Preparations for staphylococcus

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11 effective antibiotics against staphylococcus

Staphylococcus is an opportunistic gram-positive bacterium that has a spherical or spherical shape. About 30-35% of the world's population are permanent carriers of this bacillus.

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Pathogenic staphylococci cause a wide range of diseases: from mild skin infections to serious diseases with complications and a high mortality rate.

The inflammatory process affects the cardiovascular, digestive, integumentary and nervous systems. Science has identified about three dozen strains of staphylococcus, each of which has a certain pathogenetic activity and degree of aggressiveness.

  1. Epidermal. It is a component of normal skin microflora. Pathogenic bacteria are dangerous for people with reduced immunological reactivity, newborns and cancer patients.
  2. Golden. This strain of staphylococcus is most often localized on the skin and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.
  3. Saprophytic. Concentrates in the urethra, causing cystitis.

Features of antimicrobial therapy for staphylococcus

Antibiotics are powerful medications that, although they stop the development of infection in the body, have many side effects. Before resorting to this method of treatment, it is necessary to assess the possible risks and be sure to consult with a specialist.

The use of antibiotics is advisable if the infection has spread throughout the body and entered the bloodstream. Another objective reason in favor of such treatment is immunodeficiency, in which any component of the immune apparatus is lost and the body’s ability to exhibit protective immunological functions against pathogens of infectious diseases is impaired.

It is impossible to give a definite answer to the question of which antibiotic is guaranteed to kill staphylococcus.

Even strong antibiotic drugs do not guarantee 100% elimination of staphylococcus and provide only temporary improvement.

When treating purulent-necrotic inflammation of the hair follicle, relapses occur in half of the patients. Moreover, repeated treatment should be carried out with other medications, since pyogenic bacteria are antibiotic resistant. In such cases, infectious disease doctors prescribe a combination of drugs.

In recent years, pathogenic species of staphylococci have mutated and become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. For example, Staphylococcus aureus is capable of breaking down β-lactam antibiotics using a special enzyme, penicillinase. When getting rid of this type of pathogen, semi-synthetic penicillins and cephalosporins of the 2nd and 3rd generations have proven themselves well.

The main disadvantage of antibiotic drugs is their non-selectivity. After a long course of treatment, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microflora is disrupted, which leads to the development of dysbiosis. Antibiotics destroy beneficial microorganisms that promote the absorption of proteins, vitamins and microelements, digestion of food, ensure lipid metabolism and neutralize putrefactive bacteria and toxins.

The attending physician prescribes antibiotics to treat serious diseases such as:

  • Pyelonephritis is an inflammatory process of bacterial origin that occurs in the kidneys.
  • Staphylococcal pneumonia is a severe inflammation of the lung tissue, in which there is a high probability of developing sepsis.
  • Endocarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, the inner lining of the heart. Endocarditis has an infectious etiology. The disease is characterized by pronounced symptoms: fever, difficulty breathing, general weakness and pain in the chest area.
  • Myocarditis is an inflammatory process in the heart muscle, most often associated with the action of a bacterial agent;
  • Osteomyelitis is a purulent-necrotic process that affects bone tissue;
  • Sepsis is a generalized disease in which a local infectious process causes total infection of the body.
  • Otitis is an inflammatory process, predominantly of a bacterial nature, localized in the outer, middle or inner ear;
  • Tonsillitis is an infectious and inflammatory lesion of the elements of the pharyngeal ring.

Antimicrobial drugs that eradicate staphylococci

Penicillins, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are the main drugs used in the treatment of staphylococcal infections.

The difficulty is that there are methicillin-resistant Styphylococcus aureus, which causes severe and difficult to treat diseases, such as sepsis and pneumonia. Microbiologists call it multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus has adapted to survive in the presence of dicloxacillin, methicillin and oxacillin.

The medical community is sounding the alarm, because every year the number of resistant strains increases by an average of 10%. These data were obtained during scientific research conducted in the United States of America. When methicillin-resistant staphylococcus enters the body, the likelihood of death increases sharply. However, even modern drugs of the latest generation do not guarantee complete eradication of pathogenic bacteria.

Get acquainted with the groups and lists of drugs:

Clarithromycin

This is a semi-synthetic broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic. It is resistant to high acidity and has good pharmacological properties. For example, the resistance of clarithromycin to hydrochloric acid is one hundred times higher than that of erythromycin, which is the first antibiotic that laid the foundation for the class of macrolides. Clarithromycin disrupts the protein synthesis of the microorganism and penetrates inside, destroying its core.

The drug is used in the treatment of pyoderma and inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract: rhinitis, laryngitis, adenoiditis, etc. It is not advisable to take an antibiotic during lactation and in the last stages of pregnancy. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus with potent antibiotics is carried out only if the benefit to the mother outweighs the potential risk to the fetus.

Azithromycin

This is a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug related to azalides. Azithromycin is actively used in the treatment of otolaryngological diseases. It suppresses protein synthesis, stops the growth and reproduction of pathogens. It can be taken during pregnancy, but only under the supervision of a doctor. Treatment of staphylococcus with Azithromycin during breastfeeding is unacceptable.

Vancomycin

A tricyclic antibiotic from the group of glycopeptides is ideal for antimicrobial therapy against Staphylococcus aureus. The drug is practically not metabolized in the human body.

Vancomycin is aggressive against many resistant strains, and its bactericidal effect is due to inhibition of the biosynthesis of the cell wall of the pathogenic microorganism. It is contraindicated in the first trimester of pregnancy. In later stages, it is taken only for vital indications.

Amoxicillin

This is a semi-synthetic medicine with a broad spectrum of action, related to penicillins. The acid included in its composition is obtained from mold cultures. These organic compounds are highly active against staphylococcus.

Amoxicillin is often prescribed as a preventive measure. Its use allows you to avoid postoperative complications. The bioavailability of the drug is higher than that of most analogues. The antibiotic penetrates the placental barrier, excreted in small quantities in breast milk.

It is not recommended for use by persons under 18 and those who have certain liver diseases.

Not recommended for use in patients with infectious mononucleosis; during the period of relapse of chronic carriage of Epstein-Barr and cytomegalovirus infections; in the presence of renal and liver failure; in patients with beta-lactam intolerance. The drug is incompatible with alcohol.

Lincomycin

An antibacterial agent of the lincosamide group, the effect of which depends on the concentration: in small doses it acts bacteriostatically (suppresses the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms), and in large doses it has a bactericidal effect (causes their death).

Lincomycin is a white, bitter-tasting powder that dissolves well in water. An antibiotic is prescribed for purulent tissue inflammation: phlegmon and abscess, as well as osteomyelitis. Cannot be used during pregnancy and lactation.

Lincomycin hydrochloride (solution for parenteral administration) is contraindicated in children under one month of age. The oral form of the drug (capsules) is not prescribed to patients under six years of age.

Ciprofloxacin

Broad-spectrum antibiotic Ciprofloxacin from the group of second-generation fluoroquinolones. It is considered the most effective representative of this group of drugs. Ciprofloxacin is actively used in clinical practice. The antibiotic, available in the form of an ointment, is prescribed for staphylococcal eye lesions.

Ciprofloxacin is indicated for postoperative rehabilitation. Contraindicated for pregnant and nursing mothers and patients under 18 years of age. In children, the drug causes dystrophic joint damage.

Furazolidone

An antibiotic of the nitrofuran group that has an antimicrobial effect. Active against Staphylococcus aureus in the gastrointestinal tract. When administered orally, Furazolidone is well absorbed. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are sensitive to it.

Contraindications for use are pregnancy, breastfeeding and age under one year.

Nifuroxazide

Broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug. Nifuroxazide is indicated for infections in the intestines. The antibiotic is a derivative of nitrofuran. The substance is a crystalline bright yellow powder that is almost insoluble in water.

When taken orally, it is practically not absorbed. Contraindications: age under two months and prematurity. During pregnancy, the drug is recommended to be taken with great caution and under the supervision of a specialist.

Tetracycline

This bacteriostatic antibiotic from the tetracycline group is active against many strains. It is widely used in dentistry and ophthalmology. Tetracycline is available in the form of tablets and ointments.

Antimicrobial therapy with this drug implies a complete abstinence from consuming dairy products, as they affect its absorption. Tetracycline is contraindicated in children under eight years of age, pregnant women, and people with impaired liver function.

Antibiotics in the treatment of resistant strains

Levofloxacin and Roxithromycin are the main drugs used in the treatment of resistant strains of staphylococcus. Levofloxacin is a third generation antibiotic belonging to the fluoroquinolones. It is indicated for staphylococcal pneumonia, tuberculosis, sinusitis and pyelonephritis.

Like all fluoroquinolone drugs, it is quite toxic.

Not used to treat patients:

  • under 18 years of age;
  • pregnant and breastfeeding women;
  • with hemolytic anemia, epilepsy, diseases of the joints and ligaments.

It is prescribed with caution to elderly patients, due to age-related decline in renal function.

Roxithromycin is a derivative of erythromycin. It is prescribed as a prophylaxis for meningitis to persons who have come into contact with the patient. Roxithromycin is effective for infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, skin and soft tissues, urinary tract, etc.

Therapy with these medications is possible only with an accurate identification of the pathogen. The course of treatment is at least 5 days. After its completion, it is recommended to conduct a bacterial analysis to confirm the eradication of pathogenic staphylococcus.

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Rules for taking antibiotics for staphylococcal infections

The chances of a successful treatment outcome increase with proper use of antibiotics.

  • Not all antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus are available by prescription, but this does not mean that you can self-prescribe drug therapy. Before taking such potent drugs, it is necessary to undergo diagnostics: coagulase test, general blood and urine tests, bacteriological culture.

Long courses of antibacterial therapy are carried out under the mandatory supervision of a coagulogram, general and biochemical (monitoring of kidney and liver function) blood tests.

  • Strict adherence to dosage. The required amount of medicine is determined only by the attending physician. Even with visible improvements, the patient should under no circumstances reduce it so that the concentration of the drug in the blood does not decrease. Interrupted treatment is dangerous because bacteria begin to develop resistance. Neglecting these recommendations is fraught with complications: from the notorious dysbacteriosis to impaired liver and kidney function.
  • The minimum course of treatment with antibiotic drugs is 7 days. In severe cases, the course duration can reach several weeks.
  • Read the instructions carefully. The dosage of different antistaphylococcal antibiotics differs in frequency, which is prescribed in the indications for use. Some antibiotics are taken once a day, while others are taken up to 5 times a day. The frequency of administration depends on the rate of excretion of drugs.
  • Dietary correction of the diet during antimicrobial therapy. Certain foods either increase the absorption of medications or interfere with their absorption. The consumption of milk, sweets, baked goods, juices, and yoghurts is prohibited. Antibiotics should not be taken with soda, strong tea or coffee. Alcohol is also strictly prohibited. Sorbents and antacid drugs neutralize the effect of the antibiotic.
  • Age restrictions are taken into account. Some antibiotics for Staphylococcus aureus in adults are prohibited in pediatrics.

    • Alternative Treatments

    For mild cases of the disease, the following medications can be used:

    1. Bacterial lysates promote the active production of antibodies against staphylococcus. They are safe, non-addictive and have no side effects. High cost is their main drawback.
    2. Staphylococcal toxoid forms antistaphylococcal immunity, forcing the body to fight not only against the bacterium, but also against its toxin. Anatoxin is administered by injection for 10 days.
    3. Vaccination against staphylococcus is permissible from the age of six months. Staphylococcal toxoid is a neutralized and purified staphylococcal toxin. When administered, it promotes the formation of specific antibodies to exotoxins produced by staphylococcus. Suitable for children over one year old. Vaccination is used routinely among agricultural and industrial workers, surgical patients, and donors. The frequency of administration and the intervals between them depend on the purpose of vaccination.
    4. Preparations with aloe vera extract are an excellent way to get rid of staphylococcus. The medicinal plant is a powerful natural stimulant that increases the body's protective functions and alleviates the patient's condition. Aloe vera is effective in treating furunculous pustules. It relieves swelling, eliminates pain and promotes tissue regeneration.
    5. Galavit is an immunomodulatory drug with an anti-inflammatory effect, which has proven itself in the eradication of resistant strains of staphylococcus. It has a complex effect, increasing the body's protective functions and destroying pathogenic microorganisms. It is produced in powder form for the purpose of preparing a solution for intramuscular injection (used in patients over 18 years of age), in tablet form and in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. Galavit is approved for use from 6 years of age. Not for pregnant and breastfeeding women.

    Did you know that staphylococcus is the only cause of blackheads or acne?

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    The choice of antibiotics for staphylococcus: principles for selecting a drug for the treatment of infection

    This article will look at antibiotics for staphylococcus, as well as other methods of treating this disease. Many adults and children take a test for staphylococcus to obtain permission to visit workplaces and schools, but few people know what this disease is and why it is so dangerous. We will introduce the reader further to the main characteristics of the disease and the principles of its treatment.

    What is staphylococcus

    Staphylococcus is a conditionally pathogenic microorganism of a spherical shape that lives in colonies of representatives of its species. In a normal state of immunity, staphylococci live in the human body without causing any pathological reactions, however, when immunity is reduced, they can cause infectious damage to organs and tissues. Four types of this bacterium can pose a danger to humans:

    • Saprophytic staphylococcus;
    • Hemolytic staphylococcus;
    • Staphylococcus epidermidis;
    • Staphylococcus aureus.

    According to medical statistics, up to 35% of the world's population are permanent carriers of this bacterium. At the same time, the range of diseases caused by staphylococci ranges from small skin rashes to severe pathological conditions with a high risk of death.

    Different types of bacteria cause damage to different parts of the body. For example, saprophytic staphylococcus usually colonizes the urethra, and with hypothermia (and a subsequent decrease in immunity), its uncontrolled reproduction causes cystitis. Hemolytic staphylococcus can affect various organs and systems; bacteria of this type often cause purulent inflammation. Staphylococcus epidermidis is normally found in small concentrations on the skin, but can cause serious damage to the skin in people with weakened immune systems. Staphylococcus aureus most often affects the skin and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.

    Thus, the term “staphylococcus” can be understood as various pathogenic organisms that cause infectious damage to the body. All staphylococci are gram-positive organisms, so their sensitivity to antibiotics is largely the same, however, each species has its own nuances of drug treatment.

    How to treat staphylococcus

    Staphylococci are bacteria, so the only effective measure to kill them is treatment with antibiotics. However, when deciding on the necessary therapy, the rule “the expected benefit is greater than the probable harm” applies. The fact is that antibiotics negatively affect the patient’s body, especially the liver, and mild staphylococcal infections can go away without them if the affected area is sanitized and the immune system is strengthened.

    Antibiotics for treatment are necessary if there is a direct threat to the patient’s life: for example, there are pustular lesions on the face, throat, head - i.e. in close proximity to the brain, or if there are signs of blood poisoning. Also, treatment with antibiotics is justified in the development of pneumonia and endocarditis, osteomyelitis.

    In order to determine the type of infection and prescribe a drug, it is not enough to evaluate the symptoms of the pathology, because for different diseases they can be similar. Treatment of staphylococcus must begin with bacterial culture.

    To carry out bacterial culture, a sample is taken from the site of the infection - for example, if there is staphylococcus in the throat, a swab is taken from the throat, if the lesion is observed on the skin, a swab is taken from the site of the abscess. A sample of urine, saliva, blood, semen, cerebrospinal fluid and other body fluids can also be used for analysis.

    After taking the analysis, a bacterial culture is inoculated into a nutrient medium, as a result of which it becomes possible to determine the specific type of pathogen, as well as determine which antibiotics will be most effective in destroying it. It is important to collect the most complete medical history of the patient, because Of all the drugs to which the pathogen is sensitive, the one that the patient has not used in the last years of his life is selected. This is done in order to avoid the formation of insensitive strains of bacteria as a result of addiction.

    Basic principles of antibiotic therapy

    It is important to understand that antibiotics for staphylococcus are the only means that can destroy the causative agent of the disease. However, when treating with these drugs, it is important to simultaneously strengthen the body’s immunity, so it is advisable to carry out complex therapy, including vitamin complexes and other means to strengthen the immune system.

    It is impossible to say which medicine works better than others, because... Bacteria are organisms that constantly mutate, gaining resistance to some drugs and losing resistance to others. This is why it is so important to carry out preliminary bacterial culture in order to correctly select the active substance for the prescribed treatment.

    In addition to antibiotics, a local sanitation procedure is used for staphylococcal infections. However, it can only be used if the lesion is small in size and the body’s immunity is relatively preserved - for example, with small rashes on the skin.

    Also, sanitation can be used as a preventive measure if the infection affects the same area - for example, the mucous membrane of the throat or nose, but only if the patient is still healthy. At the first signs of infection, antibiotic therapy should be started.

    For local sanitation, preparations such as aloe vera gel, St. John's wort decoction, furatsilin solution, boric acid, solutions of potassium permanganate or blue, fucorcin, an oil solution of vitamin A are suitable. Depending on the location, you can choose different means, and the frequency and appropriateness of treatments It is better to consult your doctor.

    Staphylococcal toxoid

    Staphylococcal toxoid is not an antibiotic against staphylococcus, but a specific immunomodulator used in the treatment of staphylococcal infections. It is used together with antibiotic treatment in order to simultaneously destroy the causative agent of the disease and build immunity against it.

    Anatoxin is a product of laboratory-grown bacteria that, when introduced into the body, stimulates an immune response. Thus, the immune system is strengthened and fights existing pathogenic colonies of staphylococcus. The negative effect of such a remedy is a fairly high probability of allergic reactions, as well as a temporary rise in temperature and malaise when the first injections are administered.

    Clarithromycin

    Clarithromycin is an antibiotic for the treatment of staphylococcus, belonging to the macrolide group. It is especially effective in the fight against Staphylococcus aureus in the throat. The drug penetrates the protective wall of the bacterium, destroying its core and thereby destroying it. Clarithromycin can be used to treat infections in the upper respiratory tract and pharynx, as well as for pustular diseases of the skin and subcutaneous fat.

    Limitations on the use of this drug are liver failure, because the drug is classified as hepatotoxic. For the same reason, it is not recommended to use it on malnourished patients or children under 6 months of age. During pregnancy, it is used only in cases of extreme necessity, and it is recommended to avoid breastfeeding while taking it.

    During use, quite severe side effects may occur, such as dizziness, insomnia, skin rash, nausea, and vomiting. In addition, the drug can cause an allergic reaction, so its use requires great caution and medical supervision.

    Amoxicillin

    Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the large group of penicillins. This drug is often used to treat sepsis caused by staphylococcus. The medicine is also used in surgical practice to prevent postoperative complications and infections.

    Amoxicillin is contraindicated for use in pregnant women, as well as people suffering from intolerance to penicillin antibiotics. Side effects of its use may include the development of superinfection - i.e. a strain of bacteria that is resistant to treatment with this drug, and dyspeptic symptoms caused by the death of the natural microflora of the body.

    Furazolidone

    The antibiotic Furazolidone is indispensable for Staphylococcus aureus in adults, because this synthetic drug effectively kills bacteria, which in most cases are not resistant to it.

    However, it should be borne in mind that this antibiotic is a broad-spectrum drug, so after a course of taking it, the body’s microflora may suffer. In addition, the medicine is quite toxic, so a course course in combination with B vitamins is mandatory to prevent damage to the nervous system and hepatoprotectors.

    The drug is contraindicated for persons with diseases of the kidneys, liver, or nervous system. Side effects caused by Furazolidone are nutritional disorders (pathological decrease in immunity), as well as severe allergic reactions.

    Vancomycin

    Vancomycin is the gold standard for inflammation caused by staphylococcal infection. The drug belongs to the group of glycopeptides and is effective against a wide range of bacterial pathogens, including staphylococcus. However, the drug can cause severe allergic reactions, and therefore its use is not possible in all patients, and the first dose should only be taken under medical supervision.

    The medicine is not used in patients with liver and kidney diseases, pregnant women, as well as newborns and the elderly. Use on patients with a weakened body should only occur when absolutely necessary and in a hospital setting.

    Treatment of resistant strains

    Bacterial resistance most often develops to penicillin antibiotics, but there are forms that are resistant to other drugs. The drugs most often used against resistant forms of infection are Levofloxacin and Roxithromycin, which kill even mutated bacteria.

    Levofloxacin belongs to the fluoroquinolone group of drugs and has a fairly impressive list of microorganisms against which it is effective. Its effectiveness allows it to be used for the successful treatment of even mixed forms of infections. However, it has some restrictions on use: first of all, it is children and old age, and pregnancy. In addition, Levofloxacin should not be used in patients with psychosis, diabetes mellitus, renal and liver failure, and those predisposed to seizures.

    Roxithromycin Lek belongs to the group of broad-spectrum macrolides. The drug is contraindicated in pregnant women and patients at high risk of developing allergic reactions. In general, the drug has low toxicity, and side effects do not require discontinuation of the drug and can be controlled with symptomatic treatment.

    When resistant strains are found, treatment usually takes longer than a regular staph infection. During therapy and after the disappearance of symptoms, repeated tests for bacteriological culture are necessary to avoid the development of relapse.

    Rules for the treatment of staphylococcus

    The main rule for preventing staphylococcus infection is maintaining personal hygiene. You should wash your hands more often, especially before eating and after visiting the toilet and public places. Under no circumstances should you rub your eyes with dirty hands or put them in your mouth. If you receive open wounds, they can be treated as quickly as possible and covered with sterile dressings until complete healing.

    If one of the family members becomes ill with a staphylococcal infection, then everyone who is in close contact with him/her needs to be diagnosed and prescribed preventive treatment. During the patient’s treatment, healthy family members are recommended to use personal protective equipment (gauze bandages) and change bed linen and towels more often when in contact with a sick relative. Eating from the same container, kissing and other close contacts are prohibited.

    When prescribing antibiotics, it is important to drink the entire prescribed course, because otherwise, the bacteria may become resistant and relapse very soon after stopping taking the pills. The exception is cases of individual intolerance - then the doctor prescribes a different remedy for treatment.

    Antibiotics have a negative effect on the liver, so during treatment it is important not to load it with additional harmful substances. Therefore, the patient needs to follow a diet - eat more meat broths, dietary meats, cereals, and cereals. The possibility of drinking alcohol is completely excluded for the entire period of treatment and rehabilitation.

    Thus, staphylococcal infection is a rather dangerous disease, especially if it does not find timely and adequate treatment. When choosing antibacterial therapy, it is important to undergo preliminary diagnostics in order to determine the most effective drug. During treatment with antibiotics, it is necessary to follow medical recommendations so as not to further injure the body.

    Source: http://proantibiotik.ru/vzroslym/antibiotiki-ot-stafilokokka

    How to treat staphylococcus? 12 best drugs for the treatment of staphylococcus

    The human body can serve as a home for thousands of microbes and bacteria, and such proximity does not necessarily end in disease. The immune system reliably protects us, restraining the activity of uninvited guests and forcing them to follow the rules of good manners. Staphylococcus is no exception; it is normally found in about a third of the world's population, but does not manifest itself in anything for the time being.

    A weakened immune system, simple hypothermia, or the presence of another infection in the body against which antibiotics were used are the reasons why staphylococcus can go on the offensive. Therefore, it is important to understand two things: you cannot be treated with antibiotics in case of the slightest ailment or cold, and it is simply pointless to use them against staphylococcus as a preemptive measure. You still won’t get rid of the carriage, but you will introduce your staphylococcus to antibacterial drugs and negate their effectiveness in the future, when they may really be needed.

    The only reasonable measure to prevent staphylococcal infections is local sanitation of the skin, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract during the cold season, as well as taking medications that strengthen the immune system. The prescription of antibiotics is justified only in the case of severe, life-threatening diseases: pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, multiple purulent abscesses on the skin and soft tissues, boils on the face and head (in close proximity to the brain). But before choosing an antibiotic against staphylococcus, a qualified doctor always performs a bacterial culture.

    At a sanitary and epidemiological station, a skin and venereal disease clinic or a medical office of a specialized specialist (ENT specialist, dermatovenereologist, gynecologist, urologist, pulmonologist, gastroenterologist, infectious disease specialist), a bacterial culture is collected from the site of localization of the staphylococcal infection. This can be a swab from the throat, purulent skin abscess, vagina or urethra, as well as a sample of blood, sputum, urine, saliva, gastric juice, semen and other bodily fluids.

    The resulting material is placed in a nutrient medium, after some time the colony of staphylococci multiplies, and the laboratory assistant can determine what type of pathogen it is and what antibiotics it is sensitive to.

    The culture result looks like a list in which one of the letter designations appears next to the names of all current antimicrobial drugs:

    S (susceptible) - sensitive;

    I (intermediate) - moderately sensitive;

    R (resistant) - stable.

    Among the antibiotics from group “S” or, in extreme cases, “I”, the attending physician chooses a drug with which the patient has not treated any disease over the previous several years. This way there is a greater chance of success and avoiding the rapid adaptation of staphylococcus to the antibiotic. This is especially important when it comes to treating protracted and often recurrent staphylococcal infections.

    Antibiotics and staphylococcus

    In fact, there is only one objective reason for using antibiotics against such a stable and flexible pathogen as staphylococcus - the expected benefit will exceed the inevitable harm. Only when the infection has spread throughout the body, entered the bloodstream, caused fever, and natural defenses are not enough to defeat the disease, it is necessary to resort to antibacterial therapy.

    But there are three good reasons to refuse antibiotics when treating staphylococcus:

    Only second- and third-generation cephalosporins, semi-synthetic penicillins (oxacillin, methicillin), and the most powerful modern antibiotics (vancomycin, teicoplanin, fusidin, linezolid) can cope with some types of pathogens, for example, Staphylococcus aureus. It is increasingly necessary to resort to extreme measures, because over the past 5-10 years, staphylococci have mutated and acquired the enzyme beta-lactamase, with which they successfully destroy cephalosporins and methicillin. For such pathogens there is the term MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), and they have to be destroyed with combinations of drugs, for example, fusidine with biseptol. And if the patient used antibiotics uncontrollably before the onset of an extensive staphylococcal infection, the pathogen may be insensitive;

    No matter how effective an antibiotic is, in practice the effect of its use against staphylococcus is almost always temporary. For example, with furunculosis, after successfully stopping the infection in 60% of patients, the disease recurs, and it is no longer possible to cope with it using the same drug, since the pathogen has adapted. Obviously, such a price is worth paying only to “get out of the dive,” when it is simply impossible to stabilize the condition of a patient with a staphylococcal infection without an antibiotic;

    Antibiotics do not choose victims - in addition to the bacteria against which you use them, they also destroy other microorganisms, including beneficial ones. Long-term treatment with antibacterial drugs almost always provokes dysbiosis in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary organs, and also aggravates the risk of activating other infections present in the body in the form of carriers.

    Is it possible to completely get rid of staphylococcus?

    Let's say right away - no, you can't. Only in very rare cases, when staphylococcus has entered a small area of ​​the skin, and the person’s immunity has been activated for some reason, macrophages manage to cope with the uninvited guest, and then they speak of “transient carriage of staphylococcus.” If such a situation is discovered, it is by pure chance. More often, the pathogen manages to gain a foothold in a new place, especially if the contact was extensive (swimming in an infected body of water, using infected clothing, bed linen, towels). Staphylococcus acquired in a hospital, kindergarten, school or summer camp usually settles in the body for life.

    Why does the immune system of a healthy child or adult not get rid of this dangerous bacterium? Because there are no objective reasons for this until carriage turns into disease. Staphylococcus sitting modestly in a corner does not arouse any interest in the immune system, leukocytes and macrophages do not hunt it, and the necessary antibodies are not produced in the blood. But what to do if, for example, a child suffers from staphylococcal sore throat every fall and winter, or a girl who knows about the presence of a harmful bacterium in her body is planning a pregnancy?

    In these cases, it is necessary to resort to immunostimulating therapy and sanitation of accessible problem areas: pharynx, nasopharynx, skin, vagina. Such measures will not allow you to get rid of staphylococcus forever, but will significantly reduce the number of its colonies and reduce the risk of carriage becoming a dangerous disease.

    How is staphylococcus treated?

    Preventive sanitation is a very effective measure that is recommended for all carriers of staphylococcus to take regularly. Employees of children's educational and medical institutions take nasal swabs twice a year, and if the result is positive, sanitation is carried out, and then the analysis is taken again, trying to achieve the complete absence of staphylococcus in the upper respiratory tract. This is very important, because this is the only way to protect against the spread of the pathogen by airborne droplets.

    If you or your child annually experience relapses of sore throat, furunculosis and other purulent-inflammatory diseases, the cause of which (according to test results, and not based on your guesses) is staphylococcus, it is worth replenishing your home medicine cabinet with means for local sanitation. With the help of these drugs, gargling, nasal instillation, placing cotton swabs in the nasal passages, irrigation or douching of the genital tract, wiping and lubricating the skin or mucous membranes, depending on the location of the carrier, are performed. For each case, you need to select the appropriate version of the drug and strictly adhere to the instructions.

    Here is a list of all effective solutions and ointments against staphylococcus:

    Oil solution of retinol acetate (vitamin A);

    Sodium hypochlorite electrolysis solution;

    Lugol's or iodine solution;

    Fukortsin (Castellani liquid).

    12 best drugs for the treatment of staphylococcus

    We have prepared for you a hit parade of the twelve most effective and safe means with which modern specialists treat staphylococcus. But let this information not serve as a reason for self-medication, because only a qualified doctor, after a thorough diagnosis, can prescribe a drug that is right for you and will not cause unwanted side effects. It is especially important to show a child suffering from a staphylococcal infection to a good doctor and take the time to take the necessary tests.

    Bacterial lysates

    The group of lysates includes preparations that are a fragmented multibacterial culture. Once in the body, particles of bacteria (including staphylococcus) cannot cause a full-scale infection, since their cellular structure is disrupted. But they can provoke an immune response and the production of antibodies. Lysates have many advantages - safety, lack of addiction, contraindications and side effects, the ability to take them as needed, rather than follow a fixed course of treatment. There is only one drawback - high cost. The most popular lysates for the treatment of staphylococcus: imudon, respibron, bronchomunal, IRS-19 spray.

    Staphylococcal toxoid

    This drug is a toxin (poisonous waste product) of laboratory-grown staphylococci. The toxin is purified and neutralized, and then placed in 1 ml ampoules and packaged in boxes of 10 ampoules. This volume of staphylococcal toxoid is sufficient for one course of treatment, the result of which will be the formation of stable immunity in an adult. Toxoid is contraindicated for children.

    The drug is administered in a hospital for ten days, alternately under the right and left shoulder blades. The nurse carefully monitors the patient's condition during the first 30 minutes after the injection. Allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock, are possible. During the entire course of treatment, low-grade body temperature, redness and swelling of the skin at the site of toxoid administration may be observed.

    Staphylococcal antiphagin (vaccine)

    Unlike toxoid, the vaccine is a complex of ready-made heat-resistant antigens to all possible types of staphylococcus. It is also sold in ampoules of 1 ml and cartons of 10 ampoules. Vaccination against staphylococcus is permitted from the age of six months, however, exceptions are allowed, the main thing is that the baby’s body weight is at least 2.5 kg. Staphylococcal antifagin causes the formation of specific immunity, which may be lost over time, so annual revaccination is recommended. In Russia, all these measures are not included in the list of mandatory vaccinations, but at the request of the parents, the child can be vaccinated against staphylococcus.

    CIP (Complex immunoglobulin preparation)

    This medicine for the treatment of staphylococcus and other bacterial infections is made from donated blood by drying. KIP is a protein powder containing three types of antibodies (IgA (15-25%), IgM (15-25%), IgG (50-70%) and packaged in glass ampoules with a capacity of 5 ml. It is this drug that best copes with staphylococcus, because it contains the largest number of antibodies of the IgA and IgM classes, compared to other immunoglobulin drugs.

    Antibodies of the IgM class effectively destroy staphylococci, Shigella, Salmonella, Escherichia and other pathogens of intestinal infections, antibodies of the IgA class prevent the proliferation and adhesion of bacteria to the cells of the body, and antibodies of the IgG class neutralize toxins and contribute to the destruction of staphylococcus by macrophages - the fighters of our immunity. Thus, CIP has several advantages: versatility, complex action, convenient oral administration and the absence of contraindications.

    Human anti-staphylococcal immunoglobulin

    This is also a protein powder extracted from donor blood, but it differs from KIP in its narrow specialization: it contains antibodies only to staphylococcus alpha-exotoxin. By taking such a drug, a patient with a staphylococcal infection receives temporary help from a donor. As soon as the immunoglobulin is stopped, the effect will end, because such treatment does not force the body to produce its own antibodies to staphylococcus, but only compensates for their absence. Intravenous administration of donor antistaphylococcal immunoglobulin temporarily saves in severe diseases, for example, sepsis, endocarditis or pneumonia due to AIDS.

    Aloe vera

    Preparations based on aloe extract (capsules, gels, injection solutions, ointments, syrups) have proven themselves not only in the treatment of staphylococcus. The high biological activity of aloe vera allows you to strengthen the immune system, cope with infections of any location and quickly alleviate the patient’s condition. For example, subcutaneous administration of aloe solution for staphylococcal furunculosis in a few days reduces swelling, neutralizes pain and stops the acute inflammatory process.

    But, like any powerful natural stimulant, aloe vera has contraindications. It is not recommended for pregnant women, as well as women with heavy menstruation, endometriosis and polycystic disease, since aloe increases blood circulation and can provoke internal bleeding. It also increases the activity of the endocrine glands, which is very dangerous for gastric ulcers and pancreatitis. In short, a comprehensive assessment of the condition of the body of a patient with staphylococcal infection is necessary before deciding on treatment with aloe vera.

    Chlorophyllipt

    Another medicinal plant that can cope with staphylococcus is eucalyptus. An alcohol solution (from 0.25 to 1% concentration) for internal and local use, as well as an oil solution (2% concentration) for intravaginal use for staphylococcal erosion of the cervix are prepared from the juice of eucalyptus leaves.

    A weak alcohol solution of chlorophyllipt is added to water and drunk for intestinal infections, as well as instilled and put into the nose, gargled with a sore throat, given enemas - that is, used to sanitize the mucous membranes. A more concentrated preparation is suitable for treating skin affected by abscesses, ulcers, boils and fistulas. In rare cases (with sepsis, peritonitis, pleural empyema, pulmonary abscess), chlorophyllipt is administered intravenously or directly into the body cavity.

    Before the first use, they always test for an allergic reaction: the patient drinks half a glass of water with 25 drops of chlorophyllipt dissolved, and if no negative effects are observed within 24 hours, staphylococcus can be treated with this drug. Chlorophyllipt is prescribed only to adults and children over twelve years of age.

    Mupirocin

    This is the international non-proprietary name of the antibiotic, which is the active ingredient in several medicinal ointments: Bonderma, Supirocin, Bactroban. Mupirocin has a very wide range of uses; it is active against staphylococci, gonococci, pneumococci and streptococci, including aureus and methicillin-resistant.

    Mupirocin-based ointments are used for local treatment of skin and nasal staphylococcal infections. Two types of ointments are available with different antibiotic concentrations, separately for the skin and separately for the mucous membrane. Theoretically, you can lubricate ulcers, ulcers and boils with any type of ointment, but you only need to put a drug specially designed for this in your nose. Ointments with mupirocin can be used from the age of six; they very rarely cause side effects and allergic reactions, while doing an excellent job of local treatment of staphylococcus.

    Baneocin

    This is also an ointment for external use, the active component of which is a tandem of two antibiotics: neomycin and bacitracin. Both antibacterial agents are active against staphylococci, but together they work better, cover a larger number of strains, and addiction to them develops more slowly.

    Baneocin is almost not absorbed into the blood when applied topically, but it creates a very high concentration of antibiotics in the skin, so it copes well with abscesses, ulcers and boils caused by staphylococcus. However, like all antibiotics of the aminoglycoside group, bacitracin and neomycin are dangerous due to their side effects: suppression of hearing and vision, difficulty with kidney function, and disruption of the circulation of nerve impulses in the muscles. Therefore, the use of baneocin is recommended only for the treatment of staphylococcal infections that affect no more than one percent of the skin surface (about the size of the palm).

    Baneocin ointment is available without a prescription and is suitable for children, but is not recommended for pregnant and breastfeeding women due to the risk of antibiotics passing into the blood and breast milk.

    Fuzidin

    Fuzidin, fusidic (fusidic) acid, sodium fusidate - all these are names of one antibiotic, perhaps the most effective against most strains of staphylococcus. Based on this drug, ointments with a two percent concentration (fucidin, fusiderm) are produced, which are intended for the local treatment of staphylococcus. These ointments should not be applied to the mucous membranes, and even on the skin they can cause irritation and redness, but usually after a week of regular use, the staphylococcal infection is localized and the inflammations heal completely.

    Fusiderm cream is one of the best remedies for facial acne caused by staphylococcus. If red weeping acne does not go away for a long time, you should definitely take a scraping for analysis, and if the doctor detects strains of staphylococcus, Fusiderm will be the optimal choice for treatment, which usually lasts 14 days, and in 93% of cases ends in success.

    Fusidine-based ointments can be used not only by adults, but also by children over one month old, since this antibiotic does not cause dangerous side effects and almost does not penetrate into the blood when applied topically. However, it is usually not recommended for expectant and nursing mothers, since the effect of fusidine on a child upon penetration into the circulatory system has not yet been sufficiently studied.

    Galavit

    Strictly speaking, the drug Galavit is not indicated for the treatment of staphylococcus, but its use in practice allows us to hope for success in the fight against resistant strains. Galavit is a relatively new immunomodulator and a rare guest on the shelves of our pharmacies. Western European clinical studies have proven that it has two effects at once: immunostimulating and bactericidal, and this in itself is a big breakthrough.

    The immunomodulatory effect of galavit is due to its ability to slow down overly active macrophages so that they can longer exert their destructive effect on pathogens, including staphylococcus. In other words, this drug allows our body to use its defenses more rationally and fully.

    Galavit is available in the form of lingual tablets, injection solution and rectal suppositories, so it is convenient to use for the treatment of staphylococcal infections of any localization. The drug is approved for use by adults and children over six years of age, but is not recommended for pregnant and lactating women, again, simply due to insufficient research.

    Staphylococcal infection and hormones

    In conclusion, it would be reasonable to say a few words about the treatment of staphylococcus with hormonal drugs. Glucocorticoids, that is, synthetic derivatives of human corticosteroid hormones, quickly stop inflammation of any etiology. They disrupt the entire chain of natural reactions (a pathogen appeared - the body reacted - hormones were produced - the inflammatory process began - leukocytes multiplied - a purulent abscess appeared - pain and fever appeared). Drugs from the glucocorticoid group (prednisolone, dexamethasone, triamcinolone and others) forcibly interrupt this scenario at the very beginning. But they do not destroy the cause of inflammation, but simply force the body not to react to the pathogen.

    So what are the dangers of using hormonal ointments for local treatment of staphylococcus? Because after quickly suppressing the inflammatory process and relieving pain, real thunder will strike: hormones have suppressed the natural immune response, there are no antibodies to the pathogen, and now the body faces the infection completely unarmed. Conclusion: treatment of staphylococcus with hormonal ointments is advisable only if it is a combination drug that also contains an antibiotic. And taking glucocorticoids orally with extensive staphylococcal damage to the body, as with any other blood infection, is strictly prohibited.

    Author of the article: Alekseeva Maria Yuryevna, general practitioner, especially for the site ayzdorov.ru

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