What group of antibiotics does ofloxacin belong to?

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OFLOXACIN INSTRUCTIONS

- lower respiratory tract infections (exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia);

— infections of the ENT organs (acute sinusitis, otitis media);

- urinary tract and kidney infections (pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis);

Table of contents:

- genital infections (bacterial prostatitis, gonorrhea, nongonorrheal urethritis, cervicitis);

- infections of the skin and soft tissues (festering atheromas, abscess, boils);

— infectious and inflammatory diseases of the abdominal cavity (including biliary tract infections);

— prevention of infections in patients with impaired immune status (including neutropenia);

Hypersensitivity, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, epilepsy (including a history), decreased seizure threshold (including after traumatic brain injury, stroke or inflammatory processes in the central nervous system), age under 18 years (not yet skeletal growth is completed), pregnancy, lactation, tendon lesions due to previous treatment with fluoroquinolones.

From the digestive system: gastralgia, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal pain, increased activity of liver transaminases, hyperbilirubinemia, cholestatic jaundice, pseudomembranous enterocolitis;

From the cardiovascular system: tachycardia, collapse, decrease in blood pressure (with a sharp decrease in blood pressure, the administration is stopped);

From the nervous system: headache, dizziness, uncertainty of movements, tremors, convulsions, numbness and paresthesia of the extremities, intense dreams, psychotic reactions, anxiety, state of excitation, phobias, depression, confusion, hallucinations, increased intracranial pressure;

From the senses: impaired color vision, diplopia, disorders of taste, smell, hearing and balance;

From the musculoskeletal system: tendonitis, myalgia, arthralgia, tenosynovitis, tendon rupture;

From the urinary system: acute interstitial nephritis, impaired renal function, hypercreatininemia, increased urea concentration;

From the hematopoietic organs: leukopenia, agranulocytosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia, hemolytic and aplastic anemia;

Allergic reactions: skin rash, itching, urticaria, allergic pneumonitis, allergic nephritis, eosinophilia, fever, angioedema, bronchospasm. Exudative erythema multiforme (including Stevens-Johnson syndrome) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome), vasculitis, anaphylactic shock;

Other: intestinal dysbiosis, superinfection, photosensitivity, hypoglycemia (in patients with diabetes), vaginitis;

Local reactions: pain, hyperemia at the injection site, thrombophlebitis;

Ofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug from the group of fluoroquinolones. The mechanism of its bactericidal action is associated with the suppression of the activity of DNA - gyrase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the DNA molecule, which ultimately leads to disruption of the process of bacterial division and their death.

Ofloxacin acts on: gram-positive microorganisms: Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Listeria monocytogenes.

Gram-negative microorganisms: Acinetobacter spp., Aeromonas hydrophilia, Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis, Citrobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Haemophilus influenzae, H. ducreyi, Klebsiella spp. (including K. рneumoniae), Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Morganella morganii, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, Propionibacterium acnes, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, Providencia spp., Pseudomonas spp. (including Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Salmonella spp., Serratia spp., Shigella sonnei, Vibrio spp., Yersinia spp.

Anaerobic microorganisms: Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus faecalis.

Intracellular microorganisms: Chlamydia spp., Legionella pneumophila, Mucorlasma spp., Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (including multi-resistant strains).

After oral administration, ofloxacin is rapidly and almost completely absorbed (about 95%). Its maximum concentration in the blood is reached after 1 hour. About 25% binds to plasma proteins. The drug penetrates well into the cells (leukocytes, alveolar macrophages) of most organs and tissues, creates high concentrations in urine, bile, saliva, sputum, prostate secretions, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, skin, lungs, and passes through the blood-brain and placental barriers. In the liver (about 5%) it is converted to ofloxacin N-oxide and dimethylofloxacin. It is excreted unchanged mainly in the urine (up to 90%).

A small part is excreted in bile, feces, and breast milk. The half-life (regardless of the dose) is 4.5 - 7 hours. After a single oral dose of 0.2 mg. The drug is detectable in urine within hours. With liver or kidney disease, excretion may slow down. Re-appointment does not lead to cumulation.

Film-coated tablets:

Inside. Doses are selected individually depending on the location, severity of the infection, sensitivity of microorganisms, as well as the general condition of the patient and liver and kidney function.

Adults - mg/day, course of treatment days, frequency of use - 2 times a day.

Doses up to 400 mg/day can be given in one dose, preferably in the morning.

For severe infections or when treating overweight patients, the daily dose can be increased to 800 mg.

Lower urinary tract infections: mg. per day.

Upper urinary tract infections: mg. per day, if necessary – 400 mg. twice a day.

Infections of the respiratory tract and ENT organs: 400 mg. per day, if necessary – 400 mg. twice a day.

Uncomplicated urethral and cervical gonorrhea: single dose – 400 mg.

Non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis: 400 mg per day in one or two doses.

Skin and soft tissue infections: 400 mg twice daily.

The maximum daily dose for liver failure is mg/day.

To prevent infections in patients with a pronounced decrease in immunity - pomg/day.

The tablets are taken whole with water before or during meals. The duration of treatment is determined by the sensitivity of the pathogen and the clinical picture.

Treatment should be continued for at least another 3 days after the symptoms of the disease disappear and body temperature completely normalizes.

When treating salmonellosis, the course of treatment is days; for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections, the course of treatment is days.

Doses are selected individually depending on the location and severity of the infection, as well as the sensitivity of microorganisms, the general condition of the patient and the function of the liver and kidneys.

Intravenous drip administration is prescribed with a single dose of 200 mg, which is administered slowly over a period of minutes. If the patient's condition improves, the patient is transferred to oral administration of the drug in the same daily dose.

Film-coated tablets 200 mg, 400 mg. 10 tablets in a blister pack, one blister pack in a pack.

Solution for infusion 2 mg/ml. (in sodium chloride solution 0.9%). Bottles of 100 ml., 200 ml.

Reduces the clearance of theophylline by 25% (with simultaneous use, the dose of theophylline should be reduced). Increases the concentration of glibenclamide in plasma. Cimetidine, furosemide, methotrexate and drugs that block tubular secretion increase the plasma concentration of ofloxacin. When taken simultaneously with vitamin K antagonists, it is necessary to monitor the blood coagulation system. When prescribed with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, nitroimidazole derivatives and methylxanthines, the risk of developing neurotoxic effects increases. When prescribed simultaneously with a glucocorticosteroid, the risk of tendon rupture increases, especially in the elderly. When prescribed with drugs that alkalinize urine (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, citrates, sodium bicarbonate), the risk of crystalluria and nephrotoxic effects increases. When using the drug, it should be taken into account that food products, antacids containing alminium (A13+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), or iron salts (Fe) reduce the absorption of ofloxacin, forming insoluble complexes (therefore, the time interval between the administration of ofloxacin and of these drugs should be at least 2 hours).

Attention! Before using OFLOXACIN, you should consult your doctor.

The instructions are provided for informational purposes only.

Source: http://www.antibiotic.in.ua/ofloxacin.php

Antibiotic groups

Antibiotics are a group of natural and semi-synthetic organic substances that can act with destructive force on microbes and also prevent their reproduction. Now there is a wide variety of antibiotics that have different properties. Many of them are even prohibited for use because they are highly toxic. All antibiotics are divided into groups according to their chemical structure and action.

The main groups of antibiotics are:

  • penicillin group;
  • group of cephalosporins;
  • macrolide antibiotics;
  • antibiotics of the tetracycline group;
  • antibiotics of the aminoglycoside group.

If you have been prescribed potent drugs for treatment, after reading this article, you will be able to determine which group of antibiotics your drug belongs to and how correctly it was prescribed.

Antibiotics of the macrolide group

Antibiotics of the macrolide group are the least toxic to the human body. The drugs that are included in this group have antimicrobial, bacteriostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. They are used for diseases such as sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, syphilis, diphtheria and periodontitis. If a person has a severe form of acne, toxoplasmosis or mycobacteriosis, then you can use one of these drugs.

Antibiotics from the macrolide group are strictly prohibited for people prone to allergic reactions. They should not be taken during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Elderly people, as well as those with heart disease, should be careful when taking these medications.

Antibiotics of the penicillin group

Antibiotics of the penicillin group include those drugs that have the ability to resist the formation of bacterial cells, i.e. prevent their growth and reproduction. Penicillins have very useful properties - they fight infectious diseases, the causative agent of which is located inside the body's cells, and are harmless to the person receiving treatment. The most common drug from the penicillin group of antibiotics is Amoxiclav. The disadvantages of the penicillin group include their rapid elimination from the body.

Antibiotics of the cephalosporin group

Cephalosporins are part of the beta-lactam antibiotic group and are structurally similar to penicillin. Antibiotics of the cephalosporin group are used to treat many infectious diseases. These antibiotics have one very important advantage: they fight against those microbes that are resistant to penicillin. Antibiotics of the cephalosporin group are used for diseases of the respiratory tract, urinary system, and various intestinal infections.

Antibiotics of the tetracycline group

Antibiotics of the tetracycline group include Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Oxytetracycline, Metacycline. These drugs are used to fight bacteria. Long-term use of tetracycline antibiotics can cause side effects such as hepatitis, dental damage, and allergies.

Antibiotics of the fluoroquinolone group

Antibiotics of the fluoroquinolone group are used for infectious diseases of the respiratory system, urinary organs, ENT organs and many other diseases. Antibiotics of this group include Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Levofloxacin.

Antibiotics of the aminoglycoside group

Antibiotics of the aminoglycoside group are used to treat severe infections. They rarely cause an allergic reaction, but are very toxic.

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Source: http://womanadvice.ru/gruppy-antibiotikov

Indications for use of the antibiotic Ofloxacin

Indications for use of Ofloxacin

Before treatment with any drug, the instructions for its use should first be studied. This helps to understand whether the medicine has been chosen correctly and whether you can be specifically treated with it, since each antibiotic has its own group of contraindications. Instructions for use of the antibacterial drug Ofloxacin contain information about a group of diseases in the treatment of which the medicine may be beneficial. This group includes:

  • Infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract, that is, bronchitis and pneumonia.
  • Inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs - sinusitis, otitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, tonsillitis.
  • Skin infections.
  • Bacterial diseases of the abdominal cavity, pelvis, and urinary system.

In addition to the listed conditions, an antibiotic called Ofloxacin is used to treat sexually transmitted diseases; this medicine is also used in the treatment of tuberculosis as part of a complex course of therapy. You can read good reviews about the use when Oflaxacin is prescribed as a prophylactic agent to prevent the development of possible infections in immunodeficiency states.

The main pharmacological action of Ofloxacin is antibacterial and bactericidal. The drug acts on almost all gram-negative, as well as some gram-positive microorganisms. That is, this antibiotic has a wide spectrum of action, which allows it to be prescribed when the pathogen is not clearly identified. The minimum price for it does not make it difficult to use. In some cases, the total price of treatment may not exceed one hundred rubles.

Ofloxacin belongs to the fluoroquinolone antibiotics, its effectiveness is several times higher compared to antibiotics of other groups.

The instructions for use do not always contain information that this medicine belongs to the group of reserve drugs. That is, its purpose must be justified. Typically, this drug is prescribed when there is no effect from the use of other antibacterial agents. And this is due to the fact that Ofloxacin has a lot of side effects, and after its use, another antibiotic will not be effective against infectious pathogens. In this regard, this medicine is prescribed after a person has received another course of treatment.

Release form and conditions of use of Ofloxacin

Ofloxacin tablets

The main form of release of Ofloxacin is tablets. One tablet contains 200 or 400 mg of the main active ingredient. In addition, the antibiotic is available in injection solutions and as an ointment, which is used to treat certain eye diseases. Eye drops called Floxal also contain ofloxacin; reviews of their use can be read on the relevant websites. The instructions for use explain when it is necessary to prescribe tablets and when the drug is injected. The price for this antibiotic is one of the lowest and depends on how many tablets are in the package. The price of a package of 10 tablets of 200 mg starts from 40 rubles.

The tablets are coated with an enteric film and are taken orally before meals or even during meals with water. It is not recommended to chew the tablets; the drug is quickly absorbed by the body and begins its work. The doctor must decide what single dose, that is, 200 or 400 mg, is right for you. The single and daily dosage depends on the infection and the severity of its course. Typically, 200 to 800 mg of the drug is required per day. Some sexually transmitted infections are treated with a single dose of 400 mg tablet. For children, the dose of the medicine is selected individually and is usually calculated based on body weight. If the tablets are prescribed once a day, then they should be taken in the first half of the day.

Patients with impaired liver function (as determined by tests) are usually prescribed tablets with a dosage of 200 mg once a day. An intravenous antibiotic is usually administered at a dose of 200 mg once a day. The dosage of 400 mg is adjusted if the disease is severe. The drip is instilled in at least 30 minutes

The drug is in the form of an ointment

Ofloxacin ointment in tubes is applied subconjunctivally three to five times a day. Eye ointment is used for bacterial and chlamydial infections, styes, and corneal ulcers. This ointment is also prescribed after operations as a means of preventing infectious complications; the ointment, like the tablets, is not expensive. The price of a 5 gram tube starts at 40 rubles.

Floxal eye drops are prescribed by an ophthalmologist when bacterial eye diseases are detected. The drops penetrate the tear fluid quite well and begin to act within 10 minutes. Using eye drops, you do not need to wear contact lenses, and you also need to protect your eyes from sunlight. The price of drops starts from 220 rubles. The course of treatment and dosage are prescribed by the doctor.

Precautionary measures

Since 200 and 400 mg tablets, ointment, drops, and Ofloxacin solution contain strong antibacterial components, you must always take some precautions when using them. The instructions for use indicate that the medicine is not prescribed for epilepsy, a tendency to convulsive syndrome, which can appear after a skull injury or after a stroke. Tablets of 200 and 400 mg are not prescribed until the age of 18, as they affect skeletal growth. The ointment is not recommended for use in children under one year of age. Some reviews contain information that a medicine of 200 mg with a daily dosage of 400 mg was prescribed during pregnancy. But this use is not advisable and is recommended only in severe cases. The drug is not prescribed when breastfeeding a baby.

The minimum price for the drug allows patients to use it for a long time, but treatment should not last more than 2 months. During treatment with tablets of 200 and 400 mg, as well as the administration of solutions in the same dosage, it is necessary to avoid being outside in direct sunlight. Skin sensitivity is especially increased to solar radiation if the daily dosage is between 400 and 800 mg.

Please consult your doctor before use

Ofloxacin quickly leads to the disappearance of symptoms of the disease, but this does not mean that the drug should be stopped. The minimum course of treatment should not be less than one week. During therapy, especially if your dosage per day is 400 grams or more, various side effects may occur and reviews confirm this, mainly these:

  • Abdominal symptoms, i.e. nausea, pain, diarrhea.
  • Headache, dizziness, tremors, convulsions in case of overdose.
  • Tachycardia, drop in blood pressure.
  • Jades.

You should notify your doctor about the occurrence of any side effects. Perhaps the doctor will add other medications or replace this drug with an analogue. Analogues of Ofloxacin include Zanotsin, Zoflox, the price of these drugs is significantly higher.

The information is provided for informational purposes only. Do not self-medicate. At the first sign of disease, consult a doctor.

Source: http://medlor.ru/zabolevaniya-gorla/preparati-dlya-gorla/pokazaniya-k-primeneniyu-antibiotika-ofloksacina/

Levofloxacin: antibiotic or not?

Respiratory tract diseases are predominantly infectious and inflammatory in nature. And they are often caused by bacterial pathogens. Therefore, effective treatment is impossible without affecting the source of pathology, i.e., the microbial factor. For this purpose, medications such as Levofloxacin are used. For those who are encountering the drug for the first time, the following questions are relevant: is it an antibiotic or not, which group does it belong to, what does it have, when and how is it used, does it have side effects and contraindications. You can get answers to them from your doctor or from the official instructions.

Characteristics

Levofloxacin is a synthetic substance. According to its chemical structure, it is the L-isomer of ofloxacin, due to which it has a more pronounced effectiveness compared to it. It is a crystalline powder with a whitish-yellow tint, highly soluble in aqueous media. Able to form stable compounds with many metals. The pharmaceutical industry widely produces the drug in tablets or solution for infusion. But there are also dosage forms for topical use, for example, eye drops.

Action

Levofloxacin is an antibiotic from the fluoroquinolone group. It has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Due to the inhibition of a special enzyme (DNA gyrase), it disrupts the processes of spiralization of nucleic chains in the nucleus of a microbial cell. This entails severe structural disturbances in the cytoplasm, organelles and membrane. Many gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria with aerobic metabolism are sensitive to Levofloxacin:

In addition, the drug is effective against intracellular microbes (chlamydia, mycoplasma). As you can see, all of these pathogens can cause respiratory disease. Levofloxacin also affects Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, Proteus, enterococci and other microbes, including strains resistant to penicillin drugs, macrolides or other fluoroquinolones. This makes the antibiotic extremely popular and effective.

Levofloxacin acts bactericidal, causing structural disturbances in the microbial cell. It is active against most pathogens, especially those involved in the pathology of the respiratory tract.

Distribution in the body

After oral administration, the drug is quickly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The bioavailability of the active substance is close to one hundred percent, and ingestion of food or other medications has little effect on it. The maximum plasma concentration is reached after 80 minutes, and the half-life extends to 8 hours. About a third of Levofloxacin that enters the blood binds to protein molecules. It penetrates well into the tissues of the bronchopulmonary system, gland secretions and alveolar macrophages. The drug is partially metabolized in the liver, but the main part is excreted unchanged through the kidneys. This occurs within 2 days after oral or parenteral administration.

Indications

The antibiotic Levofloxacin is used in situations where the disease is caused by pathogens that are sensitive to it. In the first place is the pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract:

  • Acute sinusitis (sinusitis, sinusitis, ethmoiditis).
  • Exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.
  • Community-acquired pneumonia.
  • Tuberculosis (as part of complex therapy).

In addition, the drug is used for infections of other localizations - genitourinary (pyelonephritis, urethritis, prostatitis), skin and soft tissues (abscesses, boils), abdominal cavity (peritonitis), systemic (septicopyemia). In eye drops, the medicine is indicated for conjunctivitis, keratitis, dacryocystitis, as well as before and after operations.

Application

Any antibiotics, including Levofloxacin, should be used on the recommendation of a doctor. Before prescribing the drug, the specialist will conduct an examination and establish an accurate diagnosis. Only in this case can the dosage and course of administration be determined.

Method of use

Levofloxacin tablets are best taken between meals, without chewing and with a sufficient amount of water. The solution is administered by intravenous drip infusion. The daily dose can be divided into two times.

Which regimen to follow during treatment with the drug depends on the nature of the pathology and the properties of the pathogen. The dosage is determined by the doctor individually. For example, for bronchitis or sinusitis, take 1 tablet per day, and pneumonia requires double intensity. In elderly patients, dose adjustment is not required, but in case of impaired renal function it is reduced.

Treatment should continue for at least 3 days after the elimination of fever or until the bacterial agent is eliminated from the body. As a rule, the course of therapy with Levofloxacin ranges from 7 to 14 days. Injection of the antibiotic is practiced for several days, and then switched to tablet forms.

Side effects

During treatment with the drug, adverse reactions from various systems are possible. Their frequency varies, and they do not necessarily appear in a particular patient. Side effects of Levofloxacin mainly occur in patients with individual characteristics of response to the drug. These include the following (table):

We must not forget that Levofloxacin, like antibiotics of other groups, with long-term use can provoke inhibition of natural microflora and the addition of a secondary infection (for example, candidiasis). Fluoroquinolones can also aggravate the manifestations of porphyria in a patient.

Adverse reactions that occur while taking Levofloxacin are quite varied. Their frequency is very variable, and it is unknown which ones will occur in a particular case and whether they will appear at all.

Overdose

Exceeding the therapeutic dose specified in the instructions and recommendations of the doctor leads to a sharp development of adverse events. Among them it is worth noting:

  • Nausea and vomiting.
  • Dizziness.
  • Impaired consciousness.
  • Tremors and convulsions.

There is no specific antidote for Levofloxacin, so overdose is treated symptomatically: the stomach is washed, sorbents are given and other means. During dialysis, the antibiotic is not removed from the body.

Restrictions

The use of the drug may be limited by certain factors. First of all, we are talking about concomitant conditions and characteristics of the body that the patient may have. Other drugs taken in parallel also play an important role in terms of safety. All this must be taken into account by the doctor prescribing the antibiotic.

Contraindications

In order to avoid undesirable consequences during treatment with Levofloxacin, you must remember its contraindications. As the instructions for use indicate, the drug has the following:

  • Individual hypersensitivity.
  • History of tendon damage from fluoroquinolones.
  • Myasthenia gravis and epilepsy.

The antibiotic is also contraindicated in children under 18 years of age, pregnant and nursing mothers. This is due to the fact that the drug is able to disrupt the development of cartilage at growth points that have not undergone complete ossification. In addition, adequate research has not been conducted on the safety of the drug during pregnancy. It should be remembered that Levofloxacin should be taken with extreme caution by persons with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, impaired renal function, a tendency to seizures, diabetes mellitus, or heart failure.

Interaction

The activity of the drug decreases with the simultaneous use of antacids (with magnesium and aluminum), iron supplements and mineral complexes. Therefore, it is recommended to maintain a time interval of at least 2 hours between taking them. Together with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the risk of seizures increases. Taking Levofloxacin may increase the side effects of theophylline, and also requires monitoring of blood coagulation and glucose levels when using anticoagulants and hypoglycemic agents. During treatment with glucocorticoids, the likelihood of tendon damage increases dramatically.

When taking any medications together with an antibiotic, you must inform your doctor about this to avoid negative interactions.

Other instructions

Medicines classified as antibacterial drugs should be used after establishing the type of pathogen and its sensitivity to the drug. But Levofloxacin can be prescribed before receiving test results - empirically (after all, the test period is quite long - at least 5 days). But in the future, treatment should be adjusted taking into account microbiological indicators.

Levofloxacin is an antibiotic from the fluoroquinolone group. It has a wide spectrum of action, covering a wide range of pathogens. The main area of ​​application of the drug is infectious and inflammatory pathology of the respiratory tract, but it is also successfully used for other diseases. The effectiveness and safety of antibiotic treatment directly depends on the quality of diagnosis and the patient’s compliance with the prescribed recommendations.

Source: http://elaxsir.ru/lekarstva/antibiotiki/levofloksacin-antibiotik.html

Antibiotics fluoroquinolones

Quinols have been widely used in medicine since 1962 due to their pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Quinols are divided into two main groups:

Fluoroquinolones are characterized by an antibacterial effect, which made it possible to use them for local treatment in the form of drops for the eyes and ears.

The effectiveness of fluoroquinolones is due to their mechanism of action - they inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase, which disrupts DNA synthesis in the pathogenic cell.

The advantages of fluoroquinolones compared to antibiotics of natural origin are undeniable:

  • Broad spectrum.
  • High bioavailability and tissue penetration.
  • A long period of elimination from the body, which gives a post-antibiotic effect.
  • Easy absorption by the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract.

Fluoroquinolones - antibiotics (drugs)

The classification of fluoroquinolones represents the main generations, each subsequent of which has a more advanced antimicrobial effect:

  1. 1st generation: oxolinic acid, pipemidic acid, nalidixic acid;
  2. 2nd generation: lomefloxocin, pefloxocin, ofloxocin, ciprofloxocin, norfloxocin;
  3. 3rd generation: levofloxacin, sparfloxacin;
  4. 4th generation: moxifloxacin.

The most powerful antibiotics

Humanity is constantly in search of the most powerful antibiotic, because only such a drug can guarantee a cure for many deadly diseases. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are considered the most effective - they can affect both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Cephalosporins

Antibiotics-cephalosporins have a wide spectrum of action. The mechanism of their action is associated with inhibition of the development of cell membranes of the pathogenic cell. This series of antibiotics has minimal side effects and does not affect the human immune system.

One of the disadvantages of cephalosporins is their ineffectiveness against non-reproducing bacteria. The strongest drug in this series is considered to be Zeftera, produced in Belgium, available in injection form.

Macrolides

Macrolides are antibiotic drugs, one of the advantages of which is considered to be low toxicity to the body and, depending on the dosage, can have a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect on microorganisms.

Fluoroquinolones

Fluoroquinolones show high effectiveness against various infections and their localizations. Fluoroquinolones are the only antibiotics that can compete with B-lactam drugs.

The latest generation drugs are levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, moxifloxacin - a distinctive feature of which is an increased effect on the causative agent of pneumonia.

Carbapenems

Carbapenems are a group of antibiotics that belong to B-lactams. Drugs of this series are usually considered reserve drugs, but in especially severe cases they become the basis of therapy. Carbapenems are used by injection due to low absorption in the stomach, but have good bioavailability and wide distribution in the body.

A number of undesirable reactions and side effects are balanced by the effectiveness of the antibiotic. Carbapenems must be taken under the strict supervision of a doctor because they can cause seizures, especially in cases of kidney disease. If there are any changes in the patient's well-being, this should be taken into account by the attending physician.

Penicillins

Penicillin antibiotics are bactericidal B-lactams. It is not recommended to use penicillins simultaneously with other antibiotics. Most penicillin antibiotics are administered only by injection due to the high risk of drug destruction in the acidic environment of the stomach.

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Some penicillin preparations have already lost their effectiveness and are not currently used by clinicians due to their helplessness against certain types of bacteria that have mutated and lost sensitivity to antibacterial therapy with penicillins.

For what diseases are fluoroquinolones antibiotics used?

The range of diseases for which fluoroquinolone antibiotics are used is as follows:

  • Sepsis.
  • Gonorrhea.
  • Prostatitis.
  • Infections of the urinary tract and pelvic organs.
  • Intestinal infections.
  • Infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract.
  • Meningitis.
  • Anthrax.
  • Tuberculosis.
  • Infections in patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis.
  • Fluoroquinolone-based drugs are widely used in the treatment of eye diseases, which is facilitated by:

High degree of penetration of the drug into the eye tissue even through an intact cornea.

A therapeutically significant concentration is achieved within a few minutes when applied topically.

The use of fluoroquinolones is indicated for various infections of the eyelids, conjunctiva, diseases of the cornea, as well as as prophylaxis after mechanical injuries and surgery.

Contraindications to the use of fluoroquinolones may be the risk of an allergic reaction, pregnancy and lactation, and childhood and adolescence.

Fluoroquinolones are eliminated primarily by the kidneys and liver and therefore in patients with reduced renal function or liver disease, the dose of the drug may require adjustment.

Pneumonia is another serious disease that claims thousands of lives every year. The bacteria that cause the disease are resistant to traditional antibiotic drugs, so clinicians resort to fluoroquinolone-containing drugs.

Early generations of fluoroquinolones did not give the desired result due to weak natural activity against pneumococcus, the main causative agent of pneumonia. But the fourth generation of fluorinated quinolones is effective against pneumonia, and in particular, the drug levofloxacin, which is available in two forms for injection and oral use.

Sparfloxacin is available only in tablet form and is no less effective in antibacterial therapy. Despite the significant benefits of using these drugs, there are a number of side effects associated with them:

  • Significant increase in skin sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation.
  • Changes in heart rate, which leads to arrhythmia.
  • Taking these factors into account, drugs during treatment should be prescribed with a careful analysis of the benefits and possible risks.

When treating urogenital infections caused by chlamydia, treatment is prescribed with fluoroquinolones in tandem with macrolides. Macrolides have pronounced anti-chlamydial activity; the most well-known and often used drug in this series is erythromycin. The duration of erythromycin therapy is usually one to two weeks.

Fluoroquinolones have less activity against chlamydia, but cope well with infections caused by gonorrhea, various cocci and bacilli, and are therefore indicated in complex therapy. Also, drugs of a number of fluoroquinolones and macrolides are prescribed together in the treatment of bacterial prostatitis. Therapy for a month led to visible results - a significant reduction in symptoms and improved blood tests.

Drugs (antibiotics) of the quinolone/fluoroquinolone group - description, classification, generations

Fluoroquinolones are divided into several generations and each subsequent generation of antibiotic is stronger than the previous one.

  • pipemidic (pipemidic) acid;
  • oxolinic acid;
  • nalidixic acid.

Modern antibiotics are able to cope with many, sometimes even fatal, diseases, but in return for this they require an attentive and even cautious attitude and do not forgive frivolity. Under no circumstances should the patient administer antibiotic therapy on his own; ignorance of the intricacies of taking the drug can lead to disastrous consequences.

Antibiotics also mean adherence to a certain discipline - the interval between taking certain drugs should be strictly the same, and following an anti-alcohol diet, of course, carries with it some discomfort, but nothing compared to the return of health.

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Indications for taking Ofloxacin - composition, antibiotic dosage, side effects, analogues and price

An effective antimicrobial drug belonging to the group of fluoroquinolones, Ofloxacin has a wide spectrum of action. Possessing bactericidal properties, the drug is active against many pathogenic microorganisms. Ofloxacin - instructions for use indicate that this is a strong antibacterial agent, therefore, violation of the dose during treatment can provoke the development of serious side effects. The use of the drug is indicated only as prescribed by a doctor.

What is Ofloxacin

This drug is often prescribed for the treatment of infections of bacterial etiology. This antimicrobial agent is active against most harmful microorganisms and bacteria and is perfectly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The drug Ofloxacin is well distributed in the tissues and fluids of the human body and is excreted in the urine. A small part of the medication is excreted in the feces. The maximum concentration in blood plasma is achieved 1-2 hours after administration, and the bioavailability of Ofloxacin is 96%. During hemodialysis, up to 30% of the medication is lost.

Compound

According to the instructions, one tablet of Ofloxacin contains the active substance of the same name in an amount of 200 mg. The main component ensures the stability of bacterial DNA and supercoiling, which leads to their death. The biconvex tablets are coated with an almost white coating, have a slight roughness and two layers in the cross section. The auxiliary ingredients of the medicine include: microcrystalline cellulose, talc, silicon dioxide and some other substances.

Antibiotic or not

The annotation states that Ofloxacin belongs to the group of antibiotics, but the drug is sold without a doctor’s prescription. The second generation fluorinated quinolone has a broad bactericidal effect. The instructions for use indicate that the dose of the medicine is selected by the doctor, depending on the location and severity of the infectious process. Treatment usually lasts about one week.

pharmachologic effect

The antimicrobial effect of the drug is associated with the blockade of the DNA gyrase enzyme in bacterial cells. The medication is active against microorganisms that produce beta-lactamases and for atypical microbacteria. Penetrates into body tissues: alveolar macrophages, leukocytes, bones, pelvic and abdominal organs, respiratory system, saliva, urine, bile, skin, prostate secretions. The active substance passes through the placental barrier and is excreted in mother's milk.

Indications for use of Ofloxacin

According to the instructions, this antibiotic is prescribed in the presence of the following infectious diseases:

  • ENT organs (laryngitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media);
  • respiratory tract (bronchitis, pneumonia);
  • skin, soft tissues, bones, joints;
  • inflammatory pathologies of the urinary tract and kidneys (cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis);
  • abdominal cavity (pseudomembranous colitis):
  • biliary tract (all pathologies except bacterial enteritis);
  • genital organs and pelvis (orchitis, epididymitis, oophoritis, parametritis, colpitis, prostatitis, endometritis, cervicitis, salpingitis).

According to reviews from doctors, it has been noted that the drug is effective in the treatment of eye infections: blepharitis, keratitis, ulcerative lesions of the cornea, meibomitis and others. In addition to the above diseases, Ofloxacin is widely used during therapy and for the prevention of pathologies in patients with impaired immune status. When treating chlamydia, septicemia or gonorrhea, intravenous use of the drug is prescribed.

Release form

The medicine is produced in the form of ointments, tablets, injections for injections. The price of the drugs is different, but the pharmacological effect is the same. Ofloxacin ointment is available in 3 and 5 gram weights. Sold in aluminum tubes, each of which is packed in a cardboard box. The package contains instructions for use. Ofloxacin tablets are packaged in 10 pieces in contour cell blisters placed in a cardboard box. As for the solution, this greenish-yellow dosage form is sold in 100 ml dark glass bottles or 1 ml ampoules.

Instructions for use

How to take Ofloxacin? The tablet form is prepared for oral administration, the eye ointment is prepared for placing under the eyelid, and the solution is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The course of treatment lasts from 7 to 14 days. After the temperature normalizes and the symptoms of the disease disappear, the doctor may prescribe another three days of treatment with the drug to consolidate the results.

Pills

The daily dose of tablets for adults is mg. When treating gonorrhea, the drug should be used once (recommended in the morning after breakfast) with a dosage of 400 mg. If the prescribed dose is not a single dose, but more than 400 mg/day, then the medication is taken 2 times after meals. Ofloxacin tablets are taken without chewing, with a small amount of liquid. The doctor determines the duration of treatment individually. The drug is not prescribed for use for more than 4 weeks.

This dosage form is used subconjunctivally. Ofloxacin ointment, yellow or white, is placed in a 1 cm strip behind the lower eyelid of the affected eye 2-3 times a day. When treating chlamydia, your doctor may prescribe medication up to 5 times a day. The duration of treatment with ointment according to the instructions should not exceed 14 days. For chlamydial infection, the therapeutic course is extended to 5 weeks.

Solution

The instructions for use say that when administered intravenously, the medicine is prescribed in a dose of 200 mg as a single dose in the form of drip infusions. The drug is administered over 30 to 60 minutes. After the condition improves, the patient is transferred to Ofloxacin tablets. For infections of the urinary system, the medicine is administered intramuscularly in a dose of 100 mg up to 2 times a day. For infectious pathologies of soft tissues, skin, joints, ENT organs and the abdominal cavity, the solution can be prescribed from 200 to 400 mg twice a day.

Ofloxacin during pregnancy

For women while expecting a child, the medicine is prescribed exclusively for local treatment (ointment), which is carried out under the strict supervision of a doctor. Taking the tablet form or injections of Ofloxacin during pregnancy and lactation is contraindicated. If it is necessary for a nursing woman to take medication, then stop breastfeeding the baby during the entire therapeutic course of the antibiotic.

Ofloxacin for children

According to the instructions for use, the drug is not prescribed to a child under 15 years of age, since the effectiveness and safety of the drug for children has not been clinically proven. If it is impossible to take other antibiotics, Ofloxacin may be prescribed to children. The daily dosage for children is calculated as follows: per 1 kg of child weight – 7.5 mg. The maximum dose does not exceed 15 mg/1 kg of body weight.

Drug interactions

When taking Ofloxacin, you must tell your doctor about other medications you are taking, otherwise side effects may occur. The medicine is not recommended for use with anti-inflammatory drugs to avoid stimulation of the central nervous system. During treatment with Ofloxacin for diabetes mellitus, blood glucose levels should be monitored. For better absorption, medications containing iron, calcium, sulfates or antacids are recommended to be taken after taking the antibiotic at intervals of two hours. The drug reduces theophylline clearance by 25%.

Compatibility of Ofloxacin and alcohol

According to the instructions, the use of Ofloxacin tablets, ointment and solution is strictly prohibited simultaneously with alcoholic beverages for men and women. It is allowed to drink alcohol one day after the end of the therapeutic course in order to avoid risks to health. The combined use of an antibiotic and ethanol-containing drinks leads to a disulfiram-like reaction. Ethanol comes into good contact with antibacterial molecules, so the potential risk of the following conditions increases:

  • vomiting;
  • nausea;
  • headache;
  • redness of the face, chest, neck;
  • rapid heartbeat;
  • intermittent breathing;
  • limb spasms.

If the prohibition is violated and the above conditions occur, you should immediately stop drinking alcohol and drink plenty of water for the next few hours. If the medicine was prescribed for a long course, then alcohol should not be taken subsequently, depending on the doctor’s instructions, from 3 days to 1 month. Any form of the drug will have a negative effect on the body if used together with alcoholic beverages.

Side effects

Like other antibiotics, Ofloxacin, if the prescribed dosage is exceeded or with a long course of treatment, has the following side effects:

  • abdominal organs (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, hepatitis, dysbacteriosis, jaundice, colitis, liver failure);
  • nervous system (migraine, anxiety, agitation, increased blood pressure, nightmares, convulsions, impaired sense of smell, taste, vision, coordination of movements);
  • cardiovascular system (thrombocytopenia, aplastic or hemolytic anemia, cardiovascular collapse);
  • genitourinary area (acute nephritis, vaginitis, impaired renal excretory function);
  • allergic manifestations: angioedema of the face, urticaria, bronchospasm, skin rash, exudative erythema, itching, anaphylactic shock;
  • in ophthalmology: discomfort, burning in the eyes, dryness, itching, redness of the conjunctiva, lacrimation;
  • after instillation into the ear: itching of the ear canal, bitter taste and dry mouth;
  • spontaneous tendon ruptures;

Contraindications

This drug has few contraindications. The main one is hypersensitivity to quinolone derivatives. According to the instructions, Ofloxacin should not be used by women during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Children under 15 years of age are also a contraindication, but in special cases the use of this antibiotic is still prescribed to a child. Patients with a history of impaired liver and kidney function, a tendency to tendinitis, and prolongation of the QT interval should take the medication with caution.

Analogs

The modern pharmacological industry offers for sale several analogs of Ofloxacin that have a similar effect to it. Most Popular:

  1. Digital The official instructions indicate that the medication is indicated for osteomyelitis, prostatitis, bacterial diarrhea, pyelonephritis, lung abscess and other infections. It is prescribed in a strictly specified dosage.
  2. Tsiprolet. The medicine is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is prescribed for use in many pathologies of an inflammatory and infectious nature.
  3. Levofloxacin. Effectively acts against a variety of pathogens, regardless of their location.

How much does Ofloxacin cost? The price of the drug varies depending on the dosage form, the initial cost of the manufacturer and the marketing policy of the outlet. If this antibiotic is not on sale, you can order it from a catalog at a pharmacy or buy it inexpensively in an online store. The average price for the drug in pharmacies in the Moscow region:

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The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials in the article do not encourage self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and make recommendations for treatment based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

Source: http://sovets.net/12552-ofloksacin-instrukciya-po-primeneniyu.html