Diphtheria vaccinations when given to children

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Vaccination against diphtheria for children

Is it possible to wash after being vaccinated against diphtheria? Parents are interested, because such a vaccine is administered several times in childhood.

Diphtheria is a very dangerous infectious disease, which in the modern world can be successfully prevented through vaccination.

Table of contents:

The main manifestation of infection is the formation of dense films on the mucous membranes of the pharynx, nasopharynx, and intestines. It is impossible to remove these films, so the course of diphtheria infection is extremely severe.

Vaccination is mandatory and is done according to a specific plan. After vaccination, the body produces antitoxic antibodies, that is, substances that can protect the human body from toxins produced by the diphtheria bacillus. It is these antitoxins that ensure a person’s immunity to diphtheria infection in the future.

The vaccine against diphtheria is part of ADS, ADS-M, DTP (contains a vaccine against tetanus and whooping cough).

Should I be vaccinated against diphtheria?

The diphtheria vaccine protects people from an infection that killed many people over the centuries, especially in childhood. With diphtheria, the airways are blocked by films; with the rapid development of the disease, a large number of such films are formed. If emergency assistance is not provided, death will occur. Blockage can occur in a fairly short period of time - just minutes.

A patient with diphtheria is dangerous to others, as he is a carrier of the infection. High contagiousness persists even after a person recovers. If the majority of people in a society are vaccinated, then the disease can be completely eradicated, as happened with smallpox.

Transmission of diphtheria does not guarantee that a person will acquire immunity to this dangerous infection. But vaccinations carried out according to a specific plan create immunity to infection.

Diphtheria vaccination is easily tolerated and almost never causes complications. Therefore, it is still worth getting such a vaccination.

When are children vaccinated against diphtheria?

Vaccination against diphtheria is carried out at a very early age, since the mortality rate among sick children is high. In our country, the vaccine is administered for the first time at 3 months of age; it is a DPT vaccine, which is also intended to create the body’s susceptibility to tetanus and whooping cough.

To form a complete defense of the body against diphtheria, several doses of the vaccine are given so that a sufficient amount of antitoxin is produced. After this, the person gains immunity to this infection, but for a limited period. An increase in the period of immunity is achieved by administering additional doses of the vaccine (booster).

After the first vaccination, a booster dose is given at 1.5 years of age, followed by a diphtheria vaccine at 7 years of age. After this, immunity is renewed every 10 years.

Today, two types of vaccines against diphtheria are administered - with preservatives (thiomersal, available in ampoules) and without it (filled in disposable syringes). There are certain requirements for the storage conditions of the vaccine (limited storage period at a temperature of +2-4 °C). If storage conditions are violated, the vaccine becomes unsuitable for use. In its isolated version, the vaccine against diphtheria is almost never used; it is used in combination with components against tetanus and diphtheria.

Vaccination against diphtheria at the age of 14 is not mandatory and routine if you had it at the age of 7. After 14 years of age, vaccination is carried out every 10 years, the last one at 65 years of age.

Side effects and contraindications

Sometimes reactions to the diphtheria vaccine are possible - pain at the injection site, redness, rash and swelling, and increased body temperature.

There are no contraindications for vaccination, but it should not be carried out during ARVI. You should wait for complete recovery. Give another week after your child has recovered to be sure the illness has gone away.

Reactions to the vaccine can occur in both children and adults. To reduce the risk, you should choose the right injection site.

No one can give a complete guarantee that a vaccinated person will not get diphtheria, but according to statistics, only about 5% of vaccinated people get sick. In any case, vaccination will provide a milder course of the disease.

How long should you not wash after diphtheria vaccination?

After vaccination against diphtheria, you can wash, however, you should avoid drafts and taking a bath, it is better to prefer a shower. You should also avoid visiting a bathhouse or sauna for the next few days, as high air temperatures or contact with other people will significantly reduce your immunity.

If a person has signs of severe allergic or autoimmune diseases, then an immunological examination should be carried out.

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Diphtheria vaccination - types of vaccines, procedure, reactions and side effects

Diphtheria vaccination

Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria

Diphtheria and polio vaccine

Should I be vaccinated against diphtheria?

Diphtheria vaccination for adults

Immunization of children

Diphtheria vaccination and pregnancy

Vaccination schedule

3. Six months (6 months).

4. 1.5 years (18 months).

Where is the vaccine injection given?

Where is immunization carried out?

Is diphtheria vaccination required?

1. Agricultural, drainage, construction and other work on excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation work in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

2. Work on logging, clearing and improvement of forests, health and recreation areas for the population in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

3. Work in organizations for the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms affected by infections common to humans and animals.

4. Work on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

5. Work on the slaughter of livestock suffering from infections common to humans and animals, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it.

6. Work related to the care of animals and maintenance of livestock facilities in livestock farms that are vulnerable to infections common to humans and animals.

7. Work on catching and keeping stray animals.

8. Maintenance work on sewerage structures, equipment and networks.

9. Work with patients with infectious diseases.

10. Work with live cultures of pathogens of infectious diseases.

11. Work with human blood and biological fluids.

12. Work in all types and types of educational institutions.

After vaccination against diphtheria

Reaction to the vaccine

Side effects of the diphtheria vaccine

These conditions are easily treatable and do not cause permanent impairment of human health.

Complications

Contraindications

Refusal of diphtheria vaccination

__________towns (villages, hamlets)

From (name of applicant)

I, ____________full name, passport details______________, refuse to give (indicate which specific vaccinations) to my child (full name) / myself, date of birth_________, registered at clinic no. Legal basis - “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens” dated July 22, 1993, Articles 32, 33 and 34 and “On the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases” dated September 17, 1998, No. 57 - Federal Law, Articles 5 and 11.

Signature with transcript

Author: Nasedkina A.K. Specialist in research of biomedical problems.

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I am against such an event and various vaccines in general, but I’ll probably have to get it, otherwise I won’t get a conclusion from a therapist about passing a medical commission-(((

Write who knows information about various vaccinations (measles, tetanus and others) and whether they should be done at all. in the vaccination office of the med. employees insist on them because they get bonuses and plans from it!

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Diphtheria vaccination for children

The national vaccination calendar is constantly undergoing changes. New vaccinations appear in it, because vaccines for difficult-to-treat diseases are constantly being invented. But the vaccine against diphtheria has remained unchanged for many decades, although many doctors have not encountered this disease in their practice for a long time.

Is vaccination against this disease necessary today? Perhaps the time has come to abandon it completely due to the absence of epidemics? Is it worth exposing your child to the dangers of incorrect or unsuccessful vaccinations? Let's find out all the important points about diphtheria vaccination for children and pitfalls that can be avoided.

Is diphtheria vaccination necessary?

Accurate medical figures speak about the benefits of vaccination against diphtheria. Every year, in each country, a count of those who became ill and died from complications of this disease is carried out. But there is another important component that is difficult to calculate - this is the saving of parents’ time, their money and peace of mind, which they do not waste, since children today almost never get sick with this disease.

So, let's find out what universal vaccination against diphtheria has led to over the past decades.

  1. In countries where the population is vaccinated in almost 100% of cases, this disease occurs only in visitors or those people who were not previously vaccinated in a timely manner.
  2. 95% vaccination coverage provides complete protection against diphtheria bacillus.
  3. A previous disease does not guarantee that a child will not become infected with it again.
  4. Doctors can fight bacteria, but no treatment has yet been invented against their toxins, which is why in our time one of the most severe complications of diphtheria is death (up to 4% of cases).
  5. At a time when vaccinations were just being introduced into medicine, about 20% of all diseases in children were diphtheria, and the number of deaths was more than 50% of cases. These numbers have now been significantly reduced.
  6. The majority of young doctors nowadays know about classical diphtheria only from books. Modern doctors have to work only with those complications of diphtheria that have developed in older people who have recovered from the disease.

The need for vaccination against diphtheria is primarily due to the inability to combat the consequences of the disease. These include damage to the heart, kidneys, and diseases of the nervous system, accompanied by early and late paralysis. It is possible to cure the disease by completely relieving the inflammation of the throat and lowering the body temperature, but it is impossible to eliminate the weakness of the neck muscles due to paralysis, and it is impossible to restore the voice if the functioning of the nervous system is disrupted.

At what age are diphtheria vaccinations given?

Immediately after birth, the child’s body is protected from diphtheria for some time thanks to the mother’s immune cells. If a woman has timely and correctly received all the required vaccinations against infection before pregnancy, the child will inherit immune protection, but only for a short period. The baby retains antibodies for only three months.

At what age is the first diphtheria vaccine given? In the absence of contraindications, the child’s first appointment with the vaccine should take place at 3 months. This is the optimal period to promptly protect the baby at a time when the parental immune defense weakens. Vaccination takes place in three stages and the interval between vaccinations must be at least a month. According to the new schedule, the vaccine is administered at the age of 3, then at 4 and 5 months. Only in this case can we confidently say that the protection will work. The first revaccination of diphtheria is carried out at 18 months. The next one should be at 6 years old, and the third at 14–16. This schedule provides 95% protection against infectious disease, but not for a long period.

What to do if vaccination schedules are violated? This happens if the child had contraindications to the administration of the drug or the parents refused vaccinations. Children after 7 years of age are vaccinated against diphtheria with a weakened toxoid ADS-M twice with an interval of a month. Next, revaccination follows no earlier than after 9 months, subsequent revaccinations are carried out after 10 years, as is the case with the usual schedule.

Until what age is diphtheria vaccination given? According to modern recommendations of doctors, immunization is carried out every ten years, without age restrictions. Such changes have recently affected the national vaccination calendar; the last vaccine was previously administered at 66 years of age. Due to the increase in average life expectancy, the charts have also changed slightly.

How long does the diphtheria vaccine last? If a full course of vaccination with revaccination is completed, the drugs protect against diphtheria for at least 10 years.

Composition and rules for administering the vaccine

All vaccines that include diphtheria protection contain diphtheria toxoid. These are not live or killed bacteria, but a substance prepared from the main damaging factor of a bacterium - its toxin. The bacteria themselves do not cause harm to the infected person; it is the toxin that leads to all the negative effects. In response to the administration of the drug, the immune system produces antibodies for a quick, timely response when encountering an infection.

Can you get diphtheria from vaccination? - no, since the vaccine does not contain living cells, which, if the child’s immune system deteriorates, begin to act. These are harmless particles that cannot infect the baby.

At three months, the child is given a vaccine containing 30 units of diphtheria toxoid. This is in most cases a three-component vaccine with additional protection against whooping cough and tetanus.

There are diphtheria vaccines with a lower content of protective cells or two-component ones - ADS, ADS-M (10 units of toxoids per 1 ml). For children and adults with an allergic reaction to tetanus toxoid and pertussis component, there is the AD-M vaccine, which contains only protection against diphtheria (10 units). Each of the proposed vaccines is administered according to strict indications.

Where is diphtheria vaccination given? One dose of the drug is only 0.5 ml. For ease of administration and quick effect, it is used intramuscularly in young children in the anterior outer area of ​​the thigh. Drugs are not injected into the buttock or other muscles. Firstly, if an allergic reaction develops on the thigh, it is easier to apply a tourniquet. Secondly, this surface is intensively supplied with blood, so the drugs act faster.

Where is the diphtheria vaccine given at 14 years old? Adolescents and adults can undergo deep subcutaneous injection of the drug into the subscapular region.

Indications and contraindications

The only indication for administering the vaccine is the prevention of severe forms of diphtheria and its consequences.

As for contraindications, there are a few more of them. Any vaccination is an imbalance in the functioning of the child’s body systems, so many contraindications are associated with a temporary state of immunity.

In what cases is the vaccine not administered? When is diphtheria vaccination contraindicated?

  1. A child receives temporary medical treatment until complete recovery in the event of an acute illness or exacerbation of a chronic one. These can be viral, bacterial or any other infections.
  2. Diphtheria vaccination is contraindicated if allergic reactions develop.
  3. If there are severe post-vaccination complications from the previous vaccination.
  4. Neurological diseases in the active phase are also a ban on the administration of toxoid, but only until remission or a period without exacerbations occurs.
  5. Mild forms of diseases such as rhinitis, redness of the throat do not pose a danger and do not require cancellation of vaccination, but if the parents insist, the doctor monitors the child and vaccinates when the symptoms completely subside.

Unlike other vaccinations, immunodeficiency states, cancer and powerful chemotherapy are not a contraindication to vaccination against diphtheria.

Is it necessary to get vaccinated against diphtheria and is it possible to refuse it? If there are no contraindications, it should be done because of the danger of encountering diphtheria, the consequences of which are sometimes unpredictable. At the same time, the introduction of any vaccine is a voluntary procedure, so written permission is taken from parents before immunization. If parents refuse, health workers cannot force them. In our country, although vaccination is mandatory, it is carried out only with the consent of loved ones.

Possible reactions and complications

One- and two-component vaccines (for diphtheria and tetanus) are very well tolerated and are among the least reactogenic in medicine. But in the first year of life, the baby is almost always vaccinated against diphtheria together with the pertussis component (DTP vaccine), to which children respond most. Reactions develop within several hours or on the first day after vaccination. They proceed relatively favorably and in most cases do not require specific treatment or assistance from specialists.

What reactions are possible in children to diphtheria vaccination?

  1. Local reactions in the form of redness and swelling of the thigh.
  2. General reaction in the form of weakness, poor health.
  3. Possible fever after diphtheria vaccination. A pronounced reaction is observed if a temperature of more than 38.5 °C lasts more than two to three days and does not go away after taking antipyretic drugs.

Complications of the vaccine include more serious consequences that last a long time with a deterioration of not only the general condition, but sometimes with the development of neurological symptoms. They rarely appear, but they also cause trouble for the child and his parents.

Complications of diphtheria vaccination may include the following.

  1. Toxic reactions in childhood are a whole complex of temporary symptoms, which include: lethargy, partial loss of appetite, when the baby eats rarely and little by little or refuses to eat at all, anxiety and sleep disturbances, deterioration in general well-being.
  2. Various options for nerve damage: convulsions, a shrill cry of the baby that appears a few hours after vaccination, anxiety and a short-term increase in body temperature.
  3. If a lump appears after a diphtheria vaccination, it is possible that this is not a complication, but a violation of the vaccination rules, when the active substance did not enter subcutaneously or intramuscularly, but into the tissue. In this case, such a complication should go away on its own, after a few days or within a week.
  4. Side effects in children following diphtheria vaccination are all variants of allergic reactions: a small rash at the injection site or throughout the body, the appearance of Quincke's edema, an asthmatic attack some time after administration, anaphylactic shock.

Diphtheria after vaccination is not the result of a child’s body’s reaction to the vaccine. It is an accident. Most often, the disease occurs if an already infected child is vaccinated or a low-quality drug is administered that cannot protect the baby from infection.

Complications and side effects from diphtheria vaccination do not always develop immediately; sometimes they appear on the second or third day and require the prescription of medications to normalize well-being.

How to deal with the effects of diphtheria vaccination

Reactions and complications, except for special ones, are in most cases predictable, so you can prepare for them. You should start by reading as much information as possible about the upcoming vaccination and talking with your doctor about the possible consequences.

Let's find out what to do if some unwanted symptoms appear.

  1. If your throat hurts after being vaccinated against diphtheria, it is often not the effect of the vaccine, but the addition of a concomitant infection. If there are no other symptoms, it is enough to gargle with any antiseptic for older children; for children, you can treat the throat with drugs in the form of sprays.
  2. An increase in temperature is a more serious symptom and more often it manifests itself specifically in response to the DTP vaccine. In most cases, doctors recommend waiting for a higher temperature - 38.5 °C to prescribe treatment, but in the case of this vaccine, antipyretic drugs can be prescribed at a body temperature of 37.5 °C or even a little less.
  3. The diphtheria vaccine or injection site hurts. This is possible because inflammation occurs at the site of vaccine administration, which can last up to several days until the entire drug is absorbed by the body. For severe pain, anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed.
  4. After diphtheria vaccination, redness and swelling - what to do in this case? A small local reaction (about 25 mm) does not require the use of special agents. But if the inflammation increases and is painful when touched, then it is enough to prescribe antiallergic and anti-inflammatory drugs. In this case, an examination by a doctor is required.

Rules of conduct before and after vaccination

The basic rule is to stay in or near the clinic for 30 minutes after vaccination, so that in the event of a severe complication, you can quickly and effectively provide emergency care to the child. But this is not the only important point.

What can and cannot be done after diphtheria vaccination?

  1. Walking in the fresh air is necessary if weather conditions permit. It is impossible to limit the baby’s exposure to the fresh air, but staying in crowded places should be excluded. This is important, because after vaccination the child’s immunity is lowered and in such conditions it is easy to catch some kind of infection. Vaccination against diphtheria will take place without consequences if you avoid frequent contact with people for two to three days after vaccination. This will reduce the likelihood of contracting ARVI or other diseases.
  2. You cannot change the diet or feed your child new unusual dishes to prevent allergies from developing.
  3. Is it possible to wet diphtheria vaccine? Water will not cause harm if it is clean and free of impurities that irritate the skin. Therefore, you can get it wet, but not in natural bodies of water.
  4. Is it possible to wash after diphtheria vaccination? Yes, short swimming or showering is acceptable as long as you don't overdo it. But keeping a child in water for a long time is undesirable. You should also not rub the injection site.

Before any vaccination, including against diphtheria, the child should be examined by a pediatrician to exclude the possibility of administering the vaccine to a sick baby.

Types of diphtheria vaccines

In most cases, diphtheria is prevented with multicomponent vaccines. Single-component preparations are administered in case of allergies to other components of the vaccine or when prophylaxis only against this infection is needed.

What vaccines are available that protect against diphtheria?

  1. DPT - administered to children under six years of age (protection against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough).
  2. ADS-M is a vaccine for protection only against diphtheria and tetanus in children over 6 years of age and adults.
  3. AD-M diphtheria toxoid for emergency prevention of the disease.
  4. "Pentaxim" helps develop protection against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio and hemophilus influenzae infection.
  5. "Infanrix" - contains protective cells against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough. This is an imported analogue of the DTP vaccine.
  6. Infanrix Hexa is a six-component vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B and polio.

Is diphtheria vaccination necessary or is it better to refuse it? Forced intervention in the functioning of human immunity by doctors is due to many years of unsuccessful experience in the fight against diphtheria. It is not yet possible to completely defeat and eradicate this disease. You can only reduce the likelihood of contracting diphtheria and prepare the body to meet it with the help of vaccination.

Vaccination against polio

Measles, rubella, mumps vaccination

Is a child contagious after polio vaccination?

Source: http://privivku.ru/detyam/privivka-ot-difterii-detyam.html

Diphtheria vaccination: features, contraindications, side effects

As protection against a dangerous infection, children are vaccinated against diphtheria in infancy. The disease is caused by a toxin from the microorganism Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The course of the disease is quite severe: dense films form on the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, throat and intestines, under which ulcers and tissue necrosis are found.

If the serum is not administered on time, the mortality rate is 70 out of 100. Therefore, diphtheria vaccination is given to children from the age of three months in the form of a complex vaccine - DTP, which at the same time protects against tetanus and whooping cough. In its isolated form, anti-diphtheria vaccination is used extremely rarely today.

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus

Most often, children are vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus at the same time - it is a combination of toxoids and is called ADS. There is also a vaccine with a pertussis component (DPT vaccine), but not all children tolerate it. Why is an injection given for two diseases at once? There are quite justifiable reasons for this:

  • both components (anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus) require the same active substance - aluminum hydroxide;
  • vaccination calendars, schedules, and timing of vaccination against these diseases (if taken separately) coincide, which makes it possible to administer these vaccines simultaneously;
  • The current level of industrial development makes it possible to place these two components into one drug, which means the number of injections for children is halved.

In any case, it is convenient for doctors, parents, and children themselves that one vaccination provides protection against two dangerous infections at once. Accordingly, the reaction of a small organism to vaccination and its side effects can only be experienced once instead of twice.

Features of vaccination

Doctors should inform parents in advance when diphtheria vaccination is given and how to prepare for the upcoming vaccination. It is carried out in accordance with the generally accepted vaccination calendar:

Full susceptibility of the body to diphtheria is formed after the administration of three doses of the vaccine (they are given at intervals of 30–40 days). But to maintain the immune system, children are given two more auxiliary vaccinations against diphtheria, which allow them to maintain immunity to infection for 10 years. So revaccination after this will be necessary only at 16–17 years of age.

The second question that parents always worry about before this procedure is where children are vaccinated against diphtheria. This requires a muscle, so it is recommended to inject under the shoulder blade or into the thigh, where the thickness of the skin is not great, which means the vaccine will reach its final goal faster.

Despite all the usefulness and maximum effectiveness of this vaccination, and also due to the availability of information on how to get vaccinated against diphtheria, many parents doubt whether to give consent to such a procedure. Why does the number of refusals from it not decrease every year, but grow?

Pros and cons

Before vaccination, parents ask whether diphtheria vaccination is mandatory and whether it is possible to refuse it. On the one hand, you can write a refusal, and then the injection will not be administered to the child. But at the same time, doctors must explain to parents in detail what this can lead to. You need to keep in mind the benefits of diphtheria vaccination:

  • the risk of infection is minimal;
  • even if a child gets sick with diphtheria, but is vaccinated against it, the course of the disease will be rapid, the form will be mild, recovery will not be long in coming;
  • When your child grows up, he may not be hired due to the lack of information about this vaccination in his medical record.

Moreover, the list of jobs for which vaccination against diphtheria is mandatory is quite impressive:

  • agricultural;
  • construction;
  • irrigation;
  • procurement;
  • geological;
  • fishing;
  • exploration;
  • expeditionary;
  • animal care;
  • maintenance of sewerage facilities;
  • medicine;
  • education.

So if you want to see your baby as a doctor or teacher in the future, it is better to immediately agree to vaccination, otherwise many doors will simply close in front of him. Why, then, does the diphtheria vaccine scare parents so much that they refuse a life-saving and so useful injection? Perhaps they are frightened by the list of complications that may arise after it. However, they develop only if some contraindications have not been observed, the presence of which is detected in children before they are given the vaccine.

Contraindications

One of the most important advantages of diphtheria vaccination is the minimum of contraindications. Vaccination is not carried out at all if the child has an individual intolerance to the components of the administered drug. In other cases, vaccination can only be postponed:

  • in the acute course of any disease;
  • if there is a high temperature;
  • if you are taking potent medications;
  • presence of eczema;
  • if the child has diathesis.

If individual intolerance or these factors were not identified in time, only in this case can one expect any side effects after vaccination against diphtheria. In all other cases, the reaction to this vaccination does not go beyond the norm.

Reaction to vaccination

Parents should know what reaction their child should have to the diphtheria vaccine so as not to worry unnecessarily. Despite the fact that the symptoms of this post-vaccination reaction can be unpleasant, they pass quickly and without a trace, without affecting the child’s health in any way. These most often include:

  • local reaction: redness of the skin;
  • lethargy;
  • general malaise;
  • drowsiness;
  • if the diphtheria vaccine hurts, you don’t need to be afraid: inflammation forms at the injection site, which can be accompanied by pain, so this reaction is natural for a whole week after vaccination;
  • a slight swelling at the injection site can also last for a week until the drug is completely absorbed into the blood;
  • the formation of a lump is a consequence of the fact that the vaccine preparation did not get into the muscle, but into the tissue under the skin: there is nothing wrong with this, but this neoplasm will take a long time to resolve - within a month;
  • if a child has a fever within two days after vaccination, it can be brought down with antipyretics; usually it does not last too long and is not extremely high.

In order for the reactions after the injection to be completely normal, you need to know a few basic points about caring for the puncture site. For example, many people are interested in how long they should not wash after vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus, although there are no contraindications to water procedures after this vaccination. You just don’t need to bathe your child in a too hot bath with foam, much less with salt, so as not to irritate the skin at the injection site. It is also better not to use a washcloth for a week. Otherwise, there are no restrictions, so parents should not be afraid to give consent to vaccination against diphtheria. Moreover, complications after it are extremely rare.

Complications

All the consequences of diphtheria vaccination can hardly be called complications, since, firstly, they are very rare, and secondly, they do not cause significant harm to the child’s health. These include:

All these diseases can be treated in a short time. They are extremely rare as side effects after diphtheria vaccination. Moreover, the motives of those parents who refuse this vaccination are not clear. No anaphylactic shock or deaths were observed after ADS injection. At the same time, the effectiveness and benefits of vaccination have been repeatedly confirmed in practice. So, before making such an important decision, parents should definitely talk to their pediatrician, find out all the advantages and disadvantages of the anti-diphtheria injection and draw the right conclusions. After all, both the health and future life of the baby will depend on them.

There are a number of conclusions about the dangers of washing cosmetics. Unfortunately, not all new mothers listen to them. 97% of shampoos use the dangerous substance Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) or its analogues. Many articles have been written about the effects of this chemistry on the health of both children and adults. At the request of our readers, we tested the most popular brands.

The results were disappointing - the most advertised companies showed the presence of those very dangerous components in their composition. In order not to violate the legal rights of manufacturers, we cannot name specific brands. The Mulsan Cosmetics company, the only one that passed all the tests, successfully received 10 points out of 10 (check out). Each product is made from natural ingredients, completely safe and hypoallergenic.

If you doubt the naturalness of your cosmetics, check the expiration date; it should not exceed 10 months. Be careful when choosing cosmetics, this is important for you and your child.

Any copying is prohibited without permission from the administration.

Diphtheria vaccination for children: timing and side effects

Diphtheria is a dangerous infectious disease to which residents of Russia are especially susceptible. It causes many serious, irreversible consequences in both children and adults. Parents who vaccinate their children rush to get vaccinated against diphtheria, protecting their child from the disease.

After the diphtheria vaccine is introduced into the child's body, it begins to produce antitoxic antibodies, which are substances that protect the baby from the toxins produced by the diphtheria bacillus. The diphtheria vaccine is part of such vaccine preparations as ADS, ADS-M, DTP, Tetrakok, Pentaxim, Infanrix. DPT also contains a vaccine against whooping cough and tetanus, protecting the child’s body from three dangerous diseases at the same time.

Composition of the vaccine against diphtheria in children and at what age are vaccinations given?

Vaccination against diphtheria for children is carried out using the following diphtheria toxoids, which are registered in Russia:

1. ADS – diphtheria-tetanus toxoid. It is administered to children under 6 years of age in a dosage of 0.5 ml.

2. ADS-M – diphtheria-tetanus toxoid. Used for vaccination of children over 6 years of age and adults, 0.5 ml is administered.

3. AD-M – diphtheria toxoid. 0.5 ml is administered to children over 6 years of age.

The DTP vaccine is used to immunize children from 3 months to 6 years of age who have contraindications to the DTP vaccine or those who have already had whooping cough. The course is two doses, the interval between diphtheria vaccinations is 30–45 days. Revaccination with the ADS vaccine is carried out once, 9–12 months after the second dose of the drug. Children who have reached 6 years of age are revaccinated with the ADS-M vaccine.

Revaccination: vaccination of a child at 7 and 14 years old

The ADS-M vaccine is used for revaccination of children at 7, 14 years of age and adults every 10 years. This vaccine is also used to immunize children over 6 years of age who have never been vaccinated against diphtheria before.

A 7-year-old child is vaccinated against diphtheria using the DTP or ADS vaccine; ADS-M is used at this age only for revaccination or is administered to those children who have not previously been vaccinated against this infection.

According to the national calendar, vaccination against diphtheria is not carried out at the age of 14, only revaccination is carried out.

Vaccination of children against diphtheria: frequency of vaccinations

Vaccination against diphtheria for children of early and preschool age is carried out intramuscularly; upon reaching the age of 6, the vaccine can be administered in another way - deep subcutaneously.

When are children vaccinated against diphtheria according to the national calendar? The first dose is administered to the baby at three months of age, the second at 4 and 5 months, the third at six months, the fourth at one and a half months, and the fifth at 6–7 years. Children develop full-fledged strong immunity after three doses of the vaccine. The frequency of diphtheria vaccinations for the first three times should be 30–40 days. In order to develop immunity of the child’s body to diphtheria, it is necessary to give two more auxiliary vaccinations - at one and a half years and at 6-7 years, they will maintain protective properties for 10 years. Revaccination is carried out only after 10 years, at the age of 16–17 years.

Another common question that parents ask specialists is where children are vaccinated against diphtheria. The drug is injected into the muscle; the area under the shoulder blade or thigh is best suited for injection. In these places the skin is thin, so the drug will quickly reach its final goal.

For all children under three years of age, the diphtheria vaccine is injected into the anterolateral surface of the thigh. After three years, the vaccine is given in the shoulder, strictly from the side. The diphtheria vaccine contains a large amount of aluminum hydroxide, which helps improve immunity.

Do children who have been ill need diphtheria vaccination?

Do children who have already had this infectious disease need a diphtheria vaccination? The disease with diphtheria is regarded as the first vaccination; for those who were infected after the first vaccination, the disease is regarded as the second vaccination. After suffering from diphtheria, vaccination is carried out further according to the national compulsory vaccination calendar.

Most parents, every time before the next vaccination of their baby, doubt whether they need to be vaccinated. At their discretion, parents can write a refusal to immunize in this way, but first you should familiarize yourself with the benefits of vaccination and the possible risks in case of its absence. The diphtheria vaccine has the following positive aspects:

  • the risk of infection is minimized;
  • if the child gets sick, he will suffer a mild form of the disease without complications;
  • If all immunization rules are followed, the occurrence of side effects is minimal.

If you refuse immunization, the risk of contracting an infection increases significantly. At the same time, experts note that in unvaccinated children the disease occurs in extremely severe forms, causing serious complications, often even fatal. Vaccinated children can also become infected, so parents should not assume that vaccination completely protects against the disease. But, nevertheless, vaccinated children have a smooth course and a favorable outcome; many children can act as carriers of the infection only for a while, while they themselves do not suffer from diphtheria. The development of diphtheria in vaccinated children becomes possible when immunity decreases, as well as in cases of violation of the timing and rules of vaccination.

Complications after diphtheria vaccination: fever, pain, lump

Parents need to know what reactions can occur to vaccinations so they know when to seek professional help. Like any other vaccination, diphtheria immunization may cause some side effects and complications. Most often, minor side effects occur from the diphtheria vaccine. During the first few days, unpleasant symptoms may be observed that do not pose a threat to the child’s body and, as a rule, soon disappear without a trace.

Typically, side effects of diphtheria vaccination in children are observed, such as redness of the injection site, lethargy, drowsiness, general malaise, and weakness. The child may even experience pain after diphtheria vaccination at the injection site; such a reaction is considered completely normal and can be observed within a week after vaccination. Experts even warn parents that a bump from the diphtheria vaccine may form at the injection site. It appears as a result of the vaccine preparation entering the subcutaneous tissue, while it needs to be injected only into the muscle. There is nothing dangerous in the formation of a lump, but such a formation will dissolve for quite a long time - approximately within a month, causing pain. Children often feel pain and aches in their muscles and joints.

Temperature after vaccination against diphtheria is a common occurrence, however, if it does not reach 40 degrees. If the temperature rises to 38 degrees and persists for more than two days, an antipyretic should be given.

In some cases, allergic reactions to the composition of the vaccine preparation may develop. They usually appear as skin rashes, swelling and hives.

Complications occur extremely rarely after diphtheria vaccination, and they usually do not pose a danger to the child’s health. These include diarrhea, profuse sweating, cough, pharyngitis, otitis media, runny nose and bronchitis.

In pediatric practice, however, cases of serious complications from the ADS vaccine have been recorded, which are manifested by severe allergic reactions. A child may be allergic to each of the components of the vaccine preparation, therefore, before immunization, children should be examined by specialists. Parents must definitely show their child to a neurologist, since complications may be associated with impaired functioning of the central nervous system.

There is only one absolute contraindication to vaccination against diphtheria, these are allergic reactions of the child’s body to the components of the vaccine. In this case, immunization cannot be carried out at all. Temporary vaccination is not given if the child has a fever or other signs of a cold. Vaccination is postponed for a month from the moment the child fully recovers.

What should you not do after diphtheria vaccination so as not to cause complications?

To minimize the occurrence of side effects after diphtheria vaccination in children, you should know how to care for the puncture site. Many parents are interested in the question of what should not be done after diphtheria vaccination so as not to cause complications.

First of all, they want to know whether it is possible to bathe the baby after vaccination. In fact, there are no contraindications to water procedures; you just shouldn’t allow soap to get into the injection site, and also shouldn’t use too hot water. It is not recommended to use a washcloth for a week so as not to irritate the delicate baby skin. There is also no need to treat the injection site with any antiseptic agents.

In the event of a diphtheria epidemic, mass vaccination is carried out unscheduled. To create strong immunity, it is very important to carry out vaccinations on time, without violating the established deadlines, because the sooner a child is vaccinated, the lower the likelihood of contracting a dangerous infection. Knowing at what age children are vaccinated against diphtheria, parents can independently control the timing of vaccination.

All parents have the right to refuse vaccination of their child by providing a written refusal addressed to the head of the children's clinic.

Source: http://vkapuste.ru/?p=6620

Diphtheria vaccination: should adults and children be given it, schedule and contraindications

Vaccination against diphtheria prevents the development of the acute phase of the disease and reduces the risk of complications and consequences of the infection.

Epidemiological control over the spread of diphtheria bacillus among adults and children is carried out by routine vaccination, the timing of which is established by the World Health Organization.

The effectiveness of diphtheria vaccination depends on two main factors:

  • First, how good is the quality of the diphtheria vaccine serum.
  • Secondly, what is the coverage of the population that has received the diphtheria vaccine.

According to official data, only when 95% of the population is vaccinated will the required effectiveness of vaccination against diphtheria infection be achieved. Should I do it? The vaccine reduces the risk of infection with a bacterial bacillus and the development of diphtheria, which leads to damage to all ENT organs. Dense films can be found on the mucous membranes of the oropharynx. This film is a developing pathogen that over time will infect organs and tissues, and, as a result, severe intoxication will develop.

Quite often, fibrinous films form in the oropharynx. This phenomenon is dangerous because the film formed in the larynx, bronchi and trachea easily peels off: the thick walls collapse, blocking the airways, which leads to the death of the patient. Vaccination against diphtheria for children is necessary to prevent the development of complications that develop when exotoxin enters the systemic bloodstream. This substance causes swelling in the vascular walls and massively affects internal organs.

Vaccination against diphtheria is associated with components of whooping cough and tetanus; administration of the drug after an acute viral infection or allergy can lead to negative immune reactions. Before carrying out routine vaccination, a three-day course of antihistamine therapy should be carried out before and after the introduction of serum into the child’s body. The vaccination schedule is established by the national calendar of preventive vaccinations.

As soon as the baby is three months old, it is time to immunize: to reduce the number of injections, vaccines are combined. The child will receive one vaccination, which acts simultaneously against diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus. After the first vaccination, you must repeat the same injection a month later.

After completion of vaccination, reaction prophylaxis begins a year later. The first revaccination is carried out one year after the last vaccination, the second after seven years, and the third after ten. Adults receive the vaccine every ten years. Vaccination against diphtheria is the most effective way to prevent this disease at present.

Contraindications to diphtheria vaccination for children and adults:

  • prematurity;
  • intrauterine pathology of the fetus, congenital malformations;
  • acute infections;
  • non-communicable diseases in the acute phase:
  • anaphylactic shock, bronchial asthma;
  • primary and secondary immunodeficiencies;
  • severe systemic pathology (protoporphyria, collagenosis);
  • exacerbation of chronic processes;
  • blood pathology;
  • severe diseases of the central nervous system (epilepsy, encephalitis, meningitis);
  • renal or liver failure;
  • an immediate type reaction in response to the administration of a vaccine.

The introduction of vaccines in the presence of contraindications, hidden diseases with an incomplete examination of the patient, and while drinking alcohol increases the risk of side effects by several tens of times. Failure of the protective immune system leads to an increase in pathological inflammatory reactions with the development of auto-aggression to one’s own organs and tissues.

A refusal to vaccinate is drawn up by parents every 6 months and is included in the child’s outpatient record. According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, the lack of preventive vaccinations is not a reason for refusing to enroll a child in preschool and school institutions.

During routine immunization with live inactivated sera, an unvaccinated baby is placed in quarantine for up to 21 days due to the risk of infection. Refusal of preventive vaccinations is the choice of every parent; it requires careful familiarization with documents, certificates and legal norms.

Is the body fully protected after vaccination? Vaccination and revaccination do not exclude the possibility of developing the disease. Regardless of a person’s age, the disease can occur due to massive infection, being in a closed group or quarantine.

In order to immediately diagnose the first signs of diphtheria, a person must be regularly monitored by specialists. It is also necessary to follow the procedures of general strengthening therapy, which will allow the immune system to fight the disease in the initial stages if a person does become infected with diphtheria.

Is it possible to wash after diphtheria vaccination? After the injection, a small bump remains on the skin of the arm or under the shoulder blade, which is not advisable to get wet on the first day after the vaccine is administered.

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus: types of vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria, polio

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus allows you to prevent the acute phase of the disease if a person contracts diphtheria. Compared to those who have not received the vaccine, vaccinated people tolerate this infection much more painlessly: diphtheria does not affect internal organs, and fibrinous films do not form. Anatoxin blocks the toxic effects of the pathogen exotoxin after it enters the body of a child or adult.

Immunization with diphtheria toxoid is carried out according to the routine vaccination schedule, taking into account the interval:

  • 45 days for a child under one year old;
  • 7 years in a child older than one year and under 14 years of age;
  • 10 years from 14 to 56 years old.

The frequency of vaccination is required to create intense immunity, prevent pathological reactions and complications of immunization. If a child has contraindications against vaccination, he should be under the supervision of a doctor throughout the entire period of treatment.

The combined classical vaccine DTP is a whole-cell associated pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus serum, the clinical safety of which allows it to be administered only to completely healthy children. Due to the high incidence of complications and side effects after DTP, diphtheria and tetanus vaccination is not used in European countries.

ADS without a pertussis component is administered to children with severe damage to the central nervous system, in the presence of contraindications and individual intolerance. If a child has had whooping cough, after complete recovery he is vaccinated according to plan with the diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.

Pentaxim is an adsorbed acellular tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccine, including inactivated polio serum and pathogenic antigen for the prevention of Haemophilus influenzae. Pentaxim is easier to tolerate than DPT due to its inactivated components.

Infanrix is ​​the most gentle method of vaccination against diphtheria; it contains acellular components of the cell wall of the pertussis antigen. Reviews from parents after immunization with this vaccine indicate good tolerability and the absence of general and local reactions to the administration of the serum.

Infanrix-Gexa contains tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis components, Haemophilus influenzae antigens, inactivated polio serum and vaccine against hepatitis group B. The vaccine is well tolerated by young children and does not cause side effects or complications.

Where is immunization carried out? Routine immunization is carried out by a pediatrician at the place of observation and management of the child in the preventive vaccination room. If emergency administration of toxoid is necessary, parents and the baby are sent to an infectious diseases hospital.

Diphtheria vaccination: when given to adults, vaccination schedule for adults, side effects

To prevent the disease, vaccination against diphtheria is indicated; when routine immunization is given to adults, exacerbations of chronic pathology, acute viral diseases and intolerance to components should be excluded. Unlike the child's body, adult patients react more severely to pertussis and tetanus components.

Revaccination for adults is often carried out with an ADS vaccine without a pertussis component; this is associated with a high risk of damage to the respiratory center of the central nervous system by pertussis exotoxin. Local changes in the injection area in adults are weakly expressed, however, fever, general weakness and general intoxication syndrome are characteristic.

When should an adult be vaccinated against diphtheria? Booster vaccinations should be given to every adult. Vaccinated people tolerate diphtheria infection much easier compared to unvaccinated people. It is recommended to carry out immunoprophylactic vaccinations when traveling to other countries and territories with focal outbreaks of infection.

The diphtheria vaccination schedule for adults focuses on regular administration of the ADS vaccine, namely every ten years. Vaccination is carried out only by a specialist from a medical institution and strictly under his supervision.

The individual characteristics of the human body are also taken into account so that vaccination against diphtheria does not cause more harm than good. Side effects in adults following diphtheria vaccination include local symptoms in the area of ​​intramuscular injection in the form of redness, swelling and soreness.

Local changes can develop into more severe forms:

  • hyperemia;
  • edema;
  • infiltration;
  • abscess;
  • lymphadenitis;
  • lymphangitis;
  • keloid scar.

Possible increase in intoxication syndrome, general weakness, weakness, malaise. Common side effects:

  • osteomyelitis;
  • arthritis;
  • convulsions;
  • organic damage to the central nervous system (whooping cough and tetanus components);
  • serum sickness;
  • anaphylactic shock.

Important

Vaccination against diphtheria during pregnancy is not given, since there is a high probability of intrauterine infection of the fetus.

Diphtheria vaccination: consequences, reactions, side effects and complications

For immunoprophylaxis and prevention of the spread of an infectious disease among the population, regardless of the patient’s age, diphtheria vaccination is performed; the consequences develop in the presence of contraindications to vaccination and individual intolerance to serum components. Negative reactions of the immune system develop in response to the entry of a pathogenic agent into the human body.

After vaccination, adults and adolescents are required to take a three-day course of antihistamine therapy to reduce the activity of immune defense cells. An effective way to prevent side effects after vaccination is to take a premature course of drugs that block histamine receptors for five days before immunization.

The reaction to the vaccine is manifested by severe pulling or shooting pain, redness of the skin in the form of a bright red spot and severe swelling. An increase in the intensity of the pain syndrome is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, intoxication syndrome and a decrease in overall performance. With undiagnosed immunodeficiency conditions, the risk of developing organic damage to the central nervous system, osteomyelitis or joint damage increases.

Before immunization, the doctor is required to conduct a set of examinations, which includes a general examination, pharyngoscopy, film culture, blood and urine tests, as well as determination of antibody titers.

Side effects develop after the introduction of complex vaccines; this is due to the impossibility of an adequate immune response when a large number of pathogenic antigens enter the body. Immunization requires a thorough examination of the patient, the complete exclusion of any pathologies and acute infections to prevent the development of complications.

Complications and consequences of diphtheria vaccination are manifested by the sudden onset of convulsive syndrome against the background of severe hyperthermia and intoxication. Convulsions may be clonic at the site of vaccine administration or clonicotonic, involving the entire striated muscle.

The condition is dangerous due to damage to the respiratory muscles followed by respiratory arrest. Post-vaccination meningitis and encephalitis develop spontaneously, are accompanied by a variety of clinical symptoms, and require early treatment in a hospital setting.

How to care for the injection site? To prevent negative reactions after vaccination against diphtheria, it is recommended not to wet the injection site on the first day. Rubbing and scratching can lead to bacterial infection and increased swelling and redness in the post-vaccination area. Taking antihistamines will eliminate unpleasant symptoms and reduce the risk of side effects.

Specialty: Otorhinolaryngologist Work experience: 29 years

Specialty: Audiologist Work experience: 7 years

Source: http://gajmorit.com/difterija/privivka/