the main volume enters the throat, forcing the person to swallow the blood. Swallowed blood often causes nausea and vomiting. By the way, the vomit in this case has a scarlet or brown color (depending on whether the blood is fresh or already coagulated), which greatly frightens the patient. Here you need the help of specialists.

Finally, the most serious danger is posed by systemic bleeding, which is not directly related to the nose, but only leaves the body through it. The causes of this blood loss are hidden inside the body and have a negative impact on the entire body, which means that such patients need emergency medical care.

2. Frequency of occurrence

It is important to pay attention to the frequency of bleeding. It is clear that single instances of the appearance of blood should not cause concern, because even if a person was not injured, a small blood vessel could burst during sneezing or blowing his nose.

At the same time, relapses of bleeding should alert a person and force him to see a doctor. This symptom often indicates an existing disease.

3. Volume of blood loss

The volume of blood flowing out is no less important. Doctors divide blood loss into 4 categories:

  • minor - loss of a few milliliters of blood, which should not cause concern;
  • moderate – volume does not exceed 200 ml. You can try to stop such blood loss yourself;
  • massive - loss of more than 300 ml of blood. Doctors must stop such blood loss;
  • profuse bleeding - leakage of more than 500 ml of blood. This is a life-threatening condition in which the patient requires emergency hospitalization.

4. Damage mechanism

Finally, according to the mechanism of damage, epistaxis is divided into two types - mechanical and spontaneous. The mechanical type is well known to everyone - these are injuries, as well as various surgical interventions, such as removal of the adenoids. And with spontaneous bleeding, its causes are unknown and doctors still have to find out.

Let us only add that blood through the nose can flow from capillaries, arteries or veins. With capillary bleeding, the smallest blood losses are observed, and with damage to the arteries, the most intense.

Why does nose bleed in adults?

Causes of local bleeding

  • injuries (falls or blows);
  • blowing your nose, sneezing, or scratching with your fingernail;
  • entry of a foreign body into the nasal passage;
  • allergy attacks. Small vessels rupture from a sudden influx of blood;
  • inflammatory diseases (sinusitis, sinusitis or rhinitis). With these diseases, the nasal mucosa becomes covered with crusts, which injure it, causing the appearance of blood;
  • atrophy of the nasal mucosa;
  • use of nasal sprays;
  • dry indoor air;
  • the appearance of tumors in the nose;
  • overheating in the sun or fever;
  • surgical interventions (plastic surgery or removal of adenoids);
  • deformation of the nasal cartilage;
  • inhalation of drugs (in particular cocaine).

Causes of systemic bleeding

Systemic bleeding, that is, a regularly recurring symptom, should alert a person, as it may indicate serious diseases, such as:

  • high blood pressure;
  • pathologies of the heart and blood vessels;
  • vegetative-vascular dystonia;
  • hereditary fragility of blood vessels;
  • decreased elasticity of connective tissue due to deficiency of vitamins C, K and PP;
  • blood pathologies (for example, bleeding disorders);
  • taking blood thinning medications;
  • pressure changes at depth or altitude (barotrauma);
  • imbalance of hormones (in pregnant women, during menopause and adolescents during puberty);
  • alcohol abuse;
  • stress, extreme fatigue or prolonged lack of sleep.

Finally, quite often this phenomenon is accompanied by dizziness, headaches or tinnitus.

Why do noses bleed in children?

The causes of this trouble in children include:

  • trauma to the nose (fingernail or blunt objects);
  • small foreign bodies entering the nose;
  • tension when sneezing or coughing;
  • colds and infectious diseases;
  • abuse of nasal drops and sprays;
  • blood clotting disorder;
  • immaturity of the nasal mucosa and blood vessels due to age;
  • surges of hormones during puberty;
  • the appearance of growths in the nose;
  • abnormalities of the nasal septum;
  • avitaminosis;
  • pressure surges;
  • anemia.

Why does my nose bleed in the morning?

Morning epistaxis is typical for men. Experts attribute the reasons for its appearance to:

  • smoking;
  • harmful working conditions;
  • overwork and vascular atrophy that develops because of this;
  • deviated nasal septum.

Why does pregnant women bleed from the nose?

It is not at all difficult to explain why an expectant mother periodically has nosebleeds. The fact is that in pregnant women, the total blood volume increases. And this is an additional load on the vessels, especially small ones, which can rupture under stress.

This circumstance is further aggravated by the fact that against the background of hormonal changes, a woman’s nasal mucosa becomes thinner and brittle, which means that the slightest impact on it immediately leads to the appearance of blood. The occurrence of this alarming symptom should be reported to your doctor immediately.

Blood from the nose - is it dangerous?

Usually, nosebleeds do not pose a health risk. And the reasons for it, as a rule, are obvious to a person.

And yet, sometimes this symptom can be dangerous. If the blood flows profusely, and all attempts to stop it do not lead to success, if, against the background of such trouble, weakness, dizziness, nausea and lightheadedness appear, and consciousness begins to become confused, it is necessary to call a doctor. If this symptom appears every day and is accompanied by headaches, the help of specialists is also necessary.

How to stop bleeding at home

If blood appears from one nostril, its quantity is small, it flows weakly and is not accompanied by headaches and other symptoms, there is no need to worry. You can deal with this problem yourself. To do this you need:

1. Provide the patient with a semi-sitting position and complete rest.

2. Spread your legs slightly apart and tilt your head slightly, ensuring free flow of blood.

3. Loosen the patient’s tie and unbutton the top button of his shirt or bra to ensure normal air access.

4. Spit out blood if it suddenly gets into your throat.

5. Apply a cold compress to the forehead (ice or cloth soaked in cold water).

6. If the blood flows heavily, make a cotton swab, soak it with vasoconstrictor drops or hydrogen peroxide, and then insert it into the nostrils.

7. If the blood flows weakly, just squeeze your nostrils and hold for 5 minutes. This will slow down the blood flow and allow a blood clot to form, which will block the damaged vessel.

8. If blood comes from dry crusts in the nose, it is necessary to soften them with Vaseline or any vegetable oil.

9. When blood begins to flow due to overheating in the sun, the person must be urgently moved to the shade, and a cold compress applied to the nose and forehead;

10. If the patient has lost consciousness, he must be placed on his back and his head turned to the side so that the blood can flow out freely. After this, you must immediately call an ambulance.

What not to do if you are bleeding:

1. Throw your head back. In this case, blood will flow into the throat, causing vomiting.

2. Bend over too much. In this case, bleeding may increase.

3. Lie on your back, face up. The head must be tilted to the side.

4. Blow your nose. This action prevents the clot from forming and provokes further bleeding.

If your child develops blood, do not panic. The steps to stop bleeding will be the same as in the case of bleeding in adults. However, if the bleeding does not stop after 10 minutes, you should call a doctor. You should also call a doctor if your child develops severe bleeding.

Folk remedies to combat nosebleeds

There are several effective folk recipes that can stop bleeding no worse than medications. Here are some of them.

  • soak cotton swabs in nettle juice and insert them into the nostrils;
  • take 10 g of viburnum, pour a glass of water over it and cook for 10 minutes. After allowing the product to cool, soak cotton swabs in it and insert into your nose;
  • Grind the yarrow greens using a blender. Soak cotton swabs in the juice of the herb and insert into the nostrils.

Preventing nosebleeds

When a child’s nose regularly bleeds, his gums bleed, and bruises appear on his body, the baby should be seen by an ENT specialist. The specialist will examine the nasal cavity for polyps and other tumors, and will also prescribe a series of tests for platelet count and blood clotting.

To establish the cause of epistaxis, it is quite possible that you will need to consult a hematologist, immunologist, endocrinologist or oncologist. Specialists will carry out diagnostic measures, identify the exact cause of bleeding and prescribe treatment. In some cases, the drug Ascorutin may be prescribed to adults and children to prevent bleeding.

To strengthen the nasal mucosa, perform a special massage daily. For this:

  • Using the pads of your index and middle fingers, tap the center of the bridge of your nose;
  • Plug one nostril with the pad of your thumb and make rotational movements. After this, move to the second nostril and repeat the exercise;
  • tap your fingers on the wings of your nose. You need to start with light movements, gradually increasing the pressure.

Each exercise is performed for 2-3 minutes. Upon completion of the gymnastics, lubricate the nasal mucosa with Vaseline.

Breathing exercises are another valuable means of strengthening the nasal mucosa. To do this, take several deep breaths, forcefully releasing air through your nose. Then close one nostril and, while inhaling, exhale through a free nasal passage. After 10-15 inhalations and exhalations, change nostril and repeat the exercise for the other nasal passage.

Regularly rinse your nasal passages with solutions of sea salt, chamomile, iodine or herbal infusions.

  • try to eat right and get proper rest;
  • regularly ventilate the rooms and monitor the humidity, which should be at 60–70%;
  • Supervise your little ones to make sure they don't put small objects up their noses;
  • You can put special mittens on the hands of babies - “anti-scratch mittens”.

Most episodes of nosebleeds can be resolved on your own in a matter of minutes. However, with severe, prolonged and frequently recurring bleeding, you cannot do without the help of doctors. Remember this and be healthy!

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Why does my child often have nosebleeds?

Many parents are faced with a situation where their child often has nosebleeds. In many cases, this condition is due to anatomical features. Under the thin mucous membrane of the sinuses there are a large number of small blood vessels that are easily damaged.

Nosebleeds in children (epistaxis) are a fairly common phenomenon. Children by nature are very active and curious; their risk of minor injuries is several times higher than that of adults. But regular bleeding may also be the first sign of serious pathologies that require seeing a doctor and timely treatment.

A child often bleeds from the nose - types of bleeding

If a child’s nosebleeds occur no more often than once every 2-3 months, there is no particular cause for concern. You need to be concerned when bleeding occurs frequently, for no apparent reason, and does not stop for a long time.

Many parents begin to panic when they notice small traces of blood in the form of thin threads in the mucus discharged from the nose. This is not a big deal, since small capillaries can be damaged by intensive nose blowing or sneezing.

If a child’s nose bleeds at night, then in the morning traces of blood are visible on linen or bedding, and the inner surface of the nose is covered with a blood crust. There are two types of such bleeding:

  • Anterior bleeding - occurs in the superficial layers of the front of the nose due to minor damage to blood vessels. Usually weak, quickly stops on its own. It does not cause any particular harm to the body, but can cause psychological trauma in a child, especially if he is frightened by the sight of blood.
  • Posterior bleeding occurs less frequently, is more intense, and may be accompanied by pain. The blood does not stop on its own; it can flow out of both nostrils, while some flows into the nasopharynx, which explains its appearance in the saliva. Such bleeding is more dangerous and requires emergency measures to stop it and prevent blood from leaking into the airways.

Nosebleeds are dangerous because even small wounds on the nasal mucosa facilitate the penetration of pathogenic bacteria into the tissue. Infections are the main cause of chronic inflammation of the nasopharynx, leading to serious complications.

Causes of nosebleeds in children

Frequent bleeding is a consequence not only of mechanical damage, but also a dangerous symptom indicating serious health problems. To detect pathologies, you need to contact a specialist who, before prescribing therapeutic measures, must figure out why the child is bleeding from the nose and find out the cause of this condition. After all, you can completely get rid of the problem only by eliminating the underlying pathology.

The main causes of nosebleeds:
  • Bacterial and viral infections - in this case, foci of inflammation arise that destroy the thin mucous membrane. The capillaries are located close to the edge, and even a runny nose can cause them to rupture, causing blood to appear.
  • Nasal injuries - often children themselves damage the mucous membrane when picking their nose, or are injured during games or falls. For this reason, nosebleeds are often observed in children aged 4 years and older, since during this period children are most active.
  • Lack of moisture in the air causes the mucous membrane to dry out, which is easily injured, causing bleeding.
  • High blood pressure causes capillaries to rupture, but this condition is uncommon in children.
  • Sunstroke or heat overheating cause vascular spasms, which when dilated begin to bleed.
  • Using nasal drops with vasoconstrictor properties. With frequent use of such drugs, blood vessels lose elasticity, atrophy and are easily injured.
  • The occurrence of swelling due to an allergic reaction. With allergic rhinitis (runny nose), even sneezing can cause small capillaries in the nose to rupture and cause bleeding.
  • Deviated nasal septum - mucus lingers in the sinuses, causing inflammation, which causes the walls of the vessels to loosen and begin to bleed.
Also possible causes of nosebleeds:
  • Hormonal imbalance occurs when the body undergoes restructuring during adolescence.
  • Excessive physical activity leads to excessive filling of the nasal vessels with blood, causing them to rupture.
  • Poor blood clotting – observed in hemophilia (hereditary disease). Even a slight external impact can cause severe bleeding, which is very difficult to stop.
  • Presence of a foreign body. Small children may stick a small part of a toy into their nose while playing. A hard object injures the delicate mucous membrane, and attempts to remove it yourself only aggravate the situation, causing rupture of blood vessels. These injuries mainly cause nosebleeds in children 2 years of age.
  • Chemical burn - occurs when inhaling fumes of ammonia and chlorine, which are part of household chemicals.
  • Childhood neuroses and symptoms of vegetative-vascular dystonia are expressed by psychological discomfort, which can manifest itself as increased moodiness, hand tremors and nosebleeds.

A 5-year-old child’s nose may bleed spontaneously, regardless of the time of day. The tissues and blood vessels have not yet strengthened, the nasal passages are very narrow, and the walls are loose. Any careless movement can damage them.

Nosebleeds in a 3-year-old child are a common occurrence. May occur due to fatigue or overheating. Since children at this age are very mobile, but are not yet firmly on their feet, there is a risk of frequent injuries caused by falls. The cause of frequent bleeding may be pathology in the development of the nasal septum, which will lead to inflammatory processes. In this case, the child will be lethargic and have difficulty breathing.

There are a number of dangerous diseases that can manifest themselves as nosebleeds:

  • severe anemia;
  • systemic lupus erythematosus;
  • vasculitis;
  • hemophilia;
  • leukemia and leukemia;
  • liver damage (hepatitis, cirrhosis);
  • nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Pediatricians name a number of other reasons that contribute to nosebleeds. This is a predisposition to bleeding at the genetic level, infection with Staphylococcus aureus and attempts to remove dried mucus from the sinuses. Also, the cause of nosebleeds can be a lack of vitamins and minerals in the body. Therefore, it is so important that the child eats more fresh vegetables and fruits.

Symptoms of epistaxis

Before bleeding begins, children may experience the following symptoms:

  • Strong headache;
  • dizziness;
  • muscle weakness;
  • noise in ears;
  • tickling sensations in the nasopharynx;
  • pale skin;
  • change in heart rate.

One or several symptoms may appear at once and cannot be ignored. It is extremely important to determine the reason why your child is bleeding from the nose, as some conditions can pose a serious health threat. Severe bleeding accompanied by the appearance of a clear, foamy fluid may be a sign of damage to the calvarium, which requires emergency medical attention.

What to do - necessary actions

If the baby has a nosebleed, parents need to quickly provide first aid. It is necessary to calm the child, because additional stress during crying will only worsen the situation. After this, measures can be taken to stop the bleeding.

A child has a nosebleed - what to do:

  1. Free the child from constricting clothing or unfasten it, ensuring free access of air.
  2. Place the baby on a hard surface and keep his head down. You should not raise your head up, as in this case blood may flow into the throat and provoke vomiting.
  3. Press the bridge of your nose with two fingers for ten minutes, and the pressure should not be too strong so as not to damage it.
  4. Make sure your baby breathes through his mouth, taking deep breaths in and out.
  5. Carefully blot the leaking blood with a sterile napkin so that the child is not frightened by the sight of blood.
  6. Apply a towel soaked in cold water or dry ice wrapped in a clean cloth to your nose.

Exposure to cold should not be prolonged, as a runny nose or inflammation of the sinuses may begin. All these measures are effective for mild bleeding. After the bleeding has stopped, you should not allow your child to actively move, overexert, or blow his nose too much, as this can trigger a relapse.

It is best to lubricate the internal mucosa with an emollient using cotton swabs after stopping the bleeding to prevent it from drying out. For the same purpose, you can irrigate the nasal passages with Aquamaris and Salin. During the heating season, the air in the room must be humidified to prevent the mucous membrane from drying out.

If the blood cannot be stopped immediately, you can insert tampons treated with hydrogen peroxide or Nazivin into the nostrils. You can also use vasoconstrictor sprays such as Tizin, Otrivin, Galazolin. After this, press the wings of the nose again, if these measures do not help, you must seek medical help.

Treatment

The procedure most often performed by an ENT doctor for frequent nosebleeds is cauterization of the affected vessels, aimed at preventing recurrent bleeding. For this purpose, silver nitrate or trichloroacetic acid is used. As necessary, this procedure is repeated, ensuring the absence of bleeding.

A popular method of therapy is taking multivitamin complexes containing vitamin C, ascorutin and calcium, which help strengthen the walls of blood vessels and increase immunity. The duration of administration and dosage of drugs is calculated individually for each small patient. Depending on his well-being and age, the course can last from fifteen days to one month.

Also widely used is the method of cryotherapy, in which damaged vessels are painlessly frozen with liquid nitrogen, laser therapy - laser cauterization or an electrocoagulation procedure.

Dr. Komarovsky advises the following measures if a child often has nosebleeds. He believes that self-medication in relation to a child is unacceptable; this should be done by a qualified specialist. Your child may need immediate medical attention if nosebleeds occur too frequently, blood comes out of both nostrils at once, or there is bleeding from the ear. Dr. Komarovsky gives detailed recommendations on first aid measures and points out typical mistakes that parents make.

The most common ones are tilting the head back or putting the child in bed. The doctor draws the attention of parents to the fact that during an attack of bleeding the child should not be in a horizontal position; during this time, it is not allowed to blow his nose, talk, cough, swallow blood or actively move. If, despite the measures taken, the bleeding does not stop within 20 minutes, you must call an ambulance.

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What to do if a child has a nosebleed?

Parents are always concerned about the health of their baby, and any deviations from the normal state cause concern. What can we say, if a child has a nosebleed, this situation will greatly frighten any mother, and this is quite logical, because the specific reasons cannot be immediately understood. The most important thing in such a situation is not to panic, but to provide first aid and figure out why this happened.

Why did my child have a nosebleed?

Many adults don’t even worry if this happens to them, but this is wrong. Like a baby, there can be many reasons for this phenomenon, some of them are harmless, and some have serious consequences without appropriate medical care.

So, bleeding can result from:

  • injuries to the nose and mucous membranes. A feature of the nasal cavity is an abundant supply of blood through a developed network of blood vessels, which are located dangerously close to the surface (the plexus of vessels is called the Kisselbach zone). Even a slight mechanical impact - a blow, careless picking with a finger, which is not uncommon in children - can cause copious bleeding;
  • diseases caused by viruses and bacteria of various types (for example, influenza or measles). One of the symptoms is some inflammation and loosening of the surface of the nasal mucosa, and the vessels located closest to the surface begin to bleed;
  • foreign objects. Children are curious, and should not be allowed to play with objects that are too small, especially without supervision. There are often cases when children stick a small part or toy into the nostril, and when trying to pull it out, they injure the mucous membrane;
  • the use of drugs that constrict blood vessels (Nazivin, Galazolin). Their long-term use makes the mucous membrane thinner, and therefore more sensitive to mechanical stress;
  • severe tension or increased blood pressure;
  • fragility of blood vessels, which can be caused by a lack of vitamin C or too dry air in the house. The fix is ​​simple: you need to provide your child with the necessary vitamins.

Bleeding may become more frequent during the cold season, and blood may flow even if the child simply sneezed. The reason for this phenomenon lies in the air at home - in winter the windows are tightly closed, the room is ventilated extremely rarely, which increases the dryness of the air, leading to dry mucous membranes, loss of blood vessels of their natural elasticity and, as a result, increased fragility. It is very important to monitor the air condition in the living room, especially if a child spends a lot of time in it.

There are other reasons - the frequency of their detection is less, but they are more serious and can only be determined by a doctor:

  • some serious hereditary and acquired diseases that interfere with normal blood clotting;
  • curvature of the nasal septum;
  • in girls, the cause of bleeding may be increased hormonal levels (this leads to excessive filling of blood vessels);
  • formations in the nasal cavity (can be both benign and malignant);
  • damage to other systems and organs of the body, which negatively affects the ability of blood to clot (liver damage, hypovitaminosis, etc.);
  • nosebleeds may be a continuation of another bleeding that occurs in a related organ - for example, in the intestines.

As you can see, the causes of such a phenomenon as nosebleeds in children are very diverse. It can hide either a minor injury or a disease that threatens other organs.

First aid for a child when bleeding begins

The first and one of the most important rules is not to panic, otherwise you may simply scare the child. You need to act consistently and confidently.

The first step is to sit the child in a semi-sitting position and tilt his head slightly forward, but not too much, in order to ensure free flow of blood outward. It is best to take a deep bowl or plate and bend the baby over the container - this way you can track the volume of lost blood.

Be sure to check if the baby has any foreign objects in the nasal cavity. If they are found, you should not take them out yourself, since the bleeding was most likely caused by mechanical damage during insertion, and therefore any careless movement can aggravate the situation. It is better to entrust this procedure to a specialist in the hospital.

Usually the bleeding stops within a few minutes - a clot forms at the site of the rupture of the vessel, blocking it and stopping the bleeding. A cold compress on the bridge of the nose will help speed up the natural reaction of blood vessels.

If the bleeding is not severe, you can gently press the wings of the nose against the central septum with your fingers. If a lot of blood comes out, then it is better to use cotton swabs, carefully placing them in the nostrils. To speed up the effect, tampons can be moistened with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution.

When the bleeding has stopped, you can take your child to the bathroom and wipe his face. It’s better not to rinse the inside of your nose right away; let a little time pass until the vessel closes.

A bloody nose can greatly frighten a child; the parents’ task is to calm him down, explain that it’s not scary and that it’s all over.

What not to do when your nose is bleeding

It is a common belief that if blood starts coming from the nose, then you need to throw your head back as far as possible. This should not be done for one simple reason - the bleeding will not become less, but all the blood, instead of coming out, will end up in the throat - this is undoubtedly unnecessary. There are a number of other recommendations on this matter:

  • there is no need to force the baby to blow his nose - this will only increase the bleeding and slow down the process of its natural stopping;
  • Covering your nostrils with a scarf or hands is also not worth it - this will not help;
  • There is no need to try to rinse your nose with something during bleeding;
  • Once the bleeding has stopped, the risk of its reoccurrence is quite high, and therefore it is better to protect the child from stress and physical exercise for a while;
  • Before applying ice to the bridge of your nose, it would be better to wrap it in a scarf in advance.

When should you consult a doctor?

You always need to clearly understand when self-help is enough and when it’s worth going to the hospital. Nosebleeds are no exception. The reason to seek medical help should be:

  • bleeding that does not stop for 20 minutes;
  • frequently recurring cases of nosebleeds for no apparent reason;
  • You need to go to an ambulance when blood starts flowing after a strong blow;
  • loss of consciousness and paleness of the skin;
  • the child broke out in a cold sweat, spots appeared before his eyes;
  • after an injury, clear liquid flows from the nose along with blood;
  • blood flows out in the form of foam;
  • frequent bleeding in a child with diabetes;
  • too intense flow of blood in large volumes.

Source: http://pediatriya.info/?p=5009

Why does a child have a nosebleed: probable causes, first aid and further actions

Children have nosebleeds much more often than adults. The problem is caused by the special structure of the nose in babies. The mucous membrane in the nasal cavity is thin and delicate, the blood vessels are close to the surface, any minor damage can lead to bleeding.

Often the problem is quickly resolved and does not pose any threat to life. Sometimes blood from the nose signals the progression of a serious illness that cannot be left to chance. Every parent should know how to stop nosebleeds and what to do next.

Possible causes of nosebleeds in a child

The appearance of a problem worries parents very much; it is important to first find out the cause of the bleeding and eliminate it immediately.

Why does a child's nose bleed? Doctors identify several main factors that influence the appearance of bleeding from the nasal cavity in a child:

  • mechanical injury. Children are big fans of picking their nose with their fingers, which leads to injury to the nasal mucous membranes. Damage can result from a strong blow to the nose area. A common occurrence is a foreign object in the sinuses, sometimes blood appears when trying to pull it out;
  • bacterial and viral diseases. Many viruses (influenza, scarlet fever, measles, adenoviruses) tend to infect the nasal mucosa, causing an inflammatory process. The disease leads to thinning of the blood vessels, they cannot withstand the tension and burst. Doctors call this phenomenon symptomatic bleeding;
  • constant tamponade (using tampons to stop bleeding). In this case, a vicious circle forms: in case of severe nosebleeds, a procedure called tamponade is indicated; constant pressing of the vessels against the walls and cartilage leads to blocking the blood flow to them. Frequent lack of nutrition leads to vascular atrophy; they cannot cope with the task. It turns out that the more often we treat, the worse the baby gets. Practice prevention instead of frequent treatment;
  • vasoconstrictor drugs. This group includes Nazol, Nazivin, Nozakar, Galazolin and others. Medicines cause vascular atrophy, as a result - frequent occurrence of problems in the baby;
  • individual structural features. Scientists have proven that a deviated nasal septum provokes frequent nosebleeds;
  • acquired or hereditary diseases. Some ailments (vasculitis, lupus, hemophilia, thrombocytopathy) lead to poor blood clotting and weakening of vessel walls. The combination of negative factors leads to minor bleeding, the blood does not clot well, forming inflammation, resulting in frequent bleeding;
  • dry air. Drying of the nasal mucosa provokes the appearance of microcracks and vascular atrophy;
  • disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine system. Hormonal imbalance is observed in girls during puberty, substances lead to increased blood pressure, the nasal mucous membranes swell, the blood vessels cannot withstand, they begin to burst;
  • various educations. Children are often diagnosed with the presence of polyps; they provoke the constant appearance of blood from the sinuses. It is not uncommon to have an angioma (benign formation); these tumors can appear anywhere where blood vessels are concentrated. In most cases, formations go away on their own, sometimes medical intervention is necessary. The cause of constant bleeding can be malignant formations that require immediate medical intervention;
  • harmful effects of the environment. The problem may appear as a result of exposure of the nasal mucosa to household chemicals, acids, or exposure to radiation;
  • diseases of internal organs, systems, vitamin deficiency. Problems within the body (hepatitis, leukemia, lack of vitamins C, P) are expressed in an unusual form. The frequent appearance of blood from a baby’s nose is a serious reason to conduct a comprehensive examination of the body;
  • high pressure. The phenomenon is unusual for children, but is sometimes diagnosed;
  • nervous overstrain. Severe stress, screaming, crying can cause this phenomenon;
  • the appearance of blood from the nose may be bleeding from other organs (stomach or esophagus).

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It is difficult to independently identify the cause of a problem in a child. Frequent bleeding from the nasal sinuses in a baby is a serious reason to visit a doctor. In some cases, it requires the help of several specialists: a pediatrician, an infectious disease specialist, an ENT specialist, a gastroenterologist and others.

Types of pathology

When identifying blood from your baby's nose, first find out the type of problem. Doctors divide bleeding into two types: anterior and posterior. The first type is characterized by the appearance of blood from vessels located on the surface of the lower part of the nasal septum. These places are very easy to damage; this type is often found. It is easy to deal with at home, the bleeding does not last long and stops well.

The second type includes bleeding caused by problems inside the body. The bleeding is difficult to stop and comes from the back of the nasal cavity. The child’s condition deteriorates sharply and emergency medical attention is required. Be sure to visit a specialist, even for minor injuries, to prevent serious damage.

What to do

Not all parents know what to do if their child suddenly starts bleeding from the nose. The main thing is to stop the bleeding in time, and only then figure out the cause of the problem.

First aid

How to stop nosebleeds in a child? It is not always necessary to call doctors to your home; in most cases, mom or dad will be able to cope with the problem on their own. To stop bleeding from your baby’s nasal cavity, use the following helpful tips:

  • calm your child down first. The sight of blood frightens the baby, which leads to increased blood pressure and worsens the situation. It is advisable to reassure everyone around you; unnecessary panic around the baby usually does not end well;
  • move the baby to an upright position. After a few minutes, turn the child’s head slightly forward, this manipulation will allow the remaining blood to drain out. Using this method, it is possible to determine from which part the bleeding began. Even with babies, do the same;
  • It is forbidden to throw your head back, actions can lead to blood getting into the throat, the child chokes, vomiting begins, and the baby’s condition worsens significantly;
  • Many people don’t know that sometimes the baby simply doesn’t have enough air. Be sure to remove all things that are restricting the baby’s normal breathing, ask the child to inhale through his nose and exhale through his mouth. Place a handkerchief soaked in cold water on the bridge of your nose and wrap your legs in a warm blanket. Unusual manipulations promote increased blood circulation in the legs and slow down the process in the nose area;
  • weak blood vessels located close to the nasal septum are common causes of nosebleeds. That is why pinching this area with two fingers stops the bleeding. If the method does not help, insert a swab of sterile gauze into the baby’s nose, be sure to soak it in hydrogen peroxide first. It is recommended to use various vasoconstrictor drugs (Naphthyzin, Otrivin);
  • Sometimes the cause of discomfort in the nasal area can be a foreign object. Under no circumstances should you take it out yourself; an unsuccessful attempt may result in the toy getting into the respiratory tract and causing suffocation. Calm the baby down and call a doctor immediately;
  • If your baby has other symptoms (loss of consciousness, headaches), in addition to bleeding, consult a specialist. Before the ambulance arrives, monitor the baby’s pulse and try to keep him conscious. In this case, a comprehensive examination of the body is required.

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After the bleeding stops, let the child sleep and limit physical activity. In the next few days, make sure that the baby does not touch his nose; hot drinks are prohibited, as they increase blood pressure.

When using vasoconstrictors, insert a cotton swab treated with Vaseline into the child's nose. Such manipulations will prevent drying out of the mucous membranes. In any case, visit a doctor and find out the cause of the sudden problem.

When to Call Doctors Immediately

Self-medication is allowed only for the first 10 minutes after the appearance of blood from the cavity of the baby’s nose. Delaying calling a doctor can end in disaster.

Cases requiring medical attention:

  • the bleeding does not stop within 20 minutes, although you have followed all the above recommendations;
  • blood discharge occurs simultaneously from both nostrils. Pathology indicates the seriousness of the situation;
  • bloody discharge is observed not only from the nasal cavity (sometimes teenage girls experience vaginal bleeding, which may indicate early pregnancy and other pathologies);
  • the situation is repeated with particular constancy, a lot of blood flows from the nasal openings.

Prohibited actions

  • throw your head back;
  • move actively;
  • talk;
  • try to blow out blood clots.

Further treatment

It all depends on the cause of the problem. After the bleeding stops, doctors identify a negative factor. If the pathology is hidden in the anterior sections of the nasal cavity, proven means are used: cauterization with electricity, laser, nitrogen. Modern technologies help prevent the recurrence of blood from the baby’s nose.

Excessive blood loss from the posterior nasal cavity can lead to vomiting and death. Sometimes surgical intervention is required: the doctor ties off large vessels that supply blood to the damaged area. Then the cause of the pathology is determined and appropriate treatment is prescribed. A timely diagnosis can save a child’s life; do not delay treatment.

Preventive recommendations

Bleeding from the nasal cavity is not a disease, but preventive measures exist:

  • stop your baby from picking his nose;
  • humidify the air in the apartment, especially in winter;
  • harden your baby, increase immunity;
  • do not allow vitamin deficiency, balance the baby’s diet;
  • Treat ENT diseases in a timely manner.

More interesting information about nosebleeds in children in the following video:

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We have been living with a similar problem for 16 years. My son has frequent bleeding. We went to the doctors, but other than that it will go away on its own, we heard nothing. They took ascarutine and similar medications. It went away a little with age, but not completely. I can't imagine what to do. I would be glad if someone with successful experience of treatment writes back.
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