Why does a child have nosebleeds?

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A child has a nosebleed: causes, diagnosis, what to do

From this article you will learn answers to the questions: why does a child have a nosebleed, what diseases may be hidden behind this. What additional symptoms may accompany bleeding.

Table of contents:

How to help a child if he has a nosebleed. Further examination of the body and treatment.

Nosebleeds (scientific name: epistaxis) occur when the capillaries found in large numbers in the nasal mucosa are damaged. This damage occurs either as a result of trauma or spontaneously.

The causes and diseases that cause nosebleeds are the same for both children and adults. However, in children this phenomenon is observed more often, since, firstly, in childhood and adolescence the cardiovascular system is still developing, and the capillaries located in the nose may be weak, and, secondly, many diseases that provoke bleeding, They first make themselves known precisely at the age of 18.

According to statistics, about 60% of the world's population has had a nosebleed at least once. Two age groups are most susceptible to nosebleeds: children under 10 years of age and adults over 60 years of age. Boys are more likely to bleed from the nose than girls (such statistics may be due to more frequent nasal injuries in boys due to a more active lifestyle).

Frequent nosebleeds are a dangerous symptom. Sometimes this may indicate serious disorders in the body.

You can completely get rid of nosebleeds by eliminating their cause.

If this symptom appears in a child, contact your pediatrician spontaneously. As a result of an injury, if it is not possible to stop the bleeding for a long time or there is a suspicion of a broken nose, contact a traumatologist.

You may also need to consult an ENT specialist, endocrinologist, hematologist, immunologist, or oncologist. Your pediatrician will refer you to these doctors if necessary.

In most cases, the source of nosebleeds in patients is the Kisselbach plexus.

Why might your nose bleed?

The causes of epistaxis can be divided into three groups:

  1. Local (the cause is located directly in the nose).
  2. Systemic (nosebleeds hide diseases of other organs).
  3. External (the reason lies not in diseases, but in the negative impact of the environment).

Reasons why nosebleeds may occur:

We also note the causes of nosebleeds, which are practically impossible in childhood. This is the use of substances that sharply dilate or constrict blood vessels (alcohol in large doses, energy drinks, cocaine, amphetamine and other drugs inhaled through the nose), as well as hormonal changes during pregnancy.

As you can see, the factors that can cause epistaxis are quite varied - from harmless dry air to serious diseases such as leukemia. Therefore, if this symptom appears spontaneously and frequently, consult a doctor and undergo the examination that he will prescribe for you.

With prolonged use of nasal drops or sprays, the nutrition of the nasal mucosa is disrupted, it becomes thinner, and the vessels become fragile. And with increased blood pressure or injury, nosebleeds occur

Additional symptoms

If the bleeding is heavy, it may be accompanied by the following symptoms:

  • pale skin;
  • dizziness;
  • weakness;
  • cold sweat;
  • sometimes fainting.

How to recognize a “dangerous” nosebleed

By dangerous we mean something that indicates serious illness.

Bleeding caused by diseases is frequent and begins spontaneously.

Vascular diseases and bleeding disorders are often accompanied by bleeding not only from the nose, but also from other mucous membranes. The appearance of bruises even from light blows is also typical.

Epistaxis caused by high blood pressure most often occurs at night.

Sudden, short and intense bleeding (when blood suddenly begins to literally flow in a stream) is dangerous. They may indicate:

  • rupture of a large facial or nasal vessel;
  • malignant tumor of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses.

Bleeding due to injury is also not always harmless. If blood comes from the nose as a result of a fall, especially from a height, pay attention to its color:

  • If it is scarlet and foams, this may be a sign of lung damage.
  • If it is dark, close to brown and curled, this may indicate an injury to the esophagus or stomach.

Complications

If there is a heavy nosebleed, a person may faint due to blood loss.

Epistaxis can also be complicated by nausea and vomiting. When blood is released abundantly, it flows down the back wall of the throat and, when it enters the stomach, provokes these unpleasant symptoms.

In severe cases, with very heavy bleeding, blood can enter the nasolacrimal duct and go out through the eye sockets. However, this rarely happens.

If blood comes from both nostrils at the same time, or if the bleeding lasts longer than 10 minutes, call a doctor immediately.

First aid

Rules for stopping nosebleeds:

If the bleeding does not stop within 10 minutes, call a doctor.

A doctor can stop bleeding using the following methods:

  1. Inserting a cotton swab soaked in chloroacetic acid into the nostril.
  2. Insertion of a hemostatic sponge into the nose. It is saturated with substances that promote blood clotting.
  3. Laser coagulation (cauterization) of bleeding vessels.
  4. In severe cases, when it is not possible to stop heavy bleeding, aminocaproic acid is administered intravenously. And, if the patient has lost a lot of blood, a plasma transfusion is performed.

Body examination

If bleeding began as a result of injury or the insertion of a foreign object into the nose, take the patient to a traumatologist. Diagnostics will proceed as follows:

  • The doctor will examine the nose manually and using a rhinoscope.
  • He will send you for an x-ray of the skull.
  • In case of a complex fracture, a CT or MRI of the nose and skull may be needed.

If bleeding occurs spontaneously and regularly, contact your pediatrician. First of all, the doctor will measure your blood pressure, collect data on previous diseases and current symptoms. He will also refer you for a general blood test.

During the initial examination, sometimes it is already possible to accurately determine the cause of nosebleeds or to suspect a possible cause. If all tests during the initial examination are normal and there are no complaints, then perhaps the cause is external (for example, low air humidity).

Depending on the results of the initial examination, the following diagnostic procedures may be prescribed.

Treatment

Specific treatment for epistaxis is to stop the bleeding. This process is described in the First Aid section.

Further treatment consists of eliminating the cause to prevent recurrent bleeding.

If bleeding of the nasal mucosa is caused by health problems, follow all doctor's recommendations regarding further treatment of the underlying disease.

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Blood from a child’s nose - what to do. For what reasons can a child bleed from the nose?

Why does nosebleed start? What needs to be done to stop it? What can be done to prevent what happened from happening again? These are the main questions that concern caring parents in such cases.

Why might a child's nose bleed?

This unpleasant phenomenon in medicine is called “epistaxis”. Anterior nosebleeds are most common; doctors rarely encounter posterior ones. But it is precisely this that attracts maximum attention. The main symptom is the appearance of drops of bright scarlet blood or a stream of it flowing either outward or along the back wall of the throat.

If the disease manifests itself frequently, the consequences may be a significant drop in blood pressure, a fairly rapid pulse, and noticeable weakness. Although there may be a threat to life in some cases, deaths are extremely rare.

You don’t have to be a doctor to understand: an unpleasant situation occurs due to a violation of the integrity of the blood vessels located in the tissues of the nasal cavity. It remains to figure out why this happens.

Local causes of bleeding from the nose in a child

1. Injuries. This is the most common problem that causes epistaxis. Domestic or industrial injuries received in road accidents or during surgical operations - there are many types of them that cause a violation of the integrity of the shell.

Do not forget about the entry of foreign bodies into the nasal cavity and respiratory tract, as well as damage to the tissues of the nasal cavity during various diagnostics for therapeutic purposes (probing, puncture, catheterization).

Here we can talk about the bad habit of many children to stick their fingers into their nose, thereby causing damage to the superficial vessels.

2. Painful conditions. Excessive congestion of the nasal membrane, caused by various ailments - adenoids, chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, often leads to the leakage of scarlet liquid from damaged vessels.

3. Dystrophic processes. Various deviations from the normal state of the mucous membrane of the olfactory organ can lead to bleeding from the child’s nose. Such pathologies include deviated nasal septum and atrophic rhinitis.

4. Tumors in the nose. The following diseases can lead to very serious consequences:

5. Direct effect of chemicals on the nasal mucosa, penetrated by small vessels.

6. Fragility of blood vessels. It occurs when there is an acute deficiency of vitamin C in the body of a child or teenager. This is due to the active participation of the element in the synthesis of a special protein that gives elasticity to the walls of blood vessels. Exacerbations can occur in the off-season (autumn, spring) and winter.

Another reason for increased capillary fragility is dry air, which occurs when sanitary and hygienic requirements for humidity are not met in rooms where children are present for an extended period.

7. Use of certain medications available in the form of sprays.

Common causes of nosebleeds in children

1. Prolonged exposure to bright sun leads to an increase in temperature and subsequent sunstroke or heatstroke, overheating. The consequence of this very often is epistaxis.

2. Malfunctions in the functioning of the cardiovascular system often lead to an unpleasant phenomenon. Usually these are diseases such as atherosclerosis and symptomatic hypertension. Developmental defects, in which there is a sharp increase in blood pressure readings, cause no less problems.

3. Infectious diseases accompanied by an increase in body temperature can also lead to bleeding from the child’s nose.

4. Adolescents are often at risk due to the developmental characteristics of their body at this age and possible hormonal imbalance.

5. If older children dive too deep or participate in mountain expeditions, then with a sudden and significant change in external pressure, nosebleeds occur.

6. Severe physical stress in most cases can cause nosebleeds in a child.

7. Significant allergic reactions to irritating provoking factors are another cause of vascular damage, similar to chronic runny nose, when the mucous membrane swells, the child often sneezes.

Symptoms of bleeding and blood loss

The onset of epistaxis may not be the same in different children. For some this happens suddenly and immediately, but for others the trouble is preceded by a number of symptoms: itching in the nasal cavity, a tickling sensation, headache with dizziness, significant tinnitus.

The most obvious symptom is blood coming out of the child’s nose. If this process occurs internally, then the liquid flows into the oropharynx, which is where it is found when pharyngoscopy is performed.

Mild blood loss has the following symptoms:

- the appearance of dizziness in a patient who sees the scarlet color (in especially impressionable children);

- noise in the ears is heard;

- there are complaints about heartbeat;

- the patient feels significant weakness.

Moderate severity of blood loss is characterized by severe dizziness. It is accompanied by shortness of breath and low blood pressure. Acrocyanosis (blue skin) and tachycardia (increased heart rate) may be observed.

When a child's nose bleeds heavily, severe loss may occur, leading to hemorrhagic shock. This manifests itself in the baby's lethargy; he may lose consciousness. When examined by a doctor, the main symptoms are a strong decrease in blood pressure and pronounced tachycardia. The patient has a thread-like pulse.

How to stop a child's nosebleeds

First of all, it is necessary for the adults themselves to remain completely calm so as not to frighten the child, thereby aggravating the situation. We must not forget that the very fact that a child is bleeding from the nose can completely unbalance him and the symptom will intensify.

During an attack, a doctor must be called and the patient placed on a flat bed. If it is impossible to lie down, then in a sitting position, tilt your head back a little, inserting hand-twisted cotton swabs into each nostril. Without them, doctors are categorically against throwing the head back - blood will flow into the oral cavity, or even into the esophagus. In this case, you need to put something cold on the bridge of your nose, for example, ice packs from the refrigerator (wrapped in a cloth), a towel, dipping it in cold water.

If you don’t have a first aid kit at hand, you can ask the victim to sit down, lean forward, squeeze the nostrils with two fingers (if he is not able to do this on his own) and hold them for several minutes to stop the child’s nosebleeds. You can also use clean gauze or a not very hard cloth so as not to damage the wings of the nose on the outside. Usually this is enough for everything to go away.

When the doctor arrives, his emergency actions may be as follows:

1. Coagulation. Cauterization of a damaged vessel that bleeds blood is performed using special devices using a laser, chemicals such as silver nitrate or various acids, ultrasound and electric current.

2. Tamponade. Using a cotton swab that has absorbed vagotil or chloroacetic acid, the nasal membrane is cauterized. Thanks to this, the child’s nose completely stops bleeding.

3. Hemostatic sponge. Such devices, placed in the nasal cavity, contain substances that can enhance the blood's ability to clot.

4. Plasma transfusion. Fresh frozen plasma is transfused in severe cases when the bleeding cannot be stopped by any other means.

5. Intravenous administration of drugs. Another way to deal with heavy bleeding is to inject aminocaproic acid into the body through a vein. Hemodez and rheopolyglucin are also used.

Preventing nosebleeds in children

It is good to give children and adolescents ascorutin, which contains important vitamins C, P. The dose is calculated as follows:

- children from three to twelve years old are prescribed half a tablet once a day;

- for teenagers over twelve, it is enough to take one tablet - 2-3 times a day, the course lasts for four weeks.

To prevent repeated relapses, it is necessary to undergo an examination by specialists.

1. The doctor examines the nasal cavity to see if there are various types of tumors, polyps, or foreign bodies that got there during the game.

2. A general blood test is given. It is necessary for a clear determination of the number of platelets (red blood cells). The norm for a child is 180x400x10x9 per liter.

3. A blood test is performed on its coagulation system. This includes determining the number of active platelets, flow rate, and coagulation factors.

If a child’s nose bleeds quite often, then he needs to attend a consultation:

In a family where there are often situations when a child bleeds from the nose, a first aid kit with the necessary set of supplies and medications should always be ready. Its composition is formed on the advice of the attending physician.

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Blood from the nose in a child: 10 reasons

If a baby has a nosebleed, everyone gets scared - both the baby and his parents. Such incidents happen often, they can be one-time, periodic and frequent, and the flows themselves can be heavy or not very heavy. Sometimes nosebleeds even cause hospitalization in a hospital. And at the hospital the doctors are already figuring out what’s going on.

Alexandra Botkina

pediatrician, Ph.D. honey. Sciences, Russian National Research Medical University named after. N. I. Pirogova, Moscow

Any nosebleed, or, as doctors say, bleeding from the nasal cavity, occurs due to a violation of the integrity of the walls of blood vessels. Most often this happens to children between two and 10 years old. The reasons are extremely varied.

Why does my child have nosebleeds?

If your child's nose is bleeding, there is a reason. And it cannot be determined immediately. Diagnosis takes time. At first they assume:
  1. traumatic damage to the nasal mucosa. It is very vulnerable in children because it is thin and contains many blood vessels. Problems can arise when the mucous membranes become dry, for example during the heating season or as a result of excessive nose blowing, sneezing and nose picking. A special problem that is relevant for young children is foreign bodies, which children often put in their noses, then forget about it or deliberately hide from adults. A foreign body injures the mucous membrane and provokes bleeding or causes inflammation, and then the bloody discharge is accompanied by purulent discharge with an unpleasant odor. The mucous membrane can also suffer from frequent rhinitis of any origin (allergic or infectious);
  2. curvature of the nasal septum, leading to uneven expansion and excessive vulnerability of blood vessels;
  3. injury to the nose and/or face when falling, being hit by a ball or hand while playing contact sports. Particularly severe nosebleeds occur with cranial injuries, for example, a fracture of the base of the skull in the anterior region of the cranial fossa;
  4. an infectious disease with a severe runny nose and high temperature - influenza, measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, etc. With acute inflammation, blood vessels become very vulnerable, toxins secreted by viruses and bacteria literally corrode and thin their walls;
  5. problem of the vascular network of the nasal cavity. A congenital feature is considered a variant of varicose veins, which can “show” itself in different parts of the body;
  6. increased blood pressure. It is believed that hypertension is characteristic only of adults, but recently it has become increasingly common in young patients, in particular, due to problems with the kidneys, endocrine system, metabolic disorders, such as cholesterol, overdose of vitamin D, overheating, and heart defects. In essence, a protective-compensatory mechanism is triggered: when a small amount of blood comes out through the nose, blood pressure decreases slightly, reducing the likelihood of bleeding in the brain;
  7. disturbance in the blood coagulation system (hemostasis). The most famous is hemophilia, but there is also thrombocytopathy, in which platelets, which have an irregular structure, are not able to participate in the blood clotting process.
  8. polyp or tumor in the nose;
  9. malfunction of the liver, bone marrow and other organs.
  10. Nosebleeds are sometimes caused by medications, such as anticoagulants that inhibit blood clotting, such as aspirin.

Blood from a child’s nose: determining the strength of the “flow”

A “spring” can originate in different places. If it is in the front part of the nose, blood usually comes out of one nostril in drops or a stream. This area is called the Kisselbach zone, it contains a plexus of small and narrow capillaries that quickly become clogged, so the flow is short-lived and blood loss is minimal. They begin due to injury to the nasal mucosa with fingers or hard objects (q-tip, pencil, toy). This type of bleeding accounts for about 90% of all bleeding and, as a rule, does not pose a threat to life.

If the source of bleeding is in the middle or back of the nose, the situation becomes more complicated: the blood flows from a wide artery, and significant blood loss cannot be ruled out. Such bleeding is more difficult to notice because the blood flows in a strong stream along the back of the throat, and the baby first swallows it. But at a certain point he begins to vomit blood or have bloody diarrhea (melena). But by this moment the baby has lost a large amount of blood. And as a result, he experiences tinnitus, dizziness, decreased blood pressure, increased heart rate, general weakness of the body, and shortness of breath. Suffocation is also possible: liquid may enter the respiratory tract. The causes of the posterior type of nosebleed are more serious: increased blood pressure, injuries to the face or nose, etc.

Attention! The flow rate is also different: from insignificant to profuse - life-threatening. Children do not tolerate blood loss well: a deficit of 50 ml of blood in a small child is equivalent in consequences to the loss of 1 liter in an adult!

A single and short-lived nosebleed does not pose a great danger if first aid is provided in a timely and correct manner. But a repetition of the situation or heavy flows is a reason to consult a doctor for a thorough search for the true cause of what happened.

Causes of nosebleeds in children

Frequently recurring, albeit minor, discharge of blood from the nose requires a thorough examination. First of all, anemia is excluded. Be sure to conduct a study of blood clotting rate; if it is below normal, consultation with a hematologist is recommended. It is important to measure blood pressure and check liver and kidney function. For prolonged bleeding of unknown cause, additional tests are required.

Attention! Measures to prevent nosebleeds include humidifying and purifying the air in the nursery, careful handling of the nasal passages, proper blowing of the nose, and choosing safe toys and sports.

First aid for nosebleeds

The reaction of adults to nosebleeds cannot be delayed; the bleeding must be stopped immediately, wherever it starts - in the garden, on the street, at home. And for this you need:

  • Calm or distract with conversation or toys.
  • Teach to breathe evenly and deeply. When excited, the heartbeat always increases, and with it the speed of blood flow increases.
  • The baby should be seated or placed in a semi-sitting position with his head slightly tilted forward and down.
  • Provide access to fresh air - unbutton the collar, loosen the fasteners, open the window.
  • Place a cold lotion or an ice pack on the bridge of the nose and nose to narrow the vessels of the nasal mucosa, and place a warm heating pad on your feet.
  • For minor bleeding, press the wing of your nose against the nasal septum with your finger and apply an ice pack there.
  • If the bleeding from the child’s nose does not stop, a ball of sterile cotton wool or gauze moistened with a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide is inserted into the anterior nasal cavity. The child himself can press it to the nasal septum and hold it for 10–15 minutes.
  • If this doesn't help, go to the clinic or emergency room.

Attention! If the cause of bleeding is severe (hemophilia), hospitalization is necessary, so call an ambulance immediately.

If you are bleeding from the nose, you should not:

  • remove the pillow from under the baby’s head;
  • raise his legs above the level of his body;
  • sharply throw your head back: this impedes the flow of blood through the veins of the neck, as a result of which bleeding may increase;
  • suddenly change the position in which it all started.

Photo source: Shutterstock

Each parent may encounter a problem when their baby suddenly starts bleeding from the nose. How not to get confused and provide first aid correctly? And how necessary is a visit to a specialist in this case?

Blood tests are a test that everyone, including children, has to deal with since childhood. There are a great variety of these tests, with their help it is possible to assume the presence of a source of inflammation in the body and to detect it.

Comments

Hello, my name is Sabina, I’m 10 years old and studying in the 4th grade. Today I went out with my mom for a walk and I didn’t pick my nose much and then I started bleeding from my nose and I told my mom about it, my mom gave me a little bandage and I applied it. in my nose, then my mother bought me cold water and put it in my nose, but I didn’t cry, my mother told me to lower my head back and I rinsed my mouth with that cold water 2 times, I spat out some blood, then the blood stopped, then when it was evening, my nose was dry, the blood was dried like kazyavki and I removed them then the lady's ear, my mother told me to take a swim, my mother bathed me, then my mother told me to blow my nose then I blew my nose and my nose became wet and there was blood and I came out of the bath, my mother gave me cotton wool and I lowered my head back and sat for 15 for a minute, then I removed it and the blood stopped, I again rinsed my mouth 2 times with water, there was a little blood, I told my mom, mom, let's go to the doctor, mom said, daughter, you don't need any doctor, it will go away on its own, because your nose doesn't hurt, I'll treat you myself at home, tell me please tell me how to quickly identify your nose at home

July 9:41

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E. Komarovsky about why a child’s nose bleeds

Many parents have experienced nosebleeds in their children, but not everyone knows why the nose often bleeds in childhood, as well as how to properly deal with such a problem. Let's find out the opinion of Dr. Komarovsky and his advice for parents with nosebleeds in children.

Causes

A well-known pediatrician cites the anatomical features of the structure of the nasal mucosa as the main reason for frequent bleeding in children. It is they who cause frequent bleeding in some children and the absence of such a problem in other children. Among the most common provoking factors, Komarovsky names dry air in the room in which the child is staying.

According to a popular doctor, due to dry air, the mucus in the child’s nose dries out and forms crusts, and when the child picks them off, bleeding begins.

In this case, Komarovsky emphasizes, we are talking about bleeding that is not caused by injury (fall, blow), when the reason for the bleeding from the baby’s nose is obvious. Excessively dry air causes bleeding that appears suddenly, for no apparent reason.

Increased production of mucus in a child’s nose is caused by a viral infection, exposure to an allergen or bacteria, and drying out of the mucus can be caused not only by dry air in the room, but also by taking certain medications (vasoconstrictors, anti-inflammatory, antihistamines and others), a prolonged increase in body temperature, inhalation of contaminated air.

The bleeding itself can begin not only when picking the nose, but also when sneezing, while walking, inhaling or during sleep - in all cases when the pressure on the nasal septum increases.

However, the cause of nosebleeds in a child can be much more serious, however, as Komarovsky notes, problems with blood clotting, liver, blood pressure and other serious illnesses will never manifest themselves only as nosebleeds. If your baby has any such disease, he will also have other symptoms, such as skin rashes, frequent bruises, headaches or dizziness.

Urgent Care

When a child has a nosebleed, Komarovsky recommends doing the following:

  1. Have your baby sit with his body tilted forward. The baby's head should be straight or slightly tilted forward.
  2. The child's nostrils should be squeezed with your fingers and held for about 10 minutes. The mother or the child himself can squeeze his nose. While waiting, the child should breathe through his mouth.

According to a popular doctor, the speed at which blood flow stops is primarily affected by the diameter of the damaged vessel. Also, the duration of bleeding will be determined by the state of the blood coagulation system and the use of certain medications. In most cases, ten minutes will be enough for normal nosebleeds to stop.

To speed up the stop of bleeding, a popular doctor recommends cold, but only if the child can pinch his nose on his own (while the mother runs to the kitchen for something cold). Komarovsky advises using ice by applying it to the bridge of the nose. You can also give your child ice cream or a cold drink through a straw, as the cold in the mouth can also help stop nosebleeds more quickly.

In addition, so that 10 minutes of waiting until the blood stops flowing does not become too long for the child, parents can do something to entertain the child, for example, turn on a cartoon for the child, read to the child, or tell him a story.

A well-known pediatrician calls the main mistakes parents make when helping a child with a nosebleed:

  1. Throwing the child's head back. With this action, the blood will drain into the pharynx, so it will be difficult to understand how severe the vascular damage is, when the bleeding has stopped, and whether it has stopped at all. In addition, dripping blood can provoke a gag reflex.
  2. Insertion of cotton swabs into the nasal passages. After removing the cotton wool from the nose, the crust formed at the site of damage to the blood vessels is removed, which causes re-bleeding.
  3. Putting the child to bed. Komarovsky focuses the attention of parents on the fact that a child with nosebleeds should not be in a horizontal position.
  4. Release the baby's nostrils early, checking to see if blood is still flowing. This will only prevent the bleeding from stopping.

Also, during bleeding, a child should not:

If 10 minutes have passed, the mother has released her nostrils, and the bleeding still continues, all steps should be repeated for another 10 minutes. If after twenty minutes from the start of the nosebleed it has not stopped, the child should be shown to a doctor.

Komarovsky also advises not to hesitate to seek medical help if:

  • The child discharges blood from both nostrils at once.
  • The child also developed bleeding from another part of the body, for example, from the ear.
  • Nosebleeds recur very often.

In the video below, the doctor gives detailed recommendations for helping with nosebleeds in a child, and also talks about common mistakes parents make in such situations.

In all these cases, a well-known pediatrician advises to close the nostrils and call an ambulance, or put the child in the car to quickly take him to a medical facility.

Prevention

To prevent a child from experiencing frequent non-traumatic nosebleeds, Komarovsky recommends:

  • Humidify the air and remove dust accumulations from the room so that the mucus in the nose does not dry out.
  • Give your child plenty to drink.
  • If the baby has already had nosebleeds, do not use medications that can dry out the mucous membrane.
  • Do not allow your child to pick his nose.
  • Moisturize the mucous membrane with saline or oil solutions of vitamins E and A.
  • Get blood tests done regularly.
  • Do not allow your child to strain for a week after the nosebleed.

mother of two children with medical education

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Why does a child have nosebleeds: causes and prevention

Nosebleeds are a common problem in childhood and adolescence. This is due to both the physiological characteristics of the structure of the nasal passages and the functioning of the immune system in children.

Parents' opinions about nosebleeds differ: some do not see the danger in this phenomenon and do not attach much importance to the problem, while others, on the contrary, begin to worry and worry, even if there is no apparent reason for this.

In any case, recurrent bleeding should not be ignored - they may be the first signal of possible health problems.

Runny nose and other causes of nosebleeds in one-year-old children and adolescents

Nosebleeds are the result of damage to the capillaries, of which there are a huge number in the nasal cavity. Young children can simply “pick” the surface of the mucous membrane, which leads to blood flow.

But the reasons for this phenomenon may not always be harmless. Sometimes frequent nosebleeds indicate a serious pathology, so this symptom (especially if the baby is too small) cannot be ignored.

Dry air contains a lot of dust and harmful elements, which, when inhaled, settle on the mucous membranes and form growths (crusts). In addition, low air humidity negatively affects the condition of the mucous membrane, leading to its depletion. This process is called atrophy of the mucous membranes. If a child, picking his nose, picks off a dried growth, a wound will form and capillary bleeding will occur.

Blood pressure problems can also cause nosebleeds. In this case, bleeding only benefits the child, since it prevents more serious consequences, for example, hemorrhage in the brain. Bleeding is usually preceded by headache, weakness, and poor health. After the bleeding stops, the child feels much better.

Disturbances in blood clotting processes (coagulopathy) are another serious cause of nosebleeds. In this case, the gums and other areas with mucous membranes will also bleed.

A poor and monotonous diet low in beneficial elements (minerals and vitamins) can lead to various abnormalities and diseases. A lack of vitamin C negatively affects the condition of blood vessels - they become brittle and their walls are depleted, which increases the likelihood of damage.

Children especially often get sunstroke and heatstroke during walks in the summer. To avoid them, it is necessary to follow the rules for children's exposure to the sun in the summer. Walking during the high solstice (from 12 to 17 hours) for children under 6 years of age is strictly prohibited.

  • Infectious and respiratory diseases.

Colds, as well as diseases caused mainly by viruses, lead to the formation of swelling of the nasal mucosa and increased pressure in the capillaries, which cannot withstand the increased load and burst.

Inflammation of the nasal sinuses (sinusitis, sinusitis, frontal sinusitis), as well as adenoids, contribute to the filling of the mucous membranes with blood.

  • Fluctuations in barometric pressure.

During an air flight or traveling in the mountains, a child may develop a nosebleed. The reason will be increased rarefaction of air in conditions unusual for the child.

Pressure surges in the vessels located in the neck and head area lead to fragility of the vascular walls and the onset of bleeding.

  • Anatomical features of the structure.

Some children have very narrow nasal passages, so any impact in the nasal cavity leads to injury to the mucous membrane and bleeding.

Some parents are too zealous in treating a runny nose and use vasoconstrictor drugs designed to eliminate swelling and restore normal breathing.

  • Injuries and bruises.

If a child has a nosebleed, the cause may be a bruise. When children fall, they often hit their head and face, so you should carefully examine the surface and cavity of the nose for lacerations. If any are found, you should take the baby to a children's hospital.

Why does a baby's nose bleed?

In newborns and infants, frequent nosebleeds are usually a consequence of anatomical features.

The nasal passages are still too narrow, and the capillaries are weak, so they often burst with any overexertion or exposure to an irritating factor. For example, when crying for a long time and loudly, the baby may bleed from the nose.

If the house is hot and the air humidity does not meet the required standards, nosebleeds can also recur with enviable frequency.

Nosebleeds in teenagers: causes

The causes of nosebleeds in teenagers are the same as for other children. But some features can still be highlighted. For example, during puberty (especially in girls), the likelihood of bleeding increases by 2 times. Increased workload at school and rare walks also negatively affect the condition of blood vessels, including nasal capillaries.

Algorithm of actions

Rules for providing first (emergency) aid for nosebleeds in a child:

  • Calm the child and persuade him to spit out the blood.

If the child is too small and does not know how to spit, gently tilt his head down and try to unclench his jaws with your hands. In cases where the baby resists too actively, the action should be stopped.

  • Apply a clean, thick cloth to your nose and press it for 8-10 minutes.

If there is no napkin, or the bleeding is quite intense, you can take a towel.

  • Apply a cold compress to the bridge of the nose.

You can use frozen vegetables from the freezer, after wrapping them in a towel or thin diaper.

  • If after a minute the bleeding does not stop, call an ambulance.

In the video, Dr. Komarovsky describes to parents the main mistakes they make when trying to stop bleeding.

How to stop bleeding in a baby?

The technology for stopping bleeding in infants is not much different from the rules applied to older children and adolescents.

  • First you need to calm the baby down.

If your baby gets very scared, this can cause high blood pressure and increased bleeding. The baby should not be allowed to cry. Infants do not know how to spit out blood that has accumulated in the mouth, so during an attack of severe crying, there is a possibility of blood clots getting into the throat and respiratory tract.

  • If the baby already knows how to sit, he should be placed on your lap and his head tilted slightly forward.

If a newborn or one-year-old baby is bleeding, you should pick him up with his back up, but at the same time you need to support his head with one hand so that it is constantly raised.

  • Then proceed according to the algorithm: apply a napkin or cloth and apply cold to the bridge of the nose.

What can't you do?

By the way, it is not recommended for teenagers to plug their nostrils with tampons, since during removal they can again injure the mucous membrane, which will lead to re-bleeding.

Going to the hospital if you have frequent bleeding

Despite the fact that nosebleeds are most often not a sign of pathology, in some cases you will still have to show the baby to the doctor.

The baby needs urgent medical attention when:

  • blood comes from both nostrils;
  • it is not possible to stop the bleeding on your own (within 15 minutes);
  • blood comes from the nose and from other organs (for example, bleeding from the vaginal tract is simultaneously observed);
  • bleeding began after taking any drug (may indicate the onset of an anaphylactic reaction);
  • blood flows like a fountain.

Important! The listed conditions are a reason for emergency hospitalization of the child and a thorough examination.

If blood from the nose flows regularly (more than once a day), you should get tested, find out why the bleeding is bothering you and get advice from specialists. You can start by visiting a pediatrician or otolaryngologist, who, after reviewing the results of laboratory tests, will prescribe additional tests and examination by specialized specialists, for example:

Walking and checking in the morning as preventative measures

In order for the blood vessels to be strong and elastic, it is important to ensure sufficient intake of vitamins and minerals (zinc, potassium, sodium, vitamins C, A, E). To do this, the child’s diet must contain all the main food groups recommended for feeding children of a particular age category.

Fruits and vegetables (in season), meat and fish, eggs, liver, nuts, dairy products, herbs and cereals must be present on the table.

Ideally, there should be a humidifier in the children's room, but if it is not possible to purchase one, you can use the old method: hang wet towels on the radiators or place pots of water on the shelves.

It is best to use heating devices only in case of emergency. The optimal air temperature for a child's room is °C in the morning (and °C at night).

Regular walks, in any weather, in the mornings and evenings, are also the key to healthy mucous membranes. If there is a little rain outside, this is not a reason to cancel your walk. On the contrary, such air has an extremely positive effect on the condition of the nasal cavity, helping to fight bacteria and viruses.

Nosebleeds cannot be called a pathological condition, since in most cases the causes of this phenomenon are related to anatomy and physiology. But it’s not worth starting the problem, especially if it comes back again and again. If you consult a doctor in a timely manner, disorders can be identified in the early stages, which allows you to successfully treat many diseases and prevent the development of complications.

Source: http://dozhdalis.ru/krov-iz-nosa-u-rebenka-prichinyi.html

What does nosebleed in a child indicate: causes

If a child is bleeding from the nose, the reasons can be very different, ranging from simple mechanical damage to the mucous membrane to severe hematological diseases. If you have this symptom, you should contact your pediatrician and undergo an examination.

Nosebleeds in children

Not everyone knows why a child has a nosebleed and why it is dangerous. Children of all ages face this problem.

Nosebleeds are a pathological condition characterized by the loss of blood due to damage to blood vessels. In childhood, this occurs 4-5 times more often than in adults. The following are the causes of nosebleeds:

  • viral diseases (flu, measles, scarlet fever),
  • head tumors,
  • injuries,
  • bad habit of picking your nose with your fingers,
  • frequent insertion of tampons,
  • regular use of vasoconstrictor medications,
  • hemophilia,
  • vasculitis,
  • systemic lupus erythematosus,
  • lack of platelets,
  • blood clotting disorder
  • deviated nasal septum,
  • inhalation of dry air,
  • benign and malignant tumors,
  • hypovitaminosis,
  • changes in hormonal levels during puberty,
  • hypertension,
  • increased intracranial pressure,
  • injuries during childbirth,
  • congenital and acquired malformations,
  • gastrointestinal bleeding,
  • exposure to ionizing radiation,
  • severe atherosclerosis,
  • rise to great heights,
  • pathology of the kidneys and liver,
  • heart diseases.

Risk factors for developing this condition include poor diet, stress, exercise, changes in temperature and air pressure.

If your child's nose is bleeding, it may be due to prolonged exposure to the sun. Physical overload is also dangerous.

The condition of blood vessels in children largely depends on external factors and the condition of the body as a whole. Their fragility increases with a lack of any substances, with toxic effects or injury.

Mechanical damage to the nose

Children 10 years and older lead a very active lifestyle. At this age, the most common cause of bleeding is injury. They are household, street, road.

Bleeding occurs as a result of a bruise in the nose, a fall, or a strong blow. This is possible under the following circumstances:

Damage to blood vessels is possible as a result of medical procedures (catheterization, endoscopic examination, removal of polyps, puncture of the sinuses). Injury often occurs when foreign objects enter. Children aged 4 years and younger love to put them in their noses. The most common injury is a bruise. There is no fracture with it.

Against the background of a bruise, a hematoma may form. This is a cavity filled with blood.

Bleeding from the nose in children with a bruise is not the only symptom. Severe pain may occur. Breathing is often impaired. When a bone is fractured, the curvature of the child’s nose is visually determined. Isolated injury is rare. Most often the brain is also affected.

The reason is a lack of vitamins

A child of any age needs adequate nutrition. The risk of bleeding increases with a lack of vitamins P and C in the body. This condition is called hypovitaminosis. The condition of blood vessels depends on these substances. Vitamin P (rutin) is a flavonoid. It has the ability to reduce the permeability of blood vessels and strengthen their walls.

It is found in citrus fruits, rose hips, walnuts, cabbage, currants, chokeberries, buckwheat, lettuce, and tomatoes. If a child rarely consumes these foods, a routine deficiency develops.

Hypovitaminosis can be caused by other reasons (helminthic infestation, intoxication, taking antibiotics). A lack of rutin is manifested by nosebleeds, hemorrhages, and acne. Bruises often appear on children's bodies. Bleeding from the nose and gums is often observed.

Ascorbic acid is no less useful. The lack of this vitamin is due to a deficiency of fresh fruits, berries and vegetables in the diet. Hypovitaminosis is manifested by increased fragility of mainly small vessels (capillaries). Nosebleeds are observed in severe cases. Depending on age, the daily requirement for vitamin C is mg.

Bleeding due to high intracranial pressure

Rupture of small vessels in the nasal area is possible due to hypertension. Increased intracranial pressure is a common cause of bleeding in children. The following etiological factors are of greatest importance:

  • inability of young children to blow their nose correctly,
  • the presence of a neoplasm (hematoma, tumor),
  • abscesses,
  • aneurysm,
  • swelling due to encephalitis,
  • hepatic encephalopathy,
  • toxic brain damage
  • meningitis,
  • increased blood flow to the brain,
  • hydrocephalus,
  • compression of the brain
  • microcephaly,
  • congenital malformations,
  • birth injuries,
  • infection of the fetus.

Hypertension is manifested by periodic nosebleeds, headaches, visual and oculomotor disturbances, nausea, and vomiting.

Both infants and older children can get sick.

Most often, bleeding occurs against the background of congenital pathology. With chronic hypertension, periodic crises are observed, during which the pressure rises sharply.

Bleeding in chronic atrophic rhinitis

In children 11 years of age and older, the cause may lie in diseases of the nasal cavity. These include chronic atrophic rhinitis.

Teenagers get sick more often. A type of atrophic rhinitis is ozena. In girls, this disease is detected much more often.

This pathology occurs much less frequently in children than in adults.

What causes rhinitis to develop is known only to doctors. The following causes of nosebleeds and atrophy of the nasal mucosa in children are identified:

  • injuries,
  • severe infections
  • diseases of the stomach, intestines and biliary tract,
  • surgical interventions,
  • carrying out radiation therapy,
  • genetic predisposition,
  • living in a dry, hot climate,
  • frequent colds,
  • uncontrolled use of nasal drops.

In the simple form of rhinitis, the symptoms are specific. They include periodic bleeding, runny nose, nasal congestion, difficulty breathing, pale skin, the child breathing through the mouth, the presence of crusts, itching in the nose, and decreased sense of smell.

Rhinitis can be focal or diffuse. The nose may bleed when you blow your nose. The reasons are thinning of the mucous membrane, its dryness and increased capillary fragility. The blood vessels in the nose area lie shallow.

Bleeding due to tumor

There are serious diseases that lead to vascular damage. The causes of nosebleeds in children include tumors. These can be angiofibromas and hemangiomas. This pathology often requires surgical treatment, otherwise bleeding can become constant and lead to anemia. In children 5-12 years old, angiomas are a common pathology.

These tumors account for up to 80% of all cases of congenital neoplasms. They are formed from dilated blood vessels. This pathology can be detected in a newborn. Symptoms are determined by the size of the tumor, its type and the age of the child. The tumor tends to grow.

If bleeding occurs, you should immediately go to the doctor.

Nosebleeds in children indicate the development of complications. This symptom is associated with the formation of ulcerative defects on the mucous membrane, their damage and the penetration of infection. In case of injury to hemangiomas, emergency care may be needed.

Bleeding in hemophilia

In children 3-9 years old and older, hemorrhages are often caused by diathesis. This is a group of pathological conditions caused by impaired hemostasis. Sick children tend to experience constant hemorrhages and bleeding. There are about 300 diathesis.

The most common are those associated with leukemia, hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, disseminated intravascular coagulation, low platelet counts, and vascular defects.

Nosebleeds in childhood are a symptom of hemophilia. This is a hereditary disease characterized by clotting factor deficiency. The first symptoms appear in childhood.

The hereditary form of hemophilia develops only in boys. Much less common is the acquired form of hemophilia, which is caused by a gene mutation. The age of children and symptoms of the disease are interrelated.

Bleeding is caused by a violation of the process of thromboplastin formation. This leads to a significant increase in clotting time. Massive blood loss can be fatal. It is known that a one-year-old child can already walk. This causes nosebleeds. At an earlier age, this symptom is absent.

In children 5-7 years old, the manifestations of hemophilia are more pronounced. This disease is characterized by the following symptoms:

  • prolonged nosebleeds,
  • hematomas,
  • hemarthrosis (accumulation of blood in the joint cavity),
  • hematuria,
  • gastrointestinal bleeding.

The disease becomes a cause of disability. Often soft tissues are also involved in the process. Upon visual examination, multiple bruises are visible on the skin. Sick children twelve years of age and older require lifelong replacement medications. It is impossible to completely cure hemophilia.

Leukemia as a cause of bleeding

In pediatric practice, a disease such as leukemia is often encountered. This is blood cancer. The disease is detected among children and adults of different ages. The child may be one year old or ten years old.

This is a systemic disease that requires chemotherapy. The reason for the development of leukemia in children and bleeding is a change in the structure of chromosomes.

With this pathology, immature blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, which are unable to perform their functions. Girls get sick 1.5 times more often than boys.

This pathology is often detected in children with Down syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome. The acute form of leukemia is manifested by the following symptoms:

  • bleeding (nasal, stomach, intestinal, uterine),
  • signs of body hypoxia,
  • weakness,
  • malaise,
  • enlargement of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes,
  • loss of body weight,
  • joint pain,
  • fever,
  • petechiae on the body.

DIC and anemia often develop. In leukemia, hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) occurs. Bleeding from cancer is possible from one nostril or from both. The development of hemorrhagic syndrome is based on hyperplasia of vascular cells, an increase in their permeability and impaired functioning of mast cells.

Bleeding in Werlhof's disease

When nosebleeds occur in children, the cause may lie in thrombocytopenic purpura. This is a type of hemorrhagic diathesis.

This pathology is otherwise called Werlhof's disease. Its development is based on a lack of platelets. The first signs of the disease are detected in children of early and preschool age. The baby may appear healthy after birth. Diathesis appears later.

The following reasons for the development of this pathology are identified:

  • taking medications (mercury, hormones),
  • immunization,
  • viral diseases,
  • bacterial infections,
  • irradiation.

Children as young as four years old experience a wide range of symptoms. Bleeding from the gums and nose are the most common signs of Werlhof's disease. They are very intense. Nosebleeds are combined with hematuria, stool disturbances, vomiting, and hemoptysis. Large blood loss leads to acute posthemorrhagic iron deficiency anemia.

Altitude sickness and bleeding

Children are very sensitive to lack of oxygen. Nosebleeds are a common symptom of altitude sickness. This is a condition associated with oxygen starvation. The reason is being at a high altitude above sea level.

The higher, the lower the partial pressure of oxygen. This condition is often observed in teenagers who are interested in hiking, flying airplanes and hot air balloons.

Many older children, over 12 years old, go camping with their parents. When you rise to a height of more than 2 km, symptoms of mountain sickness appear. One of them is nosebleeds. Its occurrence is due to the following changes in the body:

  • hypoxia,
  • increased pressure in blood vessels,
  • venous stagnation,
  • fluid retention,
  • increasing capillary permeability,
  • decrease in blood osmotic pressure.

Mild mountain sickness does not cause nosebleeds. At medium level, they appear. Severe altitude sickness is characterized by severe bleeding from the nose, mouth, stomach and lungs. The condition of such children is unsatisfactory. Along with bleeding, symptoms such as shortness of breath, palpitations, fatigue, weakness, nonproductive cough, bluish skin, abdominal pain, flatulence, chills, and fever are observed.

If these complaints occur, you should consult a doctor. If bleeding does not stop or reoccurs, a comprehensive examination is required. Blood clotting and the condition of vital organs are assessed.

Thus, nosebleeds occur not only in adults, but also in children. It may indicate a serious pathology.

Source: http://gorlonos.ru/nose/simptomatika/na-chto-ukazyvaet-krov-iz-nosa-u-rebenka-prichiny.html