Bacterial pharyngitis treatment

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Causes, symptoms and treatment features of bacterial pharyngitis

Pharyngitis is an infectious inflammatory disease of the pharynx, caused by both viruses and bacteria. Bacterial pharyngitis most often occurs as a complication of viral pharyngitis, but can also develop as an independent disease.

Table of contents:

Causes

It all starts with infection of the pharyngeal mucosa by pathogenic bacteria. Most often, pharyngitis is caused by streptococci, staphylococci, neisseria and pneumococci. Such pharyngitis is classified as nonspecific. Routes of transmission: airborne droplets and contact, that is, through communication, kissing, household objects and food. When pathogens enter the mucous membrane, the disease does not always develop; most often, the provoking factor is a history of acute respiratory viral infection or an exacerbation of chronic pharyngitis.

Specific bacterial pharyngitis occurs in adult patients. It is caused by chlamydia, gonococci, mycoplasma and ureaplasma. The route of transmission is usually oral-genital.

It is worth remembering that this pathology can act not only as an isolated disease, but also be the first symptom of scarlet fever, measles, and rubella.

A bacterial infection causes inflammation, which, if not adequately treated, can develop into a chronic atrophic or hypertrophic form. In children, pharyngitis quickly spreads to the entire nasopharynx.

Main symptoms

Acute bacterial pharyngitis is characterized by a complex of symptoms:

  • Feeling of soreness and soreness in the throat.
  • Severe pain when swallowing.
  • Radiation of pain to the ears.
  • Runny nose 3-4 days after the onset of the disease.
  • Low-grade fever (if inflammation spreads to the lower respiratory tract, it rises to C).
  • Severe coughing attacks.
  • Enlarged lymph nodes in the cervical region.

In children, the symptoms at the onset of the disease are subtle; it usually proceeds like any other cold etiology, with transition to nasopharyngitis. Children cry, refuse to eat, and are capricious. Pharyngitis caused by streptococci and staphylococci can lead to generalized intoxication with a rash on the body and the risk of complications such as rheumatism or glomerulonephritis.

Acute pharyngitis can cause the formation of a peritonsillar abscess, and can also be complicated by inflammation of the larynx, trachea and bronchi.

The following symptoms are characteristic of chronic pharyngitis: slight periodic coughing, dry throat, the appearance of crusts of dried mucous secretions. Perennial pharyngitis is fraught with a transition to a hypertrophic form with thickening of the mucous membrane and the growth of granules on the back wall of the pharynx, or an atrophic form, with thinning of the mucous membrane and organ dysfunction.

Pharyngitis caused by specific pathogens may not manifest itself for a long time. Long-term gonococcal pharyngitis is expressed in swelling and a yellow-gray coating against a background of redness, or bright red dots - inflamed follicles. This type of pharyngitis is also differentiated by the associated bleeding of inflamed gums and bad breath.

Diagnostics

The doctor makes a preliminary diagnosis based on visible symptoms, complaints and medical history. Pharyngoscopy reveals hyperemia, edema, and enlarged follicles. To differentiate bacterial inflammation, a smear is taken from the oropharynx for bacterial culture. If there is a suspicion of infection with a specific infection, the PCR method is used to examine scrapings from the mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall.

Drug treatment

First of all, the patient is prescribed a course of antibiotics. The drugs of choice depend on the type of bacterial infection. For example, pharyngitis caused by staphylococci is treated with macrolides and cephalosporins. Streptococcal pharyngitis is sensitive to combined penicillins, gonococcal pharyngitis is sensitive to fluoroquinolones. Treatment of gonococcal and other specific pharyngitis involves the supervision of a venereologist and refusal of sexual activity for the duration of treatment, while maintaining personal hygiene.

For a complete recovery, compliance with the entire course of antibiotics is of great importance, since if treatment is interrupted, a relapse occurs, followed by the disease becoming chronic.

Antibacterial therapy also includes local irrigation of the throat with antiseptics and resorption of antiseptic tablets under the tongue.

Pharyngitis therapy also includes:

  • Dry heat on a sore throat, usually a scarf on the neck area.
  • Drinking frequently and heavily.
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs.
  • Refusal of prolonged water procedures and physical activity.
  • Avoiding irritating foods during illness (spicy, hot, cold).
  • When coughing, take antitussive medications.
  • Taking immunostimulants and vitamins.

Folk remedies

A popular remedy is drinking warm milk with honey, water with honey and grated horseradish, hot tea with lemon. Gargling and irrigating the throat with herbal infusions and antiseptics that relieve symptoms of inflammation are helpful: oak bark, calendula, sage, water with soda and salt, solutions of Chlorhexidine, Chlorophyllipt, propolis infusion. Inhalations with herbal decoctions of eucalyptus, chamomile, pine cones, and St. John's wort are also effective.

Bacterial pharyngitis is a complex disease caused by various types of infections; diagnosis and treatment must be carried out under the supervision of a doctor, otherwise complications and the risk of becoming chronic are possible.

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Bacterial pharyngitis: features of the course and principles of therapy

Pharyngitis traditionally occupies the first position among the pathologies of the ENT organs. Its cause may be the damaging effects of viruses, fungi, chlamydia, mycoplasmas and other pathogens, but bacterial pharyngitis is considered the most dangerous.

According to statistics, it is microbial inflammation of the oropharynx that causes the most complications and is especially difficult for children. Why does the disease develop? What are its main features? How to cure inflammation quickly? And can it be prevented? The detailed review and video below will answer these questions.

Causes

Bacterial pharyngitis - the symptoms and treatment of this pathology are specific, so it is necessary to differentiate it from other types of inflammation of the throat - usually caused by:

The source of infection is a sick person, and the main routes of transmission include airborne droplets and household contact. Microbes penetrate the mucous membrane of the oropharynx and cause active inflammation, which, if left untreated, can spread to the nearby tonsils, mucous membrane of the larynx, trachea, and even go down the respiratory tract, causing bronchitis or pneumonia.

Bacterial pharyngitis often complicates the course of a viral infection of the pharynx. If on the 3-4th day of ARVI the condition does not improve, and the body temperature creeps up again, this is most likely caused by the activity of the microbial flora. But there are also cases of primary bacterial infection of the ENT organs.

Clinical picture

The incubation period of bacterial pharyngitis is on average 3-4 days. The first signs of the disease develop gradually, over hours.

Acute inflammation of the pharynx is characterized by a complex of symptoms:

  • rawness, soreness, “tickling” in the throat;
  • unpleasant painful sensations when swallowing, radiating to the jaw and ears;
  • the addition of a runny nose with mucous or mucopurulent discharge (see When and why mucus appears in the throat);
  • increase in body temperature to 37.5-38.0 degrees (in children this figure can reach °C);
  • dry paroxysmal cough caused by swelling of the oropharynx and irritation of the receptors;
  • enlargement, soreness of the submandibular and cervical lymph nodes.

Bacterial pharyngitis in children is severe, with severe symptoms of intoxication (weakness, fatigue, headache). The child is lethargic, capricious, refuses to eat and often cries.

Complications

If left untreated, bacterial pharyngitis can cause the following complications:

  1. Peritonsillar abscess. The pus that accumulates in the oropharynx is covered with a connective tissue capsule and remains in the body for a long time. This formation causes sharp pain when swallowing and practically makes it impossible for a person to eat.
  2. Generalized infection. If pharyngitis is caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus, its pathogens can spread through the bloodstream throughout the body, causing bacteremia (blood poisoning) and a skin rash. Also dangerous consequences of the generalization of the inflammatory process include the development of glomerulonephritis and acute rheumatic fever.
  3. Chronization of the process. Untreated acute pharyngitis risks becoming chronic. In this case, the disease takes on a sluggish form with an undulating course (exacerbations that occur against the background of relative well-being).

Diagnostics

The doctor can suggest a diagnosis of bacterial inflammation of the pharynx during pharyngoscopy. The throat with pharyngitis is hyperemic, swollen, the palate and the back wall of the pharynx become particularly grainy. The appearance of purulent plugs and even crusts on the mucous membrane is possible.

The following methods allow you to determine the causative agent of infection with 100% certainty:

  • bacteriological examination of a smear from the oropharynx: inoculation of biomaterial on a nutrient medium and cultivation of colonies of microorganisms with determination of sensitivity to antibiotics;
  • microscopy of the obtained samples with Gram staining;
  • PCR diagnostics – determination of the DNA of bacteria circulating in the blood.

Also, to assess the patient's condition, general clinical blood and urine tests may be required.

Principles of therapy

General provisions

Bacterial pharyngitis remains a pathology that requires attention not only from the doctor, but also from the patient: treatment of the disease should be comprehensive and include not only taking antibiotics (see Antibiotics for pharyngitis: which ones to take), but also following the general recommendations of specialists:

  1. Maintaining optimal living conditions in the patient’s room (comfortable temperature, humidity at 50-60%, frequent ventilation and wet cleaning performed daily).
  2. Quitting smoking and alcohol (at least for the duration of treatment). Toxic substances contained in tobacco smoke and strong drinks not only irritate the inflamed mucous membranes, but are also incompatible with taking antibiotics.
  3. A gentle diet with a limit on very cold or very hot foods, avoidance of rough, spicy, hot or sour foods (crackers, chips, nuts, pickled vegetables, Korean salads, dishes prepared with a lot of herbs and spices). Try to eat food with a liquid or semi-liquid consistency (porridge, purees, light soups).
  4. Rest and healthy sleep. It is extremely important to relax and allow yourself to lie in bed without thinking about anything.

Prescribing antibiotics

Antibiotics are the main drugs for treating bacterial pharyngitis. The main representatives of this pharmacological group are presented in the table below.

Table: Antibiotics for the treatment of pharyngitis:

Modern protected penicillins have higher activity.

Most of the drugs in the group have good bioavailability (absorbed into the blood through the gastrointestinal tract by 93-98%), so they can be taken in the form of tablets or suspensions (children's form).

They have cross-sensitivity with penicillins: they are also prohibited from being used if you are intolerant to the latter.

Prescribed with caution for chronic liver and kidney diseases.

In case of severe inflammation, it is also possible to prescribe antibiotics from the group of macrolides and fluoroquinolones.

Note! The selection of an antibiotic for the treatment of pharyngitis should be done by a doctor. Carefully follow the specialist’s recommendations and read the materials contained in the instructions before use.

Symptomatic remedies

Symptomatic remedies - sprays, rinsing solutions, lozenges and lozenges - can cope with pain, soreness and other unpleasant sensations in the throat.

They have antiseptic, anti-inflammatory properties and are good for soothing the throat:

  1. Aerosols for irrigating the throat: Yox, Ingalipt, Tantum Verde, Stopangin.
  2. Rinse solutions: Chloregxidine, Miramistin, Hexoral, Chlorophyllipt.
  3. Tablets, lozenges: Faringosept, Lizobakt, Strepsils, Septolete.

Traditional methods of treatment

Traditional medicine has many recipes for proven remedies for sore throats. Unfortunately, most of them do not affect the cause of the disease - pathogenic microbes, and do not eliminate the need to take antibiotics. But they significantly ease the course of the infection and quickly overcome discomfort.

Common methods of treating pharyngitis include:

  1. Gargling with a saline solution: you can buy it at the pharmacy or prepare it yourself by dissolving 1 tsp in a glass of warm water. salt.
  2. Gargling with decoctions of herbs with anti-inflammatory effects (chamomile, sage, string, eucalyptus).
  3. Taking dried clove buds: to reduce a sore throat, it is recommended to chew 1-2 pieces every 4 hours.
  4. Honey and garlic compresses for the throat.

Prevention measures

Of course, any disease is easier to prevent than to treat. To avoid infection, lead a healthy lifestyle, eat well, engage in active sports and exercise.

After visiting public transport and other premises where a large number of people are in a confined space, to prevent infection, rinse your mouth with warm boiled water.

With a serious approach to treatment, bacterial pharyngitis in children and adults does not pose a health hazard. Properly selected antibiotics significantly improve the condition within 2-3 days of use.

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Forms of bacterial pharyngitis and methods of their treatment

Acute pharyngitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx - can be viral or bacterial. If viral pharyngitis is treated symptomatically, since the body can often cope with its cause on its own, then bacterial pharyngitis requires mandatory etiotropic therapy. In adults, gonococcal pharyngitis occurs - isolated infection of the throat with gonococci or a disease combined with gonorrhea of ​​the genitourinary system. In addition, together with gonococcal pharyngitis, the tonsils, tongue, uvula, larynx, etc. can become inflamed.

Bacterial pharyngitis is common in children and can exist in acute and chronic forms. Among ENT diseases, chronic bacterial pharyngitis accounts for up to 15%. In frequently ill children, it is diagnosed in 40% of cases.

Causes of the form of pathology

The immediate causes of the disease are associated with the penetration of pathogens - pathogenic bacteria - into the tissues of the pharynx. Most often, people of any age are diagnosed with streptococcal pharyngitis, as well as staphylococcal, Neisseria, and pneumococcal pharyngitis, which belong to the group of nonspecific infectious diseases. Bacterial pharyngitis of nonspecific origin occurs when infected through objects, things, food, through kisses, after infection by airborne droplets. But such transmission routes are not very common: in a person with a normally functioning immune system, symptoms of pathology are unlikely to occur after contact with microbes.

In the vast majority of cases, the disease develops after a viral disease of the upper respiratory tract against the background of weakened local immunity. A certain proportion of bacterial pharyngitis consists of exacerbations of chronic pharyngitis. Chronization occurs in the absence of proper treatment, in the presence of bad habits, work in conditions of increased gas pollution, dustiness, and existing foci of infection in the nasopharynx.

Among the specific diseases of the pharynx are:

  1. Chlamydial pharyngitis. It is a difficult to diagnose, but quite common form of chlamydia. Chlamydial pharyngitis is transmitted through oral sex, but some researchers believe that it can be transmitted through kissing.
  2. Gonococcal pharyngitis. Gonococci are transmitted sexually through contact without using a condom, including oral-genital contact. With vaginal contact, gonococcal pharyngitis can develop after the infection spreads by hematogenous and lymphogenous routes into the pharynx.
  3. Mycoplasma and ureaplasma pharyngitis. The exclusively sexual route of transmission of these diseases has not yet been proven, since mycoplasma and ureaplasma in patients with inflammation of the pharynx were not always sown from the urogenital tract.

Bacteria cause diffuse inflammation of the pharynx, which over time can become chronic and develop into hypertrophic and atrophic processes that greatly complicate a person’s life.

Symptoms and consequences

Staphylococcal, streptococcal pharyngitis and other types of nonspecific pathology rarely occur in isolation. Usually there is inflammation of the entire nasopharynx, sometimes the larynx. Bacterial pharyngitis in isolated form most often occurs with a burn of the pharyngeal mucosa, exacerbation of chronic pathology, consumption of cold drinks and food. Find out more about possible streptococci in a child’s throat

The symptoms of the disease are as follows:

  • sore, sore throat;
  • pain when swallowing saliva (usually minor);
  • pain in the ears;
  • low-grade fever (with further spread of infection to the lower respiratory tract, the temperature may rise by several degrees);
  • runny nose, which almost always accompanies the disease and occurs 3-4 days after the onset of sore throat;
  • cough, sometimes very strong, paroxysmal due to irritation of tissues by mucus flowing from the nasopharynx;
  • enlarged cervical lymph nodes.

In children, it is often difficult to recognize the symptoms of bacterial pharyngitis. Usually the child becomes capricious, cries, and loses his appetite. In infants, the symptoms of the disease are similar to any cold pathologies, and isolated pharyngitis already on the 2-3rd day turns into nasopharyngitis against the background of the anatomical proximity of these structures. Learn about nasopharyngitis treatment

Chronic staphylococcal or streptococcal pharyngitis is manifested by prolonged dryness in the throat, slight coughing, tickling, secretion of a small amount of mucus, the formation of crusts of dried mucus in the throat, nausea, and vomiting. If bacterial inflammation of the pharynx exists for many years, then from a simple (catarrhal) form the disease can develop into:

  • hypertrophic pharyngitis (proliferation of granules, thickenings on the back wall of the pharynx and its lateral ridges);
  • atrophic pharyngitis (thinning, atrophy of the pharyngeal mucosa and loss of function of this organ).

Gonorrheal pharyngitis can be asymptomatic, but its long existence causes swelling, slight hyperemia, and a gray-yellow coating in the throat. Sometimes signs of gonorrheal pharyngitis are inflammation of individual follicles in the form of bright red grains. The disease can be complicated by gonococcal gingivitis, which affects the gums and causes bleeding, bad breath, and hoarseness. With chlamydial, mycoplasma, and ureaplasma inflammation of the pharynx, the symptoms can be reduced to slight redness of the back wall, a slight soreness, to which neither the doctor nor the patient often attaches any importance.

Staphylococcal and streptococcal pharyngitis in children can lead to serious intoxication of the body and the appearance of a rash like scarlet fever. These types of pathologies are dangerous due to their complications - glomerulonephritis, rheumatism. Acute staphylococcal pharyngitis can cause the development of peritonsillar abscess. Any type of bacterial inflammation of the pharynx is often complicated by laryngitis, tracheitis, and bronchitis. Inflammation of the pharynx due to infection with Neisseria is also dangerous, since some of them can be causative agents of meningitis. Neisseria is very contagious to others, and therefore a sick person should be immediately isolated.

Diagnosis of the disease

The diagnosis is made based on the clinical picture, complaints, and medical history. During pharyngoscopy, the otolaryngologist reveals diffuse hyperemia, swelling of the mucous membrane of the pharynx, palate, and uvula. Mucus may be noticeable on the throat, often with purulent streaks. The follicles of the pharynx increase in separate groups. Patients almost always complain of sore throat, sore throat, cough, and painful lymph nodes.

To differentiate the types of bacterial inflammation of the pharynx, which is very important in chronic pharyngitis, a cultural examination (bacterial culture) of a smear from the oropharynx is carried out. If the presence of ureaplasma, mycoplasma, or chlamydia is suspected, analysis is done using a PCR study of scrapings from the back wall of the pharynx.

Treatment methods for bacterial pharyngitis

Therapy for the disease will depend on the type of pathogen, but in any case the patient requires antibiotics. Treatment of gonococcal pharyngitis is carried out under the supervision of a venereologist in compliance with the refusal of intimate life and strict rules of personal hygiene.

Staphylococcal pharyngitis is treated by taking antibiotics from the group of macrolides, cephalosporins (in severe cases), streptococcal - with combined penicillins, gonorrheal - with fluoroquinolones, sometimes in combination with other antibiotics. Be sure to follow the full course of treatment with antibiotics, since the disease, if not completely cured, quickly returns, becoming chronic. Almost always, the patient is prescribed local antibacterial treatment - dissolving Grammidin tablets, irrigating the throat with Bioparox aerosol. Read more about treating pharyngitis with antibiotics

Other methods of treating the disease:

  • taking anti-inflammatory drugs (Nurofen, Ibuprofen);
  • drinking plenty of water;
  • excluding spicy, hot food from the menu;
  • refusal of physical activity, prolonged water procedures;
  • dry heat on the throat area (wrapping the neck with a warm scarf);
  • frequent gargling with infusions of oak bark, sage, calendula, water with soda, Miramistin, Chlorophyllipt, Chlorhexidine, tincture of eucalyptus, tincture of propolis;
  • throat irrigation with Hexoral, Cameton, Ingalipt;
  • resorption of local antiseptics - Septolete, Lizobakt, Sebedin tablets;
  • alkaline inhalations, steam inhalations with herbal decoctions;
  • for a dry cough, take antitussives (Sinekod, Bronholitin); for a wet cough, take expectorants (ACC, Mucaltin, Ambrobene);
  • taking vitamins, immunostimulants, including local ones (Immudon, Ribomunil).

Among the folk remedies for bacterial pharyngitis, you can use the following recipes:

  1. Brew a spoonful of pine and eucalyptus cones in half a liter of water, let it brew. Then heat the product to a boil, breathe over the steam through a funnel or through a steam inhaler.
  2. Drink milk with honey (a glass of warm milk with a tablespoon of honey three times a day), pollen, royal jelly.
  3. Dissolve a teaspoon of sea salt in a glass of warm water, add 2 drops of eucalyptus or thyme oil, and use a rinse.
  4. Combine a spoonful of honey, a teaspoon of grated horseradish, dilute with a glass of water, drink in small sips throughout the day.

After relieving acute inflammation, a patient with chronic bacterial pharyngitis should think about eliminating foci of infection in the nasopharynx and throat: often for a complete cure it is sufficient to remove adenoids, tonsils, sinus polyps, and treat teeth. During the period of remission, it is also useful to do various physiotherapeutic procedures - phono-, electrophoresis of vitamins, biogenic stimulants, magnetic therapy, laser therapy, quartz, mud therapy.

How is treatment done in children?

Treatment of the disease in young children presents significant difficulties due to the fact that many local procedures are inaccessible. So, a child under 2 years old can rarely gargle. Carrying out inhalations in children under one year old and irrigating the throat with sprays in children under 3 years of age is also prohibited. When sucking tablets, a child may choke, and lollipops are generally prohibited for children under 5 years of age. In this regard, the baby should be given plenty of fluids, the nose should be treated by frequent rinsing and instillation as prescribed by the doctor, and be sure to give antibiotics if recommended by the pediatrician or ENT.

For older children, inhalations with a nebulizer are required, and in the absence of intolerance and high temperature, steam inhalations with herbs. You should ventilate the room where the child is located more often and turn on the humidifier so that the air does not dry out. As for antipyretics, children are not recommended to be given drugs based on acetylsalicylic acid, replacing them with suppositories, Paracetamol, and Ibuprofen tablets.

Preventive actions

It is very difficult to completely protect yourself from microbes, but in the case of bacterial pharyngitis, it is enough to strengthen the immune system and eliminate all foci of chronic infection to reduce the risk of developing the disease. You should also toughen up, eat right, stop smoking, change working conditions to more favorable ones, play sports, do exercises, and avoid contracting ARVI.

And in conclusion, we suggest watching a video by pediatric otolaryngologist Leskov, where he will tell you how to distinguish a viral infection from a bacterial one.

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Forms, symptoms and treatment of bacterial pharyngitis

In the vast majority of cases, pharyngitis is viral in nature. However, sometimes it can be caused by pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria. Bacterial pharyngitis can be diagnosed in both children and adult patients. It is more severe than the viral form of the disease and necessarily requires qualified medical care.

Most often, its symptoms are observed in infants and children of primary preschool age.

Types of bacterial pharyngitis

Modern medicine knows several pathogenic bacteria that can cause this type of inflammation of the lymphoid tissues and mucous membranes of the pharynx. Specific varieties of the disease were named after the names that provoked their appearance and the development of microbes.

Gonococcal pharyngitis. In common parlance it is also called gonorrhea. Gonococci are bacteria that can be transmitted through sexual contact if partners do not use condoms. Both genital and oral contact can be dangerous.

Streptococcal pharyngitis. Streptococci are transmitted by airborne droplets. Most often, children aged 4-16 years are susceptible to this form of inflammation of the pharynx. The peak incidence occurs in the cold autumn-winter months.

Chlamydial pharyngitis. Doctors' opinions on the issue of the spread of chlamydia differ slightly. However, it is safe to say that these bacteria are transmitted through unprotected sexual contact. Some doctors talk about the possibility of transmitting infection through a kiss.

Staphylococcal pharyngitis. Staphylococci always inhabit the mucous membranes of the human body. However, in some cases, when favorable conditions are created for their reproduction and development, they can provoke an inflammatory process in the pharynx.

Mycoplasma pharyngitis. To date, the routes of spread of mycoplasma have not been clearly established. Most often, doctors talk about the sexual nature of transmission of infection. The same applies to the ureaplasma form of pharyngitis.

It should be understood that we have listed the most common types of bacterial forms of pharyngitis. However, their characteristic symptoms of the disease may also indicate other pathogens.

Causes of the disease

In the previous section, we wrote that the bacterial form of pharyngitis is caused by the pathogenic activity of the corresponding microbes. However, in addition to this, it is necessary to talk about factors that significantly increase the likelihood of inflammation of the pharyngeal tissues. These include:

  • frequent colds;
  • weakened immune system;
  • failure to comply with personal hygiene rules;
  • promiscuity;
  • presence of bad habits;
  • work in dusty industries;
  • breathing polluted air;
  • transition of acute pharyngitis to the chronic stage.

The last point needs to be discussed in more detail. Symptoms of chronic pharyngitis most often develop in adult patients who self-medicate or do not treat their sore throat at all. It is these reasons that most often lead to chronicity of the disease.

Remember, if even the most harmless disease does not go away within one and a half or two weeks, you must urgently consult a qualified doctor.

Symptoms and signs

Most often, people diagnose themselves with pharyngitis if they have a sore throat. Indeed, this symptom characterizes the inflammatory processes occurring in the patient’s pharynx. However, this sign, of course, is not the only one.

So, the symptoms of bacterial pharyngitis are:

  • itching and sore throat;
  • pain during swallowing;
  • slight increase in body temperature (up to 37-37.5 degrees);
  • rhinitis (runny nose), appearing after 2-3 days;
  • paroxysmal cough;
  • enlarged lymph nodes;
  • ear pain.

It is necessary to understand that we have listed the general symptoms of the disease. Specific forms of bacterial pharyngitis may manifest themselves in different ways. It is impossible to make a correct diagnosis on your own. For example, only a doctor can distinguish gonococcal pharyngitis from the mycoplasma form of the disease.

Staphylococcal and streptococcal pharyngitis often manifests itself as long-term dryness of the mucous membranes of the throat. Nausea and vomiting may occur. Excess mucus in the throat dries, forming crusts that are difficult to remove. In children, staphylococcal and streptococcal pharyngitis can cause severe general intoxication.

Gonococcal pharyngitis may have no noticeable symptoms at all for some time. However, upon visual examination of the pharynx, we will find a characteristic dirty yellow coating.

Chlamydial pharyngitis is also difficult to detect. Often it also does not manifest itself with any acute symptoms. All signs can be reduced to soreness and itching in the throat, which even an experienced doctor may not pay attention to.

Diagnostic measures

First of all, the doctor will determine that the patient has a bacterial form of pharyngitis. This is done by collecting anamnesis (questioning) and performing pharyngoscopy.

Then it is necessary to carry out differential diagnosis. A swab of the patient's oropharynx is taken or a scraping is made from the wall of the pharynx. Thanks to this, doctors receive material for bacterial culture. This analysis allows us to identify the direct causative agent of the disease and select the appropriate drug treatment.

How to treat correctly

The mainstay of treatment for bacterial pharyngitis is antibiotics. It is possible to select a suitable antibiotic drug only if the causative agent of the disease has been identified. Streptococcal pharyngitis is most often treated with penicillin antibiotics. Staphylococcal form of the disease with macrolides and so on.

Additionally, each form of bacterial inflammation of the pharynx has its own treatment characteristics. Thus, gonococcal pharyngitis can be cured with mandatory cessation of active intimate life.

In addition to the mandatory use of antibiotics, the bacterial form of pharyngitis requires an integrated approach to treatment. When treating the disease, the doctor may prescribe:

  • a certain daily routine and diet;
  • taking anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and immunomodulatory drugs;
  • carrying out inhalations and gargling.

Remember, when treating pharyngitis at home, you must strictly adhere to the recommendations and prescriptions of your doctor.

Folk recipes

Remember, before using any folk remedy to treat bacterial pharyngitis, you must consult with your doctor.

Add a teaspoon of honey to a glass of warm cow's milk and mix thoroughly. Take this remedy three times a day.

Dissolve a teaspoon of table salt in a glass of warm water. Use the resulting solution to gargle 3-4 times a day.

Features of treatment for children

The selection of medications for the treatment of bacterial pharyngitis in children should be carried out exclusively by a doctor.

Particular attention should be paid to age restrictions when taking medications.

Steam inhalations for the treatment of small children are prohibited. Use specialized inhalers. For example, a nebulizer.

Do not give your child medications containing aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid. Preference should be given to paracetamol-based products. If they do not have the desired effect, medications with ibuprofen are used.

Possible prevention

A healthy lifestyle, proper daily routine, regular exercise and proper rest will reduce the risk of bacterial pharyngitis to a minimum.

If you are sick and have a viral inflammation of the pharynx, you need to treat it to the end. You should not stop treatment at the first improvements. Particular attention should be paid to recovery after an illness.

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Bacterial pharyngitis - how to treat?

Pharyngitis is a disease characterized by inflammation of the mucous membrane of the back of the pharynx. It can be viral and bacterial. Most often, viral pharyngitis is detected, which is caused by such common infections as rhinovirus, adenovirus, coronovirus and others. It is transmitted by airborne droplets and accompanies colds.

In complex cases, a bacterial infection joins a viral infection, or develops as an independent disease.

Inflammatory process of the pharyngeal mucosa

What is bacterial pharyngitis

Bacterial pharyngitis is an infection caused by streptococci, chlamydia, mycoplasma or neisseria. According to statistics, in 40% of cases it is diagnosed in sickly babies.

According to the nature of the disease, acute and chronic forms are distinguished. Acute inflammation occurs diffusely and covers the entire pharynx. Protracted has a more pronounced location and affects only certain parts of the throat: lower, upper or middle.

If a viral disease is treated palliatively, since the body can cope with the infection on its own, then a bacterial disease requires etiotropic treatment.

The chronic form accounts for up to 15% of the total number of ENT diseases.

Pharyngitis in children most often occurs in the spring, when the immune system is weakened after cold weather.

Causes of the disease

The main culprit of the disease is pathogenic bacteria. Experts diagnose the following types of inflammation:

  • streptococcal;
  • staphylococcal;
  • pneumococcal;
  • Neisseria.

Bacterial pharyngitis is transmitted through kisses, household items, and through the air. However, in people with a strong immune system, infection through this route is not possible. Most often, the disease is a consequence of a viral type.

In patients with reduced immunity or after long-term treatment with antibiotics, fungal pharyngitis may develop. In addition to viruses, fungi and bacteria, the disease is provoked by:

  • allergies;
  • injuries to the pharyngeal mucosa;
  • irritating factors;
  • chemical substances.

In adults, gonococcal pharyngitis is detected - ingestion of gonococci in the throat or a combination with gonorrhea of ​​the genitourinary tract. The tonsils, uvula, and larynx become inflamed.

The cause of the chronic disease can be inflammatory processes in the larynx and nasal sinuses, as well as reflux of stomach contents into the pharynx during gastroesophageal reflux and hiatal hernia.

Signs

Some symptoms of pharyngitis are similar for all forms of the disease:

  1. pain when swallowing;
  2. sore or tickling throat;
  3. swelling of the lymph nodes;
  4. cough, sometimes very strong;
  5. runny nose - appears on the 3-4th day;
  6. low-grade fever, which later rises to 38–39 0.

The most complex form of the disease is purulent pharyngitis. During the examination, the specialist detects the appearance of purulent plaque on the back wall of the larynx. The symptoms of bacterial pharyngitis in children are almost impossible to distinguish. They are capricious, their appetite and sleep worsen. On days 2-3, the disease progresses to nasopharyngitis, which manifests itself in the appearance of a runny nose.

Symptoms of the chronic form of the disease are less pronounced. In this case, it acts as a manifestation of other gastrointestinal diseases. Patients complain of a tickling feeling and a dry cough that gets worse in the morning.

Symptoms of pharyngitis in an adult can be caused by systemic diseases or diseases of the nervous system, for example, Sjogren's syndrome, iron deficiency anemia and various neuralgia.

Treatment and prevention

After a thorough examination and diagnosis, appropriate treatment is prescribed, which depends on the etiology of the disease.

In advanced cases, bacterial pharyngitis can lead to serious complications: damage to the kidneys, heart and other internal organs.

At the first signs of illness, you should immediately seek medical help. In any case, food and drinks that irritate the mucous membrane of the throat are immediately excluded from the diet.

General therapy depends on the nature of the pathogen, but pharyngitis is most often treated with antibiotics. If a patient is diagnosed with streptococcal inflammation, combined penicillins are prescribed; for staphylococcal disease, drugs from the macrolide group are prescribed. Treatment of gonorrheal and gonococcal pharyngitis is carried out under the supervision of a venereologist. In this case, broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed.

Regardless of the complexity of the disease, the following treatment methods are carried out:

  • drink plenty of fluids – up to 2 liters per day;
  • taking antimicrobial drugs;
  • applying dry compresses to the throat area;
  • exclusion of irritating foods (salty, spicy, cold, hot);
  • rinsing with antiseptic agents;
  • irrigation with saline solutions;
  • lubricating the throat with Lugol's solution;
  • taking vitamin preparations.

Treatment of pharyngitis in adults must be accompanied by a complete cessation of smoking.

Most often, a bacterial throat infection affects children. In this case, treatment of the disease causes significant difficulties. Treatment of pharyngitis in children is complicated by the fact that many procedures cannot be performed. If inhalations are recommended for an adult patient, they are strictly prohibited for a child under one year of age. In addition, two-year-old children do not know how to gargle, and the use of sprays under 3 years of age is not recommended.

For young patients, the doctor prescribes antibacterial agents in the form of suspensions. If the disease has developed into a complex form, then injections may be prescribed.

Parents should know how to treat pharyngitis in order to alleviate the condition of a child with a sore throat. Therapy involves the use of dry compresses, plenty of warm drinks, and frequent rinsing of the nose with saline solution. At home, it is necessary to carry out wet cleaning more often and use humidifiers.

Prevention of pharyngitis consists of generally strengthening the body, increasing immunity and eliminating foci of infection (carious teeth, nasal diseases).

Source: http://nasmorkoff.ru/throat/bakterialnyj-faringit-kak-lechit/

Features of bacterial pharyngitis and methods of its treatment

There is always someone nearby who is sick. Pathogenic microorganisms constantly penetrate the nasal cavity and throat with air, water, and food. The main cause of inflammation of the pharynx is a decrease in the barrier function of the mucous membrane. Bacterial pharyngitis is formed when an infection enters the body, weakened by diseases, bad habits and stress.

To avoid the serious consequences of an increase in the source of infection, you should immediately contact an otolaryngologist.

Pathogens

The most common types of bacteria that cause pharyngitis are the following microorganisms:

From an infected person, pathogenic bacteria are transmitted through the air, through household items, and some through sexual contact.

Factors contributing to infection

The causes of damage to the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and a decrease in the body’s immune defense as a whole are as follows:

  1. Mechanical injuries of the oral cavity.
  2. Polluted, cold or too dry air.
  3. Smoking.
  4. Intoxication with alcohol, drugs.
  5. Avitaminosis.
  6. Stress loads.
  7. Infectious diseases.
  8. Chronic pathologies.
  9. Autoimmune diseases.
  10. Viral infection of the pharynx.

Lack of personal hygiene plays a leading role in the spread of pathogenic bacteria and infection of people.

If acute bacterial pharyngitis is not treated in a timely manner, a purulent complicated infection of the respiratory system may occur, and the disease will enter a chronic phase with all sorts of complications.

Symptoms and pathological consequences

Common signs of bacterial pharyngitis in adults are high fever that does not decrease with antipyretic tablets and pain, itching, and sore throat.

However, each type of infection with inflammation of the pharynx by different types of bacteria produces specific pathological symptoms.

Signs of staphylococcal pharyngitis

Routes of transmission of staphylococcus bacteria: contact, airborne droplets, nutritional, intrauterine, artificial, autoinfectious. Infection is characterized by the following symptoms:
  • inflammation, hyperemia, swelling of the pharyngeal mucosa;
  • burning, itching, dry throat, hoarseness;
  • painful sensations during swallowing;
  • high fever, weakness, vomiting;
  • dry increasing cough;
  • A plaque appears on the throat, viscous, difficult-to-separate mucus that dries out to crusts.

Staphylococci can migrate to any organ: cause exacerbations of diabetes, arthritis, other chronic diseases, cause lymphadenitis and septicemia.

Symptoms of streptococcal infection

Bacterial streptococcal pharyngitis begins with a relatively low temperature, after 2–4 days (incubation period) it rises sharply to 39–39.5 degrees. Symptoms of streptococcal infection:

  • increasing acute pain in the throat (may radiate to the ear);
  • swelling and hyperemia of the pharynx, sensation of a foreign body;
  • plaque forms on the mucous membranes;
  • slight runny nose;
  • weakness;
  • nausea;
  • dizziness, severe pain in the head;
  • spasmodic dry cough without sputum.

The disease is contagious to others.

Manifestations of chlamydial pharyngitis

The disease often occurs without obvious symptoms, but after the incubation period (7–20 days), the following symptoms may appear:

  • inflammation of the pharynx - redness, swelling, yellow plaque, red dots, arcs of hemorrhage;
  • dry cough, tickling;
  • sore throat;
  • temperature up to 38 degrees;
  • inflammation of the lymph nodes;
  • odor from the mouth.

Consequences : bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, distant focal inflammatory processes, in some people conjunctivitis begins.

Signs of gonococcal pharyngitis

Symptoms of gonorrheal inflammation of the pharynx after 5–7 days from the moment of infection may not appear or may be insignificant:

  • pain when swallowing, dry mucous membranes, soreness;
  • low-grade fever (up to 38);
  • yellow or gray coating, hyperemia, swelling of the pharynx;
  • inflammation, redness of the follicles;
  • enlarged, painful lymph nodes;
  • hoarseness;
  • the appearance of an unpleasant odor.

In the chronic form - persistent strong cough, swallowing disorder. The inflammation process can affect the tonsils, gums, cheeks, and tongue.

Diagnostics

During the examination, the doctor solves the following problems: establishing the etiology of bacterial pharyngitis, assessing the severity of the disease, and the possibility of the body’s immune response to medications.

  1. General blood and urine tests.
  2. Biochemical blood test.
  3. Pharyngoscopy.
  4. Bacteriological and virological analyses.
  5. PCR study.

In this case, the causative agents of bacterial pharyngitis are determined, as well as the form of the disease: catarrhal, acute, atrophic, hypertrophic. Chronic diseases of a person are identified and appropriate medications are prescribed.

Treatment methods

First of all, it is necessary to eliminate provoking factors: systemic diseases, as well as infectious diseases.

General methods

It is necessary to create a gentle regime for the sick body:

  • do not drink alcohol, do not smoke;
  • a diet with a predominance of warm foods with a soft and viscous consistency;
  • frequent and abundant drinking of non-acidic juices, fruit drinks, tea with raspberries, honey, linden blossom;
  • rinse with calendula, sage, chamomile;
  • humidify the air in the room, remove dust - only with a wet cloth;
  • wash your hands frequently;
  • wear a mask when entering the patient’s room;
  • It is better to give up physical and emotional stress.

For bacterial pharyngitis, you can place garlic cloves in different places in the room.

Medications

Drug profile treatment of the pharyngeal mucosa for bacterial pharyngitis involves the use of antibacterial, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory drugs to destroy pathogenic bacteria. As well as medicines that restore the protective immunity of the mucous membranes of the pharynx and the body as a whole.

Pros and cons of pharmaceutical drugs

  1. Aerosols : Miramistin, Bioparox, Kameton.
  2. Lozenges : Grammidin, Hexaliz.
  3. Capsules-tablets : Amoxicillin, Lincomycin, Azithromycin.
  4. Granules for suspensions : Cefadroxil.
  5. Sprays : Aqualor, Tantum Verde, Lugol, Orasept, Hexoral.
  6. For inhalation via nebulizer : Ambrobene, Ambroxol.
  7. Lollipops, lozenges : Lizobakt, Sebedin, Septolete, Strepsils.
  8. Antihistamines : Loratadine, Claritin, Citrine.
  9. Rinse solutions : alkaline mineral water, Furacilin, Chlorophyllipt, Miramistin.
  10. For temperature : Ibuprofen, Arbidol, Nurofen.
  11. For dry cough - Bronholitin, Sinekod. Mokrogo – Ambrobene, Mukaltin.
  12. Immunostimulants : Immudon, Viferon, Bronchomunal, Ribomunil.
  13. During antibiotic treatment, be sure to take multivitamins : Complivit, Revit, Alphabet.

Features of treatment of children

General recommendations regarding drinking regimen, nutrition, and comfort conditions are exactly as gentle as for adults.

What medications do doctors prescribe:

  1. Antibiotics : Augmentin, Bioparox, Hexasprey, Sumamed, others according to indications.
  2. In case of a viral infection : Anaferon, Arbidol.
  3. Sprays, lozenges, dissolving antiseptic tablets : Lizobakt, Tantum Verde, Ingalipt, Miramistin.
  4. If the temperature is above 38 degrees : Ibuprofen, Paracetamol.
  5. To strengthen the immune system : Immunal, Viferon.
  6. For cough : Doctor Mom.

All medications (even vitamins) are taken in the exact dosage specified by the doctor and strictly on time.

Avoid hypothermia and overheating of the child. You cannot smoke in the presence of children.

Prevention of bacterial pharyngitis

To protect yourself from the disease you need to:

  • avoid contact with carriers of infections;
  • avoid hypothermia;
  • to harden;
  • Healthy food;
  • give up alcohol, tobacco, and other addictions;
  • wear a respirator or mask when working with hazardous industrial dust, chemical and biological contamination;
  • undergo medical examination and treat diseases in a timely manner.

Regardless of the type of causative agent of bacterial pharyngitis, the lack of proper treatment can lead to the formation of a purulent capsule in the pharynx, interfering with the ability to eat, drink, and speak due to unbearable pain when swallowing. Or to a generalized infection - migration of bacteria and pus throughout the body with the formation of inflammatory phenomena. Or to the transition of pharyngitis from the acute phase to a chronic course with constant exacerbations. All these conditions are very difficult for humans to tolerate and have unpredictably dangerous consequences.

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