List of penicillin antibiotics

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Penicillin series of antibiotics: classification

Antibiotics owe their appearance to the Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. More precisely, his sloppiness. In September 1928, he returned to his laboratory from a long trip.

Table of contents:

During this time, a moldy area grew in a Petri dish forgotten on the table, and a ring of dead microbes formed around it. It was this phenomenon that a microbiologist noticed and began to study.

The mold in the test tube contained a substance that Fleming called penicillin. However, 13 years passed before penicillin was obtained in its pure form and its effect was first tested on humans. Mass production of the new drug began in 1943, at a factory where whiskey was previously brewed.

Today, there are about several thousand natural and synthetic substances that have an antimicrobial effect. However, the most popular of them are still penicillin drugs.

Mechanism of action

Any pathogenic microorganism, entering the blood or tissues, begins to divide and grow. The effectiveness of penicillins is based on their ability to disrupt the formation of bacterial cell walls.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group block special enzymes that are responsible for the synthesis of the protective peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial shell. It is thanks to this layer that they remain insensitive to aggressive environmental influences.

The result of disrupted synthesis is the inability of the shell to withstand the difference between external pressure and pressure inside the cell itself, which is why the microorganism swells and simply bursts.

Penicillins are antibiotics that have a bacteriostatic effect, that is, they affect only active microorganisms that are at the stage of division and formation of new cell membranes.

Classification

According to the chemical classification, penicillin antibiotics are classified as β-lactam antibiotics. In their structure they contain a special beta-lactam ring, which determines their main effect. Today the list of such drugs is quite large.

The first, natural penicillin, despite all its effectiveness, had one significant drawback. It was not resistant to the enzyme penicillinase, which was produced by almost all microorganisms. Therefore, scientists have created semi-synthetic and synthetic analogues. Today, antibiotics of the penicillin group include three main types.

Natural penicillins

As many years ago, they are obtained using molds Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum. The main representatives of this group today are benzylpenicillin sodium or potassium salt, as well as their analogues Bicillins -1, 3 and 5, which are the novocaine salt of penicillin. These drugs are not resistant to the aggressive environment of the stomach and therefore are used only by injection.

Benzylpenicillins are characterized by a rapid onset of therapeutic effect, which develops literally in 10–15 minutes. However, its duration is very short, only 4 hours. Due to its combination with novocaine, Bicillin can boast of greater stability; its action lasts for 8 hours.

Another representative included in the list of this group, phenoxymethylpenicillin, is resistant to acidic environments, therefore it is available in tablets and suspensions that can be used by children. However, it also does not differ in duration of action and can be prescribed 4 to 6 times a day.

Natural penicillins are used very rarely today due to the fact that most pathological microorganisms have developed resistance to them.

Semi-synthetic

This penicillin group of antibiotics was obtained using various chemical reactions by adding additional radicals to the main molecule. A slightly modified chemical structure gave these substances new properties, such as resistance to penicillinase and a broader spectrum of action.

Semi-synthetic penicillins include:

  • Antistaphylococcal, such as Oxacillin, obtained in 1957 and still used today, and cloxacillin, flucloxacillin, and dicloxacillin, which are not used due to high toxicity.
  • Antipseudomonas, a special group of penicillins that was created to combat infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These include Carbenicillin, Piperacillin and Azlocillin. Unfortunately, today these antibiotics are used very rarely, and due to the resistance of microorganisms to them, new drugs are not being added to their list.
  • Penicillin series of broad-spectrum antibiotics. This group acts on many microorganisms and is resistant to acidic environments, which means it is available not only in injection solutions, but also in tablets and suspensions for children. This includes the aminopenicillins that are most commonly used, such as Ampicillin, Ampiox and Amoxicillin. The drugs have a long-lasting effect and are usually used 2-3 times a day.

Of the entire group of semi-synthetic drugs, it is penicillin-broad-spectrum antibiotics that are the most popular and are used in both inpatient and outpatient treatment.

Inhibitor-protected

Once upon a time, injections of penicillin could cure blood poisoning. Today, most antibiotics are ineffective even for simple infections. The reason for this is resistance, that is, resistance to drugs that microorganisms have acquired. One of its mechanisms is the destruction of antibiotics using the enzyme beta-lactamase.

In order to avoid this, scientists have created a combination of penicillins with special substances - beta-lactamase inhibitors, namely clavulanic acid, sulbactam or tazobactam. Such antibiotics are called protected and today the list of this group is the most extensive.

In addition to the fact that inhibitors protect penicillins from the destructive action of beta-lactamases, they also have their own antimicrobial effect. The most commonly used of this group of antibiotics is Amoxiclav, which is a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, and Ampisid, a combination of ampicillin and sulbactam. Doctors prescribe and their analogues - the drugs Augmentin or Flemoklav. Protected antibiotics are used to treat children and adults, and they are also the first choice drugs for treating infections during pregnancy.

Antibiotics protected by beta-lactamase inhibitors are used successfully even to treat severe infections that are resistant to most other drugs.

Features of application

Statistics show that in terms of prevalence of use, antibiotics are in second place after painkillers. According to the analytical company DSM Group, 55.46 million packages were sold in just one quarter of 2016. Today, pharmacies sell approximately 370 different brands of drugs produced by 240 companies.

The entire list of antibiotics, including the penicillin series, refers to strictly licensed drugs. Therefore, to purchase them you will need a prescription from a doctor.

Indications

Indications for the use of penicillins can be any infectious diseases that are sensitive to them. Doctors usually prescribe penicillin antibiotics:

  1. For diseases caused by gram-positive bacteria, such as meningococci, which can cause meningitis and gonococci, which cause the development of gonorrhea.
  2. For pathologies that are caused by gram-negative bacteria, such as pneumococci, staphylococci or streptococci, which are often the causes of infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, genitourinary system and many others.
  3. For infections caused by actinomycetes and spirochetes.

The low toxicity of the penicillin group compared to other antibiotics makes them the most prescribed drugs for the treatment of sore throats, pneumonia, various infections of the skin and bone tissue, diseases of the eyes and ENT organs.

Contraindications

This group of antibiotics is relatively safe. In some cases, when the benefits of their use outweigh the risks, they are prescribed even during pregnancy. Especially when non-penicillin antibiotics are ineffective.

They are also used during lactation. However, doctors advise against breastfeeding while taking antibiotics, as they can pass into milk and can cause allergies in the baby.

The only absolute contraindication to the use of penicillin drugs is individual intolerance to both the main substance and the auxiliary components. For example, benzylpenicillin novocaine salt is contraindicated for allergies to novocaine.

Side effect

Antibiotics are fairly aggressive drugs. Even though they do not have any effect on the cells of the human body, there may be unpleasant effects from their use.

  1. Allergic reactions, manifested mainly in the form of skin itching, redness and rashes. Less commonly, swelling and fever may occur. In some cases, anaphylactic shock may develop.
  2. An imbalance of natural microflora, which provokes disorders, abdominal pain, bloating and nausea. In rare cases, candidiasis may develop.
  3. Negative effects on the nervous system, signs of which are irritability, excitability, and rarely convulsions may occur.

Treatment rules

Today, of the entire variety of open antibiotics, only 5% are used. The reason for this is the development of resistance in microorganisms, which often occurs due to improper use of drugs. Antibiotic resistance already kills 700 thousand people every year.

In order for the antibiotic to be as effective as possible and not cause the development of resistance in the future, it must be taken in the dosage prescribed by the doctor and always in full course!

If your doctor has prescribed you penicillin or any other antibiotics, be sure to follow these rules:

  • Strictly observe the time and frequency of taking the drug. Try to take the medicine at the same time, this will ensure a constant concentration of the active substance in the blood.
  • If the dosage of penicillin is small and the drug must be taken three times a day, then the time between doses should be 8 hours. If the dose prescribed by the doctor is intended to be taken twice a day - up to 12 hours.
  • The course of taking the drug can range from 5 to 14 days and is determined by your diagnosis. Always drink the entire course prescribed by your doctor, even if the symptoms of the disease no longer bother you.
  • If you do not feel any improvement within 72 hours, be sure to tell your doctor. Perhaps the drug he chose was not effective enough.
  • Do not replace one antibiotic with another on your own. Do not change the dosage or dosage form. If the doctor prescribed injections, then the pills will not be effective enough in your case.
  • Be sure to follow the instructions for use. There are antibiotics that you need to drink with meals, and there are those that you drink immediately after. Take this medication only with plain, still water.
  • During antibiotic treatment, avoid alcohol, fatty, smoked and fried foods. Antibiotics are mainly eliminated by the liver, so it is not worth additionally loading it during this period.

If penicillin antibiotics are prescribed to a child, you should be especially careful when taking them. A child's body is much more sensitive to these drugs than an adult, so allergies in children may occur more often. Penicillins for children are usually produced in a special dosage form, in the form of suspensions, so you should not give tablets to your child. Take antibiotics correctly and only as prescribed by your doctor when really necessary.

Source: http://elaxsir.ru/lekarstva/antibiotiki/antibiotiki-penicillinovogo-ryada.html

List and brief instructions for antibiotics related to penicillin drugs

Antibiotics are substances that are produced by microorganisms or synthesized using medical technologies from natural raw materials. These drugs are used to suppress the growth and development of colonies of pathogenic agents that have entered the human body.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group are the first drugs from this area that were used in clinical practice. And, despite the fact that almost 100 years have passed since their discovery, and the list of antimicrobial agents has been replenished with drugs of the cephalosporin, fluoroquinol and other series, penicillin-type compounds still remain the main antibacterial drugs for stopping a huge list of infectious diseases.

A little history

The discovery of penicillin happened completely by accident: in 1928, scientist Alexander Fleming, working in one of the London hospitals, discovered mold growing on a nutrient medium, which was capable of destroying colonies of staphylococci.

The researcher named the active substance of the microscopic mold filamentous fungus Penicillium notatum penicillin. Just 12 years later, the first antibiotic was isolated in its pure form, and in 1942, Soviet microbiologist Zinaida Ermolyeva obtained a drug from another type of fungus - Penicillium crustosum.

Since the second half of the 20th century, unlimited quantities of penicillin G (or benzylpenicillin) have become available to combat a wide variety of diseases.

Operating principle

The described active substance has a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect on pathogens. The mechanism of the bactericidal scheme of action of drugs included in the penicillin type (series) is associated with damage to the cell walls (violation of the integrity of the structure) of infectious agents, which leads to the death of microorganisms.

The bacteriostatic principle of action on pathogens is characterized by temporary suppression of the ability of pathogenic organisms to reproduce.

The type of drug exposure is selected taking into account the severity of the disease.

Most penicillins in small doses affect microbes bacteriostatically. As the amount of the drug used increases, the effect changes to bactericidal. Only a doctor can select the specific dosage of a penicillin group medication; you cannot use antibiotics for treatment on your own.

Systematization of drugs

Natural penicillins, in addition to benzylpenicillin (and its various salts - sodium, potassium), also include:

  • Benzylpenicillin procaine;
  • Phenoxymethylpenicillin;
  • Benzathine benzylpenicillin.

The basic principles for classifying semisynthetic types of penicillin are listed below.

  • isoxazolyl penicillins (Oxacillin, Nafcillin);
  • amino-penicillins (Amoxicillin, Ampicillin);
  • aminodi-penicillins (no medications registered in the Russian Federation);
  • carboxy-penicillins (Carbenicillin);
  • ureido-penicillins (Piperacillin, Azlocillin);
  • inhibitor-protected penicillins (Piperacillin in combination with tazobactam, Ticarcillin in combination with clavulanate, Ampicillin in combination with sulbactam).

Brief characteristics of natural medicines

Natural penicillins are drugs that have a narrow spectrum of action on microorganisms. Due to their long-term (and often uncontrolled) use for medical purposes, most pathogens have managed to acquire immunity to these types of antibiotics.

Today, in the treatment of diseases, the medications Bicillin and Benzylpenicillin are most often used, which are quite effective against some anaerobic agents, spirochetes, a number of cocci and gram-positive pathogens.

Gram-negative bacteria H.ducreyi, P.multocida, Neisseria spp., as well as Listeria, varieties of corynebacteria (in particular, C.diphtheriae) remain sensitive to natural antibiotics.

The method of using medications to suppress the development of these pathogens is injection.

Natural penicillins, according to experts, have one major drawback: they are destroyed under the influence of beta-lactamases (enzymes that are produced by certain microorganisms). That is why natural antibiotics belonging to the penicillin group are not used to treat ailments caused by staphylococcal infections.

Description of synthesized types of drugs

A number of semisynthetic drugs included in the penicillin antibiotic series and combined into the group of aminodipenicillins are not registered in our country. Acidocillin, Amdinocillin, Bacamdinocillin are medications with a narrow spectrum of action and are effective against gram-negative enterobacteria.

The remaining synthesized groups of drugs are widely used in medical institutions in Russia and require more detailed consideration.

Antistaphylococcal (penicillinase-stable) drugs

Another name for this group of antibiotics is isoxazolylpenicillins. The drug most often used in therapy is Oxacillin. The subtype includes several more drugs (in particular, Nafcillin, Dicloxacillin, Methicillin), which are used extremely rarely due to their high toxicity.

In terms of its spectrum of effects on pathogens, Oxacillin is similar to medications included in the natural penicillin series, but is slightly inferior to them in the level of activity (in particular, it is less effective against microbes sensitive to the effects of benzylpenicillin).

The main difference between the drug and other penicillins is its resistance to beta-lactamases produced by staphylococci. The practical use of Oxycillin has been found in the fight against strains of this microorganism, which is the causative agent of community-acquired infections.

Aminopenicillins

This group of semisynthetic penicillins is characterized by a wide range of effects on pathogens. The ancestor of aminopenicillins is the drug Ampicillin. In a number of parameters it is superior to Oxycillin, but inferior to Benzylpenicillin.

Close in scope to this medication is the drug Amoxicillin.

Since these representatives of the group are susceptible to the destructive effects of beta-lactamases, medications protected from the effects of infectious agent enzymes by inhibitors (for example, Amoxicillin in combination with clavuanic acid, Ampicillin in combination with sulbactam) were introduced into medical practice.

The expansion of the antimicrobial spectrum of inhibitor-protected aminopenicillins occurred due to the manifestation of their activity against:

  • gram-negative bacteria (C.diversus, P.vulgaris, Klebsiella spp.);
  • gonococci;
  • staphylococci;
  • anaerobes of the species B.fragilis.

Inhibitor-protected aminopenicillins do not affect the growth and development of microorganisms whose resistance to penicillin-type antibiotics is not associated with the production of beta-lactamases.

Ureidopenicillins and carboxypenicillins

Representatives of these groups are semisynthetic penicillin antibiotics that relieve Pseudomonas aeruginosa; The list of these drugs is quite wide, but in modern medicine they are rarely used (pathogens lose sensitivity to them in a short time).

Medicines of the carboxypenicillin type Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin (the latter is not registered in the Russian Federation) suppress the development of colonies of gram-positive bacteria and microorganisms of the P.aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae family.

The most effective remedy from the ureidopenicillin group is Piperacillin; it is involved in the fight against diseases caused by Klebsiella spp.

The described antibiotics, as well as natural penicillins, are susceptible to the negative influence of beta-lactamases. A solution to the problem was found in the synthesis of fundamentally new antimicrobial agents, into which, in addition to the already mentioned active substances, inhibitors were introduced.

Inhibitor-protected ureidopenicillins and carboxypenicillins have a wide spectrum of effects on most known pathogens.

Pharmacokinetics

When taken orally, the antibiotic, which is part of the penicillin series of drugs, is absorbed quite quickly and, penetrating into liquid media and tissues of the body, begins to affect colonies of pathogens.

Medicines are characterized by the ability to concentrate in pleural, pericardial, synovial fluids and bile. They practically do not penetrate into the internal environments of the organs of vision, prostate, or cerebrospinal fluid. Found in minimal proportions in breast milk. In small quantities they penetrate the placental barrier.

If necessary (for example, when meningitis is detected in a patient), therapeutic concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid are achieved by administering significant doses of drugs.

Some penicillins in tablet form are destroyed under the influence of gastrointestinal enzymes, and therefore are used parenterally.

The main indicators of the process of transporting active substances from the digestive system into the blood of commonly used medications (in tablets) are shown in the table.

Excretion of penicillins mainly (more than 60%) occurs through the kidneys; some medications are excreted in bile. Almost all drugs of the described group are removed during hemodialysis.

Contraindications

Despite the fact that most penicillins are highly effective in eliminating infectious agents, these drugs cannot be used to treat all patients without exception.

One of the disadvantages of this type of medication is the frequent occurrence of allergic reactions to them in patients (according to statistics, the percentage of skin rashes, swelling and itching reaches 10 units).

If the patient has a history of individual intolerance to penicillin, medical products of this group cannot be used in therapy.

Warnings

Antibiotics of the penicillin group can cause toxic side effects of non-allergic etiology, in particular:

  • attacks of nausea and vomiting;
  • painful sensations in the abdomen;
  • diarrhea;
  • pseudomembranous colitis.

When using high doses of drugs, seizures, headaches, hallucinations and fever may occur.

In addition, the use of drugs of the described series is often accompanied by the development of candidiasis, intestinal dysbiosis, the appearance of edema, and impaired blood pressure levels.

It should be noted that penicillins are one of the lowest toxic antibiotics, and the above side effects on the body appear more often with the independent uncontrolled use of medications (without prior consultation with a doctor).

Indications

Mostly antibiotics of the penicillin group are used to eliminate the symptoms of upper tract infections, tonsillitis, otitis, as well as to stop the growth of colonies of infectious agents that cause inflammation of the urinary tract, the development of scarlet fever, syphilis and gonorrhea; for the prevention of rheumatism.

In addition, penicillin antibiotic therapy is used when making diagnoses such as:

It should be remembered that the use of drugs from the penicillin group is allowed only as prescribed by a doctor. Self-medication can provoke the development of superinfection or the occurrence of severe complications of the disease.

Amoxicillin should not be prescribed in case of hypersensitivity to penicillin drugs or infectious mononucleosis.

Antibacterial therapy without the use of penicillin components. Antibiotics of this series are broad-spectrum.

List and brief instructions for antibiotics related to penicillin drugs. The use of antibiotics for pharyngitis.

The most dangerous side effect when prescribing penicillins is the development. when first-line antibiotics did not have the desired positive effect.

A number of studies have shown that the effect of the drug is local. Amoxicillin is a drug that belongs to the group of synthetic penicillins.

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Amoxicillin should not be prescribed in case of hypersensitivity to penicillin drugs or infectious mononucleosis.

Antibacterial therapy without the use of penicillin components. Antibiotics of this series are broad-spectrum.

Source: http://med-antibiotiki.ru/instrukcii/spisok-i-kratkie-instrukcii-k-antibiotikam-otnosyashhimsya-k-preparatam-penicillinovogo-ryada/

Penicillin is the progenitor of modern antibiotics

Antibiotics (a/b) are substances that exist in nature or are synthesized by humans from natural raw materials and suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria that attack the body. Antibiotics are also used as antitumor drugs in oncology.

Discovery of penicillin and its properties

Many diseases before the discovery of antibiotics seemed incurable; doctors and scientists around the world wanted to find a substance that would help defeat pathogenic microbes without harming the human body. People died from wounds infected with bacteria, sepsis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, gonorrhea and other equally dangerous diseases.

The year 1928, the year of the discovery of penicillin, is considered a turning point in the history of medicine. Millions of lives saved are due for this discovery to Sir Alexander Fleming, whose name is known throughout the world. Accidentally growing mold of the species Penicillium notatum on a nutrient medium in Fleming’s laboratory and the observation of the scientist himself gave a chance to defeat infectious diseases.

After the discovery of penicillin, scientists had one task - to isolate this substance in its pure form. The matter turned out to be not easy, but in the early 40s of the 20th century, two scientists Howard Flory and Ernst Chain succeeded in synthesizing a drug with antibacterial properties.

Parasitologist Rykov S.V.: statistics show that more than 78% of the country's population is infected with PARASITES.

Often, prolonged diseases of the nasopharynx are caused by helminths, which can move freely throughout the body. Many people find out about the presence of parasites in the nose or throat by chance when they consult a doctor.

Read the interview with the head of parasitology —>

Properties of penicillins

Antibiotics of the penicillin group suppress the growth and development of microorganisms such as:

  • gonococci;
  • meningococci;
  • staphylococci;
  • streptococci;
  • pneumococci;
  • tetanus bacillus;
  • diphtheria bacillus;
  • botulism bacillus;
  • anthrax bacillus and others.

This is just a small list of those bacteria whose vital activity is suppressed by penicillin and drugs from this family.

The antibiotic effect of penicillin can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal. In the first case, we are talking about the complete destruction of microorganisms that caused the disease, which in most cases is extremely severe and acute. For moderate diseases, antibiotics with a bacteriostatic effect are used - they suppress the division of microbes.

Penicillin is classified as an antibiotic with a bactericidal effect. Microbes have a cell wall, the main substance of which is peptidoglycan. It gives stability to the bacterial cell, preventing it from dying even in the most unsuitable conditions for life. By acting on the cell wall, penicillin disrupts the integrity of the cell and disables its functioning.

  • The cell membranes of the human body do not contain peptidoglycan and therefore penicillin antibiotics do not have a pathogenic effect on our body. We can also talk about the low toxicity of these drugs.
  • Penicillins have a wide range of dosages, which is safer for the human body, as it allows you to select a therapeutic dose for a specific patient with minimal side effects.
  • Most of the penicillin is excreted by the kidneys (more than 60%) in the urine. Some penicillin drugs are excreted through the biliary system, that is, with bile.

    • to contents ↑

    Classification of penicillins and list of drugs

    The chemical formula of the penicillin family contains a beta-lactam ring, which is why they are classified as beta-lactam antibiotics.

    Since penicillin has been used in medicine for more than 70 years, some bacteria have developed resistance to this substance in the form of the beta-lactamase enzyme.

    The mechanism of action of the enzyme is the affinity of the beta-lactam ring for the hydrolytic enzyme of the bacterial cell, which facilitates their binding and, as a result, inactivation of the antibiotic.

    At the moment, semi-synthetic antibiotics are used to a greater extent: the chemical formula of a natural antibiotic is taken as a basis and subjected to useful modifications. Thanks to this, humanity is still able to resist bacteria, which every year develop their own mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics.

    The current Federal Guidelines for the Use of Medicines provide the following classification of penicillins:

    • Benzylpenicillin benzathine
    • Benzylpenicillin procaine
    • Amoxicillin
    • Ampicillin
    • Carboxypenicillins
    • Ureidopenicillins
    • Amoxicillin
    • Ampicillin
    • Ticarcillin

    Let's take a closer look at each class of antibiotics and figure out in what cases they are used.

    Natural short-acting antibiotics

    Natural antibiotics do not have beta-lactamase inhibitors, so they are never used against infections caused by staphylococcus.

    Benzylpenicillin is active in the treatment of anthrax, lobar pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis, sepsis, peritonitis, meningitis (in adults and children over 2 years old), diseases of the genitourinary system, ENT diseases, wound infections and skin infections.

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    Contraindications and restrictions for use: allergy to penicillin, hay fever, bronchial asthma, arrhythmia, impaired renal function.

    Adverse reactions: for all antibiotics of the penicillin group, the main side effect is an allergic response in the form of anaphylactic shock, urticaria, Quincke's edema, hyperthermia, nephritis, skin rashes. There may be disturbances in the functioning of the heart. When large doses are administered, convulsions occur (in children).

    Natural long-acting antibiotics

    Benzylpenicillin benzathine is used in cases of syphilis, inflammation of the tonsils, scarlet fever, and wound infections. Used to prevent postoperative complications.

    Contraindications: tendency to allergic reactions to penicillin, bronchial asthma, hay fever. Adverse reactions: allergic response, anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, headache, abscess at the injection site.

    Benzylpenicillin procaine is used in the treatment of acute inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system, septic endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, inflammatory processes of the genitourinary and biliary tract, wound infections, dermatoses, eye diseases. Used for relapses of rheumatism and erysipelas.

    Contraindications: hypersensitivity to penicillin and procaine. Side effects: allergic reaction, nausea, convulsions.

    Antistaphylococcal drugs

    Oxacillin is considered the main representative of this group of antibiotics. The spectrum of action is similar to Benzylpenicillin, but unlike the latter, this substance is capable of destroying staphylococcal infections.

    Contraindications: allergy to penicillin. Adverse reactions: urticaria, skin rashes. Rarely - swelling, anaphylactic shock.

    Digestive disorders, fever, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, hematuria (in children).

    Broad-spectrum antibiotics

    Ampicillin as an active ingredient is used in many antibiotics. Used to treat infectious diseases of the digestive system, acute respiratory and urinary tract infections, meningitis, endocarditis, chlamydial infections.

    List of drugs containing ampicillin: Ampicillin trihydrate, Ampicillin sodium salt, Ampicillin-AKOS, Ampicillin AMP-Forte, Ampicillin-Inotec and others.

    Amoxicillin is an improved derivative of ampicillin. It is the leading antibiotic taken orally, that is, through the mouth. Used for acute respiratory diseases, meningococcal infections, inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract, Lyme disease. Used in the prevention of anthrax in children and pregnant women.

    List of drugs containing amoxicillin: Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin Sandoz, Amoxicillin-ratiopharm, Amoxicillin DS, etc.

    Contraindications for this group a/b: hypersensitivity, pregnancy, liver dysfunction, mononucleosis. Ampicillin is contraindicated in children under 1 month of age.

    Side effects: dyspeptic disorders, dysbacteriosis, candidiasis, allergies, central nervous system disorders, superinfection.

    Antipseudomonas drugs

    Carboxypenicillins contain the active substance carbenicillin. In this case, the name of the drug coincides with the active substance. Used in the treatment of diseases caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Currently, it is practically not used in medicine due to the availability of more active drugs.

    Ureidopenicillins include: Mezlocillin, Piperacillin, Azlocillin. Contraindications: hypersensitivity to penicillin, pregnancy.

    Side effects: eating disorders, nausea, vomiting, urticaria. Possible drug-induced fever, headache, impaired renal function, and superinfections.

    Features of the use of penicillin antibiotics in children.

    The use of antibiotics in pediatric therapy is always given increased attention, since the child’s body is not yet fully formed and many organ systems are not working at full capacity. Therefore, doctors should be responsible when choosing a drug for newborns and young children.

    In newborns, Penicillin is used for sepsis and toxic diseases. In children in the first years of life it is used to treat pneumonia, otitis, pleurisy, meningitis.

    For ARVI, sore throat, sinusitis, bronchitis, cystitis, children are most often prescribed Amoxicillin, Flemoxin, Amoxiclav, Augmentin. These antibiotics are considered more effective and less toxic to the child's body.

    Dysbacteriosis is one of the complications of antibiotic treatment, since the beneficial microflora of children dies along with pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, antibiotic treatment must be combined with the use of probiotics. A rare side effect is an allergic reaction to penicillin in the form of a rash.

    In newborns and young children, the excretory function of the kidneys is insufficiently developed and accumulation of penicillin in the body is possible. The consequence of this is the development of seizures.

    Now it is difficult to imagine our life without antibiotics. With their help, it is possible to treat many diseases that plague humanity. But you need to understand that the frequent use of antibiotics is not only harmful to the human body, but also benefits the bacteria against which they are used. Always consult your doctor before using antibiotics.

    Do you and your family get sick very often and are treated only with antibiotics? Have you tried many different medications, spent a lot of money, effort and time, but the result is zero? Most likely, you are treating the effect, not the cause.

    Weak and reduced immunity makes our body DEFENSE. It cannot resist not only infections, but also pathological processes that cause TUMORS AND CANCER!

    We urgently need to take action! That is why we decided to publish an exclusive interview with Alexander Myasnikov, in which he shares a cheap method of strengthening the immune system. Read more >>>

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    Source: http://oantibiotikah.ru/preparaty/primenenie-antibiotikov-penicillinovogo-ryada.html

    List of all penicillin antibiotics and a sea of ​​data about them

    Antibacterial drugs that are common today made a real revolution in medicine less than a century ago. Humanity has received powerful weapons to fight infections that were previously considered fatal.

    The first antibiotics were penicillin, which saved many thousands of lives during the Second World War and is still relevant in modern medical practice. It was with them that the era of antibiotic therapy began and thanks to them all other antimicrobial drugs were obtained.

    Penicillin antibiotics: list of drugs, brief description and analogues

    This section provides a complete list of currently relevant antimicrobial drugs. In addition to the characteristics of the main compounds, all trade names and analogues are given.

    The information provided is for informational purposes only and is not a guide to action. All prescriptions are made exclusively by a doctor, and therapy is carried out under his supervision.

    Despite the low toxicity of penicillins, their uncontrolled use leads to serious consequences: the formation of resistance in the pathogen and the transition of the disease to a chronic form that is difficult to cure. It is for this reason that most strains of pathogenic bacteria today are resistant to first-generation ALD.

    The medication prescribed by the specialist should be used for antibacterial therapy. Independent attempts to find a cheap analogue and save money can lead to a worsening of the condition.

    For example, the dosage of the active substance in a generic may differ up or down, which will negatively affect the course of treatment.

    When you have to change a medicine due to an acute lack of finances, you need to ask a doctor about this, since only a specialist can choose the best option.

    Penicillins: definition and properties

    This structural component is crucial in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases: it prevents bacteria from producing a special biopolymer of peptidoglycan, which is necessary for the construction of the cell membrane. As a result, the membrane cannot form and the microorganism dies. There is no destructive effect on human and animal cells due to the fact that they do not contain peptidoglycan.

    Medications based on waste products of mold fungi have become widespread in all areas of medicine due to the following properties:

    • High bioavailability - drugs are quickly absorbed and distributed throughout the tissues. The weakening of the blood-brain barrier during inflammation of the meninges also contributes to penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid.
    • Extensive spectrum of antimicrobial action. Unlike first-generation chemicals, modern penicillins are effective against the vast majority of gram-negative and positive bacteria. They are also resistant to penicillinase and the acidic environment of the stomach.
    • Lowest toxicity among all antibiotics. They are approved for use even during pregnancy, and proper use (as prescribed by a doctor and according to the instructions) almost completely eliminates the development of side effects.

    In the process of research and experiments, many medications with different properties were obtained. For example, if they belong to the general series, penicillin and ampicillin are not the same thing. All penicillin antibiotics are well compatible with most other drugs. As for complex therapy with other types of antibacterial drugs, combined use with bacteriostatics weakens the effectiveness of penicillins.

    Classification

    A careful study of the properties of the first antibiotic showed its imperfection. Despite a fairly wide spectrum of antimicrobial action and low toxicity, natural penicillin turned out to be sensitive to a special destructive enzyme (penicillinase) produced by some bacteria. In addition, it completely lost its qualities in an acidic gastric environment, so it was used exclusively in the form of injections. In search of more effective and stable compounds, various semi-synthetic drugs have been created.

    Today, penicillin antibiotics, a full list of which is given below, are divided into 4 main groups.

    Biosynthetic

    Produced by the mold fungi Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum, benzylpenicillin is an acid in molecular structure. For medical purposes, it is chemically combined with sodium or potassium to form salts. The resulting compounds are used to prepare injection solutions that are quickly absorbed.

    The therapeutic effect is observed within minutes after administration, but lasts no more than 4 hours, which requires frequent repeated injections into muscle tissue (in special cases, the sodium salt can be administered intravenously).

    These drugs penetrate well into the lungs and mucous membranes, and to a lesser extent into the cerebrospinal and synovial fluids, myocardium and bones. However, with inflammation of the meninges (meningitis), the permeability of the blood-brain barrier increases, which allows for successful treatment.

    To prolong the effect of the drug, natural benzylpenicillin is combined with novocaine and other substances. The resulting salts (novocainic, Bicillin-1, 3 and 5) after intramuscular injection form a medicinal depot at the injection site, from where the active substance enters the blood constantly and at a low speed. This property allows you to reduce the number of administrations to 2 times a day while maintaining the therapeutic effect of potassium and sodium salts.

    These drugs are used for long-term antibiotic therapy of chronic rheumatism, syphilis, and focal streptococcal infection.

    Phenoxymethylpenicillin is another form of benzylpenicillin intended for the treatment of moderate infectious diseases. Differs from those described above in its resistance to hydrochloric acid of gastric juice.

    This quality allows the medicine to be produced in the form of tablets for oral use (4 to 6 times a day). Most pathogenic bacteria, except spirochetes, are currently resistant to biosynthetic penicillins.

    Semi-synthetic antistaphylococcal

    Natural benzylpenicillin is inactive against staphylococcus strains that produce penicillinase (this enzyme destroys the beta-lactam ring of the active substance).

    For a long time, penicillin was not used to treat staphylococcal infections, until oxacillin was synthesized on its basis in 1957. It inhibits the activity of beta-lactamases of the pathogen, but is ineffective against diseases caused by strains sensitive to benzylpenicillin. This group also includes cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin and others, which are almost never used in modern medical practice due to increased toxicity.

    Antibiotics of the penicillin group in broad-spectrum tablets

    This includes two subgroups of antimicrobial agents intended for oral use and having a bactericidal effect against most pathogenic microorganisms (both gram+ and gram-).

    Aminopenicillins

    Compared to the previous groups, these compounds have two significant advantages. Firstly, they are active against a wider range of pathogens, and secondly, they are available in tablet form, which makes them much easier to use. Disadvantages include sensitivity to beta-lactamase, that is, aminopenicillins (ampicillin and amoxicillin) are unsuitable for the treatment of staphylococcal infections.

    However, in combination with oxacillin (Ampiox) they become resistant.

    The drugs are well absorbed and act for a long time, which reduces the frequency of use to 2-3 times every 24 hours.

    The main indications for use are:

    A common side effect of aminopenicillins is a characteristic rash of a non-allergic nature, which immediately disappears after discontinuation.

    Antipseudomonas

    They are a separate penicillin series of antibiotics, the name of which makes their purpose clear. Antibacterial activity is similar to aminopenicillins (with the exception of pseudomonas) and is pronounced against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

    According to the degree of effectiveness they are divided into:

    • Carboxypenicillins, the clinical significance of which has recently decreased. Carbenicillin, the first of this subgroup, is also effective against ampicillin-resistant Proteus. Currently, almost all strains are resistant to carboxypenicillins.
    • Ureidopenicillins are more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and can also be prescribed for inflammation caused by Klebsiella. The most effective are Piperacillin and Azlocillin, of which only the latter remains relevant in medical practice.

    Today, the vast majority of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are resistant to carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins. For this reason, their clinical significance is decreasing.

    Inhibitor-protected combination

    The ampicillin group of antibiotics, highly active against most pathogens, is destroyed by penicillinase-forming bacteria. Since the bactericidal effect of oxacillin, which is resistant to them, is significantly weaker than that of ampicillin and amoxicillin, combined medications were synthesized.

    In combination with sulbactam, clavulanate and tazobactam, antibiotics obtain a second beta-lactam ring and, accordingly, immunity to beta-lactamases. In addition, inhibitors have their own antibacterial effect, enhancing the main active ingredient.

    Inhibitor-protected drugs successfully treat severe nosocomial infections, strains of which are resistant to most drugs.

    Penicillins in medical practice

    Its broad spectrum of action and good tolerance by patients have made penicillin the optimal treatment for infectious diseases. At the dawn of the era of antimicrobial drugs, benzylpenicillin and its salts were the drugs of choice, but at the moment most pathogens are resistant to them. However, modern semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotics in tablets, injections and other dosage forms occupy one of the leading places in antibiotic therapy in a variety of fields of medicine.

    Pulmonology and otolaryngology

    The discoverer also noted the particular effectiveness of penicillin against pathogens of respiratory diseases, so the drug is most widely used in this area. Almost all of them have a detrimental effect on bacteria that cause sinusitis, meningitis, bronchitis, pneumonia and other diseases of the lower and upper respiratory tract.

    Inhibitor-protected drugs treat even particularly dangerous and persistent nosocomial infections.

    Venereology

    Spirochetes are one of the few microorganisms that remain susceptible to benzylpenicillin and its derivatives. Benzylpenicillins are also effective against gonococci, which makes it possible to successfully treat syphilis and gonorrhea with minimal negative effects on the patient’s body.

    Gastroenterology

    Intestinal inflammation caused by pathogenic microflora responds well to treatment with acid-resistant medications.

    Of particular importance are aminopenicillins, which are part of the complex eradication of Helicobacter.

    Gynecology

    In obstetric and gynecological practice, many penicillin drugs from the list are used both to treat bacterial infections of the female reproductive system and to prevent infection of newborns.

    Ophthalmology

    Here, penicillin antibiotics also occupy a worthy place: keratitis, abscesses, gonococcal conjunctivitis and other eye diseases are treated with eye drops, ointments and injection solutions.

    Urology

    Diseases of the urinary system that are of bacterial origin respond well to treatment only with inhibitor-protected medications. The remaining subgroups are ineffective, since pathogen strains are highly resistant to them.

    Penicillins are used in almost all areas of medicine for inflammation caused by pathogenic microorganisms, and not only for treatment. For example, in surgical practice they are prescribed to prevent postoperative complications.

    Features of therapy

    Treatment with antibacterial medications in general and penicillins in particular should be carried out only as prescribed by a doctor.

    Despite the minimal toxicity of the medicine itself, its improper use seriously harms the body. In order for antibiotic therapy to lead to recovery, you should follow medical recommendations and know the characteristics of the drug.

    Indications

    The scope of application of penicillin and various drugs based on it in medicine is determined by the activity of the substance against specific pathogens. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects occur in relation to:

    • Gram-positive bacteria - gonococci and meningococci;
    • Gram-negative - various staphylococci, streptococci and pneumococci, diphtheria, pseudomonas and anthrax bacilli, Proteus;
    • Actinomycetes and spirochetes.

    Low toxicity and a broad spectrum of action make antibiotics of the penicillin group the optimal treatment for tonsillitis, pneumonia (both focal and lobar), scarlet fever, diphtheria, meningitis, blood poisoning, septicemia, pleurisy, pyemia, osteomyelitis in acute and chronic forms, septic endocarditis, various purulent infections of the skin, mucous membranes and soft tissues, erysipelas, anthrax, gonorrhea, actinomycosis, syphilis, blenorrhea, as well as eye diseases and ENT diseases.

    Contraindications

    Strict contraindications include only individual intolerance to benzylpenicillin and other drugs in this group. Also, endolumbar (injection into the spinal cord) administration of drugs to patients with diagnosed epilepsy is not permitted.

    During pregnancy, antibiotic therapy with penicillin drugs should be treated with extreme caution. Despite the fact that they have minimal teratogenic effects, tablets and injections should be prescribed only in cases of urgent need, assessing the degree of risk to the fetus and the pregnant woman herself.

    Since penicillin and its derivatives pass freely from the bloodstream into breast milk, it is advisable to avoid breastfeeding during therapy. The medicine can provoke a severe allergic reaction in a baby even at the first use. To prevent lactation from stopping, milk must be expressed regularly.

    Side effect

    Among other antibacterial agents, penicillins stand out due to their low toxicity.

    Undesirable consequences of use include:

    • Allergic reactions. Most often they manifest themselves as skin rash, itching, urticaria, fever and swelling. Extremely rarely, in severe cases, anaphylactic shock is possible, requiring immediate administration of an antidote (adrenaline).
    • Dysbacteriosis. An imbalance of natural microflora leads to digestive disorders (flatulence, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain) and the development of candidiasis. In the latter case, the mucous membranes of the mouth (in children) or vagina are affected.
    • Neurotoxic reactions. The negative effect of penicillin on the central nervous system is manifested by increased reflex excitability, nausea and vomiting, convulsions, and sometimes coma.

    Timely medicinal support of the body will help prevent the development of dysbiosis and avoid allergies. It is advisable to combine antibiotic therapy with the use of pre- and probiotics, as well as desensitizers (if sensitivity is increased).

    Penicillin antibiotics for children: application features

    Tablets and injections should be prescribed to children with caution, taking into account possible negative reactions, and the choice of a specific drug should be approached thoughtfully.

    In the first years of life, benzylpenicillin is used in cases of sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. For the treatment of respiratory infections, sore throat, bronchitis and sinusitis, the safest antibiotics from the list are selected: Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Amoxiclav.

    A child's body is much more sensitive to drugs than an adult's. Therefore, you should carefully monitor the baby’s condition (penicillin is excreted slowly and, when accumulated, can cause convulsions), and also take preventive measures. The latter include the use of pre- and probiotics to protect the intestinal microflora, diet and comprehensive strengthening of the immune system.

    Historical information

    The discovery, which made a real revolution in medicine at the beginning of the 20th century, was made by accident. It must be said that the antibacterial properties of mold fungi were noticed by people in ancient times.

    Alexander Fleming - discoverer of penicillin

    The Egyptians, for example, 2500 years ago treated inflamed wounds with compresses made from moldy bread, but scientists took up the theoretical side of the issue only in the 19th century. European and Russian researchers and doctors, studying antibiosis (the property of some microorganisms to destroy others), attempted to derive practical benefits from it.

    This was achieved by Alexander Fleming, a British microbiologist, who in 1928, on September 28, discovered mold in Petri dishes with colonies of staphylococcus. Its spores, which got onto the crops due to the negligence of the laboratory staff, sprouted and destroyed pathogenic bacteria. Interested, Fleming carefully studied this phenomenon and isolated a bactericidal substance called penicillin. For many years, the discoverer worked to obtain a chemically pure, stable compound suitable for treating people, but others invented it.

    In 1941, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey were able to purify penicillin from impurities and conducted clinical trials with Fleming. The results were so successful that by 1943, mass production of the drug was organized in the United States, which saved many hundreds of thousands of lives during the war. The services of Fleming, Chain and Flory to humanity were recognized in 1945: the discoverer and developers became Nobel Prize laureates.

    Subsequently, the original chemical was constantly improved. This is how modern penicillins appeared, resistant to the acidic environment of the stomach, resistant to penicillinase and more effective in general.

    On our website you can get acquainted with most groups of antibiotics, complete lists of drugs included in them, classifications, history and other important information. For this purpose, a “Classification” section has been created in the top menu of the site.

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    List of all penicillin antibiotics and a sea of ​​data about them: 1 comment

    Of course, now there are many modern antibiotics, even cystitis is treated with one single monural powder, what can we talk about. But there is a version that soon bacteria will become insensitive to new drugs, and then the old generation will come into play again. I wouldn’t want to, of course, but who knows?

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