Antibiotics for pneumonia

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Pneumonia is one of the most dangerous infectious diseases of the respiratory tract (airways), which is characterized by damage to the lower respiratory tract (alveoli) and lung parenchyma.

Table of contents:

The main principle of its treatment (as with bronchitis) is antibiotic therapy - that is, treatment aimed at eliminating the pathogen (that is, defeating the microorganism that led to pneumonia).

Without the use of antibiotics for pneumonia, it is almost impossible to cure a patient, since the rare immune system can cope with pneumonia on its own. All other approaches and techniques (treatment with probiotics, expectorants, detoxification therapy, antipyretic drugs, and everything else) are purely auxiliary, as with bronchitis. It is important to understand that using only antibiotic therapy, pneumonia can be cured, although with side effects that are very unpleasant, not without it. Without an antibiotic, pneumonia is incurable, unlike bronchitis, and there is a high probability of death, especially in a child.

It is not for nothing that before Fleming invented penicillin, pneumonia was one of the most common causes of death. It is fair to say that the invention of antibiotics is a new word in medicine, bringing it to a qualitatively new level. No homeopathic or Ayurvedic medicine can compare with the effectiveness of antibiotics, despite all the promotion that some pharmaceutical companies do.

So, into what groups are antibiotics classified for pneumonia and bronchitis, which of them are used in the treatment of pneumonia? This question is ambiguous, since, by and large, representatives of absolutely all pharmacological groups are applicable in the treatment of pneumonia. However, in the absolute, overwhelming majority of cases, the following groups of antibiotics for pneumonia are used:

Broad-spectrum beta-lactam group

These include penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems. The most proven representatives of these subgroups are as follows:

  • Broad-spectrum cephalosporins. There are four generations of broad-spectrum cephalosporins.
  • Penicillins (unprotected and protected forms, which are characterized by resistance to the action of beta-lactamases - enzymes secreted for the purpose of protection by bacteria) - ospamox, augmentin, amoxiclav, sulbactam, ampicillin.
  1. First group. The most famous representative is cefazolin.
  2. The second group is zinacef, cefuroxime.
  3. The third group, the most popular, the best are ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, cefodox, cefix, cephalexin (the name of the oral form).
  4. The fourth group is cefepime. Prescribing this antibiotic for pneumonia is advisable for hospital-acquired pneumonia; it only treats this group of diseases.
  • Broad-spectrum carbapenems – meronem, imipenem.

Macrolide group

Broad-spectrum antibiotics for pneumonia and bronchitis, produced exclusively in oral form. Well-proven antibiotics for pneumonia, long known in the domestic and foreign pharmaceutical markets. It should be noted that for some time there has been an increase in the resistance of microorganisms to these antibiotics due to incorrect diagnosis and non-compliance with the gradation of therapy, however, today the most modern forms of macrolides work well. The most famous and effective representatives today are azithromycin (Ziomycin, Sumamed, Azitsin-Darnitsa, Ormax, Azitro-Sandoz), clarithromycin (Klacid), rovamycin (Roxilide).

Fluoroquinolones

This is a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics for pneumonia and bronchitis, which has its own niche of use. It is used mainly as a reserve drug, in the presence of contraindications to all other groups. The most commonly used subgroup is the third generation respiratory fluoroquinolones, the best known representative is levofloxacin (Tigeron, Eleflox); Fourth generation fluoroquinolones, Ozerlik, are also used. Ciprofloxacin has proven itself to be the drug of choice in the treatment of all kinds of intestinal infections, although it can also help effectively cope and cure pneumonia.

A group of antibiotics for pneumonia and bronchitis - Aminoglycosides. They are considered reserve drugs. As a rule, amikacin or gentamicin is used against pneumonia. Incredibly effective drugs, but cause severe side effects.

Glycopeptides

A group of antibiotics for pneumonia and bronchitis - Glycopeptides. Vancomycin is a powerful antibiotic, used against pneumonia only in the intensive care unit.

In which clinical case is it better to prescribe which antibiotic?

There are several specific rules according to which antibiotics are prescribed for pneumonia, bronchitis and other infectious diseases:

  1. The principle of gradation. That is, when prescribing an antibiotic (with the exception of allergic reactions or particularly severe clinical cases), it is worth going from the simpler to the stronger. This is all explained by the fact that after a stronger antibiotic is prescribed (for example, ceftriaxone), ospamox will no longer work, microorganisms will be resistant to it (the so-called strength of the antibiotic is indicated in the list above, in ascending order). At least that's what the classical school teaches.
  2. The principle of strict adherence to the required course. That is, the course of antibiotic treatment (standard) is at least seven days (macrolides are used, as a rule, from three to five days). There is an improvement in the general condition, the temperature drops, in most cases already on the second or third day from the start of antibiotic therapy, and many patients stop treatment at this point. This is very in vain, since in this case resistance (resistance) develops in microorganisms, and this antibiotic will no longer be more effective; a stronger drug will have to be prescribed. In addition, the whole situation is complicated by the fact that strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are formed that infect other people - thus, many antibiotics have already lost their effectiveness.
  3. The principle of consanguinity. If an allergy to a particular drug occurs, all antibiotics of this group are contraindicated (that is, if an allergy to ceftriaxone is detected, all beta-lactams - amoxiclav, tienam, and cefepime - cannot be used).
  4. The principle of empirical therapy. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed, since during the initial therapy of the patient, cultures are not yet ready to determine the pathogen and its sensitivity to various antibacterial drugs. Replacement is made only if the inoculated microorganism is determined to be resistant to the selected broad-spectrum antibiotic. In most cases, tests of this kind have only retrospective significance and do not provide treatment.

Patient management tactics in each individual case

These are all the general rules and algorithms for treating pneumonia and bronchitis with antibiotics (and, in fact, like all other infectious diseases). However, in practice it is often necessary to deviate from these generally accepted standards and choose other antibiotics for pneumonia, especially if you have to treat it at home.

First, let's look at outpatient (polyclinic) practice. A patient comes to the consultation with complaints of an increase in temperature to febrile levels, a severe cough with the release of a large amount of sputum. Auscultation reveals an abundance of moist rales in the lower parts of the lungs; percussion - dullness of sound over one of the areas. Plus – classic symptoms in the form of intoxication, catarrhal manifestations. Yes, this patient does not yet have a plain X-ray of the chest organs, no, and for the next week there will be no sputum culture to determine the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics; even a general analysis of urine and blood is not ready. However, he needs to start empirical therapy with broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs right now. Even if suddenly the diagnosis of pneumonia is not confirmed and there is ordinary bronchitis, you will still need to use an antibiotic. So the tactics of conducting will not change.

Which antibiotic is best for pneumonia? Good question. We must start solely from what characteristics the patient has and where we will treat him. An important note: only a mild form of pneumonia in the most responsible adult patient can be treated on an outpatient basis, that is, at home. All other cases should be sent to the hospital.

In the case of treatment at home, it would be best to use Augmentin 1000 mg at the rate of one tablet three times a day, with an interval of eight hours, for a course of seven days. If the patient has the opportunity to do intramuscular injections at home, it is better to prescribe ceftriaxone intramuscularly, one gram twice a day with an interval of twelve hours (again, a slight deviation from the standards of treatment, but in this case it is justified, since Augmentin loses its effectiveness with each during the day). If an atypical etiology is suspected, you can prescribe a macrolide - azithromycin or clarithromycin, one tablet once a day, for a course of three to five days, depending on the severity of the condition. It is also possible to prescribe fluoroquinolones (for example, if the patient is allergic to beta-lactams) - then it will be possible to take levofloxacin 500 mg against pneumonia, drink one tablet once a day, a course of five days, regardless of , at home or in the hospital.

In the case of inpatient treatment of pneumonia or bronchitis, it is immediately necessary to use injectable forms of antibiotics for pneumonia in adults. If there is ordinary, community-acquired pneumonia, you can completely get by with antibiotics for pneumonia in adults, such as ceftriaxone, zinacef or cefoperazone. If there is a suspicion of a hospital infection (the same Pseudomonas aeruginosa), cefepime is recommended.

And if methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (MRSA) is cultured, it is necessary to use the most powerful antibiotics - aminoglycosides, carbapenems or glycopeptides. Today, the most powerful antibiotic therapy regimen is the combination of tienam + vancomycin + amikacin - it covers all microorganisms currently known to science.

Regarding the use of antibiotics in children, the difference lies in the dosages and the fact that many groups of antibacterial drugs are not applicable in childhood. Fighting pneumonia at home is also too risky. In children, only penicillins, cephalosporins and macrolides can be used. All other groups - exclusively for health reasons and in cases where the expected benefit outweighs the possible risk.

conclusions

Antibiotic therapy is a serious direction in therapy, and therefore it is still better not to treat pneumonia at home. If only because you will have to give injections intravenously, intramuscularly - and this can cause an infection.

Antibiotics for pneumonia

Pneumonia is a serious infectious disease that affects the lungs. Despite effective medications, almost 10% of all patients die from pneumonia. The people who suffer the most are the elderly, those with weakened immune systems, and children.

Pathogens of pneumonia

With pneumonia, the causative agent of the disease enters the lungs, the inflammatory process begins in the alveoli, spreading to other parts. Then exudate appears (liquid released by small blood vessels during inflammation), respiratory failure occurs, and over time it can develop into cardiac failure.

Infectious pneumonia can be caused by:

  1. Bacterial infection, among its pathogens are identified:
    • Pneumococci and staphylococci;
    • Gram-negative microorganisms, Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli, Legionella;
    • Viral infections - herpes, adenoviruses;
    • Mushrooms.
  2. A non-communicable disease can occur:
    • As an allergic reaction;
    • Poisoning with highly toxic substances;
    • Due to injury in the chest area;

Atypical pneumonia is another type of pneumonia. It occurs due to the influence of organisms that are similar in nature to both viruses and bacteria.

All types of pneumonia have a number of the same symptoms and there is a possibility of incorrect diagnosis, which is why the treatment may be prescribed incorrectly. Symptoms with inadequate treatment will increase - the cough will intensify, the general condition will worsen, and even death is possible.

As a rule, the patient is hospitalized and immediately prescribed a course of therapy - vitamins, increased nutrition, antipyretics, but the main treatment is the use of antibiotics.

An antibiotic is a substance that inhibits the growth of living cells; it is not used to treat influenza, hepatitis, measles, since it has no effect on viruses. The antibiotic appeared in 1928, when the American scientist Alexander Fleming, while conducting an experiment, accidentally discovered a mold that produced a substance that kills bacteria - he called it “penicillin.” In the USSR, penicillin was improved by the Soviet microbiologist Zinaida Ermolyeva; its effectiveness was one and a half times higher than its imported counterpart.

Purpose and treatment regimen

A regimen has been developed for the treatment of pneumonia: at the initial stage, antibiotics are prescribed - intravenously or intramuscularly. A sufficient concentration of the drug is needed to more effectively combat the disease, then switch to oral treatment.
  1. While there is no laboratory report on the causative agent of the disease, broad-spectrum drugs are prescribed, based on certain signs suggesting the cause of the disease - sputum, temperature.
  2. An analysis is carried out to determine bacteria. As a rule, this takes at least 3 days.
  3. If necessary, treatment is adjusted depending on the results of the study.

For mild to moderate pneumonia, it can be treated orally - with tablets or syrups (for children).

The result of the treatment is noticeable after 4 days. If no effect of treatment is observed, other antibiotics are prescribed.

This could be one of the following:

amoxicillin, clavulanate, ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriakone, as well as levofloxacin or moxifloxacin - intravenously or intramuscularly

After 4 days, if a positive effect is achieved, clinical symptoms disappear (temperature normalizes, cough and other symptoms decrease) and the patient switches to oral use of the same medications.

Treatment of severe pneumonia in adults

In severe cases of pneumonia, a stay in intensive care is required, as serious consequences are possible:

  • acute respiratory failure
  • hypotension with
  • pleurisy;
  • lung abscess;
  • sepsis;
  • infectious-toxic shock and other serious consequences.

To prevent the development of complications, a combination of drugs is used. Also the basis for using combinations are:

  1. Severe form of pneumonia.
  2. Reduced immunity.
  3. There are several causative agents of infection, which makes the use of one drug ineffective.
  4. The emergence of immunity to the drug.

Therefore, intensive treatment is immediately prescribed, introducing a combination of drugs intravenously:

  • clarithromycin, erythromycin, spiramycin with antibiotics:
  • amoxicillin or clavulanate, cepefim, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone.
Alternative drugs are levofloxacin moxifloxacin ofloxacin ciprofloxacin with cefotaxime or ceftriaxone intravenously.

In addition, the treatment is step-by-step; only a specialist can select the correct treatment regimen; it depends on the causative agent of the disease, which is determined in the laboratory by sputum and blood. This process can last more than a week, which is why broad-spectrum antibiotics are used.

The duration of taking the medicine is one day.

Repeated antibiotic treatment

If there is no improvement within 3 days, then the treatment is ineffective - the antibiotics were chosen incorrectly. A repeat analysis is performed to clarify the pathogen, then the treatment is adjusted. There are other possible reasons for which there is a need for re-treatment:

  • incorrect dosage;
  • the patient self-medicated;
  • long-term treatment with antibiotics, in which it develops to a specific drug;
  • uncontrolled use of antibiotics, frequent drug changes.

If a situation arises, some drugs are replaced by others - Ticarcillin, Piperacillin.

Antibiotics for pneumonia in children

Treatment for children is prescribed immediately when signs of the disease are detected.

  • children under 1 year of age, if intrauterine infection is confirmed;
  • children with congenital defects of the heart muscle and circulatory system;
  • children from orphanages, from families with poor social and living conditions
  • children with encephalopathy (damage to the structure and function of the brain);
  • children under five years of age if more than one lobe of the lung is affected;
  • if the child is less than two months old;
  • children with severe disease, regardless of age;
  • children under two years of age with lobar (lobar) pneumonia;
  • Children are hospitalized if parents do not follow doctors' recommendations.

The treatment regimen until accurate results are obtained is broad-spectrum antibiotics; after laboratory testing and detection of the pathogen, each child is prescribed individual treatment, taking into account the age of the little patient.

How are antibiotics prescribed for children?

For doctors, when treating children, the age of the child is important. Firstly, it depends on what pathogens caused pneumonia and, secondly, not all drugs are recommended for children.

  • In newborns, a common cause of the disease is group B streptococci and Escherichia coli listeria.
  • From 1 to 3 months - pneumococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae.
  • From 3 months to 5 years - pneumococci and hemophilus influenzae.
  • From the age of 5, most often pneumococci, mycoplasmas, and chlamydophila.

Due to the high drug resistance of pathogens, the following drugs are not used to treat children:

1. Penicillin, Bicillin Oxacillin, Ampicillin

2. Cephalexin Cefazolin Cefamezine

3. Norfoxacin ofloxacin.

In this regard, treatment of newborns up to 3 months is carried out with amoxicillin with clavualanic acid. From this age up to 5 years, treatment with tablets or syrup - macrolide or amoxicillin is possible.

Older children are treated according to the same scheme.

Consequences of antibiotic treatment

The use of antibiotics is necessary, including for diseases such as pneumonia. But the treatment also has side effects, which depend on the dose of the medicine taken and the duration of use. What are the most common adverse reactions:

  • disorders of the digestive tract - nausea, diarrhea, vomiting; abdominal discomfort;
  • dysbacteriosis;
  • allergic reaction - itching, rashes, in severe cases - anaphylactic shock, urticaria;
  • candidiasis (thrush);
  • anemia;
  • hepatitis and pyelonephritis.

There are other side effects of using antibiotics, especially if they have been taken for a long time, so doctors always warn:

Prevention

There are consequences after using antibiotics, of course, they do not always appear, but it is better to prevent the disease, for this there are simple preventive measures.

  1. The diet should be balanced - fruits, vegetables, meat and fish should be present in the daily diet.
  2. Take walks in clean air, preferably in a park or forest.
  3. Quit bad habits - especially smoking
  4. Do not lead a sedentary lifestyle, move more, do physical exercise.
  5. Drink at least 2 liters of water per day.

Preventive measures will protect against serious illness, but if the disease does appear, you should not risk your health and if the diagnosis is pneumonia, be sure to be treated with antibiotics.

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Antibiotics for pneumonia. Treatment of pneumonia with antibiotics in adults and children

Pneumonia is a disease that occurs in both adults and very young children. The causative agents are viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms. The main danger that can be expected from this disease is an extremely difficult physical condition and even death. That is why therapy must be timely. Pneumonia is mainly treated with antibiotics.

How does pneumonia develop? Classification

Most often, this disease occurs due to pathogenic microflora entering the respiratory tract: staphylococci, pneumococci, legionella, E. coli and others. In this case, inflammatory processes develop in the tissues of the respiratory organs. Also, pneumonia can be triggered by viral infections and certain toxic substances; rarely, pneumonia is a consequence of chest injury. There is a risk group that includes smokers, people who abuse alcohol, patients who have been on bed rest for a long time, as well as the elderly. Depending on the type of pathogen, bacterial, viral, fungal and mixed pneumonia are distinguished. If one lung is affected, then they speak of unilateral inflammation. There may also be bilateral, total, lobar, segmental pneumonia. Depending on epidemiological data, the disease can be nosocomial, community-acquired, atypical, or caused by an immunodeficiency state.

Main symptoms of the disease

One of the main symptoms of the development of inflammatory processes in the lungs is coughing. Also, when breathing, you may feel characteristic pain and shortness of breath. Pain is especially acute when taking deep breaths or coughing. Pneumonia causes a high body temperature. However, pneumonia is not always accompanied by an increase. The patient feels weakness throughout the body, fatigue, decreased appetite, possible nausea and even vomiting. Symptoms are especially severe in older people and children. All this suggests that to alleviate the condition and avoid the development of complications, it is necessary to start taking antibiotics for pneumonia. This disease has a peculiarity: antibacterial drugs are prescribed immediately, without waiting for laboratory tests. After receiving the results of the sputum analysis, treatment is adjusted.

Stages of the disease

Experts distinguish three degrees of severity of respiratory inflammation. The mild stage is characterized by mild intoxication, the body temperature is within 38 ºС, the heartbeat is not accelerated. At the same time, the person maintains a clear consciousness. X-ray examination reveals a small affected area. With a more severe degree, the temperature may increase to 39 ºС, and intoxication is more pronounced. Moderate tachycardia is observed, shortness of breath appears. Infiltration is clearly visible on x-rays. The most severe degree is characterized not only by high temperature (up to 40 ºС), but also by clouding of mind. A person may become delirious, and shortness of breath occurs even in a calm state. At the same time, the intoxication of the body is pronounced.

Antibiotic for pneumonia in adults

This group of drugs is aimed at destroying pathogenic flora. First of all, the specialist must suppress the acute symptoms of the disease. In this case, antibiotics are prescribed that have a wide spectrum of action.

The doctor then sends the sputum sample to the laboratory. The research results obtained influence further treatment. The specific pathogen that provoked the disease is determined. The specialist selects the necessary antibiotic for pneumonia in adults, the action of which will be aimed at destroying this microorganism. A combination of drugs is often required, since there may be several pathogens. For proper selection of medications, an antibiogram is used.

Antibioticogram

This test helps determine whether the patient's body is sensitive to a specific antibiotic. After all, the market is saturated with all kinds of drugs, and often bacteria show resistance to one type of drug, but are destroyed by another. The patient's sputum is required for the study. The sample is exposed to different drugs. During this analysis, the most effective antibiotics for pneumonia are selected for a particular patient. They will inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Weaker drugs will not interfere with their development. The accuracy of such research is high. The only drawback is that you need to wait a long time for the results: they will be ready after 2-5 days.

Groups of antibiotics used in the treatment of pneumonia

Most often, treatment of pneumonia with antibiotics begins with broad-spectrum drugs. These include penicillins, macrolides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinols, aminoglycosides, and cephalosporins.

Penicillins are one of the first antibacterial drugs. They are natural and semi-synthetic. Penetrates well into body fluids and tissues. They can also cause a number of undesirable effects: diarrhea, hypersensitivity, allergic reactions. Treatment of pneumonia with antibiotics of this type is effective if the causative agents are streptococci and staphylococci.

Tetracyclines are drugs that are used less and less. The reason for this is the resistance of microorganisms to their action. Another peculiarity of the drugs is their ability to accumulate in bone tissue. However, they can lead to tooth decay. Therefore, such antibiotics for pneumonia are not prescribed to pregnant women, women during breastfeeding, young children, or patients who have kidney problems. Representatives of drugs of the tetracycline group are “Doxycycline”, “Tetracycline”.

Cephalosporin group

There are 4 generations of this type of medicine. First generation drugs include Cefazolin, Cephalexin, etc. They actively act on bacteria from the cocci group (pneumococci, staphylococci). The second generation of drugs has good antibacterial properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative flora. The half-life is approximately 1 hour. Cephalosporins, which belong to the third generation, have an excellent effect on microorganisms that are resistant to drugs of the penicillin group (Cefotaxime, Cefoperazone). They are used to treat severe forms of infections. Cefepime is the name of fourth generation antibiotics for pneumonia. They are the most active. Among the adverse reactions after taking cephalosporins, allergies are most often identified. About 10% of patients report allergic reactions to these drugs.

Macrolides. Aminoglycosides

Macrolides are used to neutralize cocci, legionella, and chlamydia. They are well absorbed into the body, but food intake somewhat slows down this process. Allergic reactions are very rare. Representatives of this category are drugs such as Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin. Their main area of ​​application is infectious processes in the respiratory tract. However, liver dysfunction is a contraindication to taking such medications.

Aminoglycosides are antibiotics for pneumonia that actively act on aerobic gram-negative microorganisms. They are also used in cases where the disease is caused by more than one type of bacteria, and therefore it is necessary to combine antibacterial drugs to achieve the desired result. Representatives of the group are drugs such as Gentamicin and Amikacin. The dosage is calculated depending on the patient’s body weight, age, and severity of the disease. When taking such drugs, control of glomerular filtration in the kidneys is necessary.

Class of quinols and fluoroquinols

Medicines in this category are divided into 4 generations. Non-fluorinated (this is the first generation) actively affects legionella and E. coli. They have a somewhat less effect on chlamydia and cocci. First generation drugs are used for mild infections. The remaining quinols (second to fourth generation) are fluorinated. All medications are well distributed in the body. They are excreted from the body primarily by the kidneys. The main contraindications for use are the period of pregnancy and hypersensitivity to the drug. In addition, the use of non-fluoridated drugs is undesirable for patients who have problems with the liver or kidneys. Fluoroquinols are not prescribed to children (under 18 years of age). The only exception may be the absence of an alternative option. This class includes drugs such as Ciprofloxacin, Pefloxacin, Levofloxacin. These medications are administered intravenously only by drip.

What are the rules for prescribing antibacterial drugs?

If pneumonia is diagnosed, only a specialist decides which antibiotics to take. After you start using medications, you can replace them with others. The indications for this are serious side effects that may occur during treatment with certain drugs. Also, a replacement occurs if the doctor does not observe the desired result (and changes for the better should appear on the second or third day). Some antibiotics are quite toxic. Therefore, their reception cannot last long. In general, treatment of pneumonia in adults with antibiotics lasts 10 days. But more serious infections require a much longer period of time (about a month). The specialist must take into account the general condition of the patient, the presence of certain concomitant and chronic diseases, and the person’s age. When prescribing antibacterial drugs, it is also important to be able to create a dose of the drug in the blood that will be sufficient for the given severity of the disease.

In what forms are antibiotics used?

Depending on the stage of the disease and the severity of its course, various methods of administering drugs are used. Mostly in the first days of illness, medications are administered by injection. Cephalosporin (antibiotics for pneumonia) injections are given intravenously or intramuscularly. This is possible due to their low toxicity. The peculiarity of macrolides is that they accumulate and continue to act even when the medication is stopped. Mild forms of the disease are treated within 10 days. In this case, antibiotics for pneumonia in tablets can be used. However, experts say that the oral form of medication is not as effective. This is because it is difficult to calculate the exact dosage. It is not recommended to frequently change medications, as this may develop resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics.

Features of the treatment of pneumonia in children

Pneumonia is especially dangerous for young patients. The disease can occur even in children. The main symptoms of pneumonia in young patients are wheezing, coughing, difficulty and rapid breathing, and high fever (which lasts for quite a long time). It is worth paying attention to the baby’s behavior. He loses his appetite, becomes lethargic and restless. The most important symptom of pneumonia in young children is a blue discoloration of the area between the lips and nose. As a rule, pneumonia occurs as a complication after acute respiratory viral infections, and not as an independent disease. There are also congenital pneumonias (the causative agent is the herpes virus, mycoplasma), infection can occur directly during or after childbirth. In newborns, the airways are small and gas exchange is less intense. Therefore, the disease is more severe.

Antibiotics and children

As for adults, the mainstay of treatment for pneumonia in children is antibiotics. For pneumonia in children, they are administered parenterally. This makes it possible to minimize the impact of drugs on the microflora of the digestive system. It is also possible to take medications by injection or inhalation. The last method is the most comfortable for young children. If the child’s age does not exceed 6 months, then treatment is carried out exclusively in a hospital, where the baby is under the constant supervision of specialists. The course of therapy for children is 7 days when taking drugs of the penicillin group, cephalosporins. If the doctor prescribed macrolides (this could be Azithromycin, Clarithromycin), then the duration of treatment is reduced to 5 days. Antibiotics for pneumonia in children should show effectiveness within 3 days. Otherwise, the drug may be replaced.

Under no circumstances should you self-medicate. Even the best antibiotics for pneumonia, which helped one child, may be ineffective or even dangerous for another. It is very important to strictly adhere to your medication schedule. You should not take synthetic vitamins and other immunomodulatory drugs at the same time. To prevent the occurrence of pneumonia, you should avoid hypothermia and promptly treat colds and other infectious diseases. Don't forget about proper balanced nutrition.

Antibiotics for pneumonia - effective and safe medicines

Inflammation of the lungs begins immediately with chest pain when breathing, severe cough with sputum, and fever. The disease urgently requires hospitalization. The patient is prescribed bed rest, special vitamin nutrition, and the main component of the therapeutic process is treatment with antibiotics.

What is pneumonia

Pneumonia is popularly called pneumonia. It is a lower respiratory tract infection with an incubation period of 2 to 10 days and involves the lung tissue. There are several types of disease:

  1. Atypical. Caused by chlamydia, legionella, mycoplasma, that is, atypical microflora.
  2. Aspiration. It occurs when water, food or foreign objects enter the respiratory tract.
  3. Hospital. The disease develops while the patient is in the hospital.
  4. Out-of-hospital. Occurs as a complication after a viral infection. It is often a cause of death due to a severe decrease in immunity.

New generation antibiotics help to avoid complications of pneumonia, which can cause lung abscess, pleural empyema, pneumothorax and other serious diseases. The most serious consequence of pneumonia is respiratory failure. This pathology develops in patients with other chronic diseases or in elderly patients who do not receive adequate antibiotic treatment. Failure often causes death.

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Antibiotics for pneumonia

Given the acute course of the disease, broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs are prescribed without waiting for laboratory tests. Doctors distinguish three degrees of severity of pneumonia. At the mildest stage, intoxication of the body occurs (mild), the patient’s body temperature does not exceed 38°C, the heart beats in a normal rhythm. The patient remains conscious, and X-ray examination reveals a small focus of inflammation localized in the upper lobe of the lung.

In the severe stage, the body temperature immediately increases to 39°C, tachycardia (moderate), intoxication is observed, infiltration is clearly visible on the X-ray. The most severe degree of pneumonia (pleuropneumonia) is characterized by a body temperature of 40°C, the patient is delirious, suffers from shortness of breath, and intoxication is pronounced. Antibiotics are prescribed for pneumonia, taking into account the following factors:

  • stage and severity of the disease;
  • drug toxicity;
  • contraindications;
  • possible manifestation of allergies;
  • antibiotic action spectrum;
  • the speed of penetration of the drug into the body;
  • the rate of development of bacterial resistance to this drug.

Penicillins

The first antibacterial drugs that quickly penetrate tissues and fluids, so they are used for congestive pneumonia. If the causative agent of inflammation is staphylococci or streptococci, then treatment with drugs of this type is effective. When pathology occurs for another reason, other antibiotics are prescribed. Penicillins are administered orally (tablets, suspensions) and through injections (injections). Penicillins include:

Tetracyclines

A group of drugs used in the treatment of pneumonia is becoming increasingly rare. Their instability to the action of microorganisms and the ability to accumulate in tissues is the reason. Tetracyclines have many contraindications: pregnancy, lactation, age under 7 years, kidney disease. Known representatives of this group of antibiotics:

Cephalosporins

They actively act on all bacteria of the cocci group, have excellent antibacterial properties against gram-negative and gram-positive flora, and have an effect on microorganisms that are resistant to drugs of the penicillin group. Adverse reactions include allergies. The intravenous or intramuscular method of administering the drug is used. Antibiotics in this group include the following drugs:

Macrolides

This group of antibiotics for pneumonia is used to neutralize chlamydia, legionella, and cocci. Macrolides are well absorbed, but food intake can slow down the process. Side effects and allergic manifestations are extremely rare. Contraindications include liver disease in patients. Representatives of this category of drugs:

Aminoglycosides

Act on gram-negative aerobic microorganisms. They are used when pneumonia is caused by several types of bacteria, so therapy is prescribed along with antibacterial or antiviral drugs. For example, the effect of the antibiotic Amikacin in atypical pneumonia will be enhanced by the antibacterial Metronidazole. When coadministered, the glomerular filtration rate in the kidneys (excretory capacity) should be monitored. Representatives of the group are:

Fluoroquinols

Medicines actively affect E. coli and Legionella. Today, fluoroquinols occupy one of the leading positions in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia. These are broad-spectrum drugs with the ability to penetrate deeply into tissues. Resistance of microorganisms to fluoroquinols rarely develops due to structural changes in DNA and permeability of the bacterial wall. Known antibiotics of this group:

How to treat pneumonia with antibiotics

Only the doctor decides which antibacterial drugs to take. Self-treatment of pneumonia at home can be fatal. Antibiotic therapy is carried out for no more than 10 days, since many drugs are toxic. For bilateral pneumonia, treatment can be extended for a longer period. The specialist takes into account the general condition of the patient, his age and the dosage form of the drug. A dosage of antibiotic in the blood is needed for it to be effective for a given degree of disease.

In adults

After 18 years of age, antibiotics are prescribed for pneumonia in a dosage calculated individually. For an adult, a doctor may prescribe the use of one drug or several groups of antibacterial agents. Medicines are mainly used in ampoules, because some modern drugs, for example, Ceftriaxone, are not available in tablets. In addition, experts say that antibiotics are more effective if you inject them rather than drink them.

If after 3 days there is no therapeutic effect, the doctor should replace the medicine with another group of antibiotics. Frequently changing medications is also not recommended, so as not to develop resistance of microorganisms to them. When the cause of inflammation is a virus, immunomodulators are additionally prescribed:

In children

Childhood pneumonia is especially dangerous, because it occurs latently after acute respiratory viral infections, and not as an independent disease. The child becomes lethargic, loses appetite, coughs, wheezing, and high fever appear. The basis of pediatric therapy is also antibiotics, which are administered parenterally. Children are prescribed natural and semi-synthetic penicillins or macrolides, in which the duration of treatment lasts no more than 5 days. Previously, pediatricians do a sensitivity test to the antibiotic prescribed for the child.

Video: Treatment of pneumonia with antibiotics

The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials in the article do not encourage self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and make recommendations for treatment based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

Source: http://sovets.net/5919-antibiotiki-pri-pnevmonii.html

Antibiotics for pneumonia - which ones are better?

In this article, we will look at taking antibiotics for pneumonia in adults.

The need for antibiotic treatment

Carrying out complex treatment of pneumonia in% of all cases must necessarily include long-term use by patients of effective antibacterial drugs that have a detrimental effect against many pathogenic microorganisms that cause the disease.

Depending on the severity of pneumonia, treatment can be carried out either with an antibacterial drug of one group or several at the same time. General practitioners very often combine this treatment tactic in cases where the previously prescribed antibiotic is not effective.

Before starting antibacterial treatment of pneumonia, the patient, under the supervision of the attending physician, must undergo a general blood and urine test, as well as expectorant sputum, in order to conduct laboratory diagnostics, which consists of a detailed determination of the type of pathogenic bacterium that caused pneumonia.

Having accurately established the type of pathogenic bacteria, the doctor can individually select an effective range of antibacterial agents that are most sensitive to the infection that has arisen.

Long-term use of antibacterial drugs must be combined with the use of probiotics - biological medicinal substances that help restore normal intestinal microflora, which quickly dies under the influence of antibiotics. This group of medicines includes: Linex, Laktovit, bio-yogurt, which must be taken at least 2 - 3 times a day. per day for 10 - 14 days, depending on the duration of taking antibacterial agents.

The main course of antibiotic treatment is prescribed only by the attending physician - a therapist or pulmonologist, which is individual for each patient and primarily depends on the further progression of the disease, as well as the development of secondary, unwanted complications from the respiratory system.

Attention: it is not recommended to self-medicate with antibacterial drugs; regarding the treatment of pneumonia, it is necessary to consult with a general practitioner or pulmonologist in order to prevent a possible worsening of the disease, as well as the development of serious complications.

The best antibiotics for adults for pneumonia

Antibacterial drugs that are available in tablet form:

  • amoxiclav is one of the best antibacterial agents, it is recommended to take 1 t. 1 - 2 r. in a day. The average course of treatment is 5 – 7 days;
  • sumamed is a broad-spectrum antibiotic against a huge number of bacteria. It is necessary to take 1 t. per day for 5 – 7 days, depending on the severity of the disease;
  • Azithromycin is a good antibiotic that is very suitable for treating pneumonia in the early stages. It is recommended to drink 1 t. 2 r. per day for 7 – 10 days;
  • Amoxil is a fairly effective antibiotic for the complex treatment of various respiratory tract infections, including bacterial pneumonia. The average course of treatment is generally 5 - 7 days, 1 t. 2 - 3 r. in a day;
  • Clarithromycin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug. It is recommended to drink 1 t. 2 r. per day for 8 – 10 days;
  • fluconazole is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, should be taken 1 t. 1 - 2 r. in a day. The average course of treatment is 5 – 6 days;
  • Metronidazole - an antibacterial drug is prescribed in cases of secondary complications, 1 t. 2 - 3 r. in a day.

Medications for intramuscular administration:

  • Ceftriaxone is a fairly sensitive drug against many active pathogenic bacteria (staphylococci, streptococci). It is recommended to administer intramuscularly 1 - 2 r. per day for 7 – 10 days;
  • ofloxacin is an antibacterial drug for intramuscular administration. Has a good antibacterial effect in the treatment of pneumonia. It is recommended to administer 2 times daily. per day, the course of treatment depends on the course of the disease, on average 10 - 12 days;
  • Cefotaxime (cefozolin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. 1 – 2 ml should be administered. 2 r. per day intramuscularly for 7 – 10 days;
  • Ampiox is a good antibacterial drug that has a fairly rapid destructive effect against various pathogens. It is an excellent remedy in the treatment of pneumonia. Apply 1 – 2 ml. 2 r. per day for 5 – 7 days;
  • ampicillin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. Very often prescribed for various infectious diseases of the respiratory tract;
  • gentamicin – prescribed in the complex treatment of pneumonia, most often in cases of secondary complications;
  • penicillin is an effective antibiotic in the treatment of mild and moderate, uncomplicated stages of pneumonia;
  • lincomycin - used in the complex treatment of pneumonia with antibacterial agents.

In this article, we found out which antibiotics should be taken for pneumonia.

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Remember, self-medication is dangerous to your health! Consult your doctor

Source: http://in4health.ru/antibiotiki-pri-pnevmonii.html

The most effective and common antibiotics for pneumonia

Pneumonia is a serious and quite severe infectious disease. It manifests itself as damage to the respiratory system. Antibiotics for pneumonia are effective because the drugs kill the bacteria that cause the inflammation.

If you do not use antibiotics for pneumonia, the desired effect will not be achieved. This happens because the immune system is unable to cope with harmful microbes on its own. But it is worth considering that using an antibiotic for pneumonia on your own is dangerous, since the treatment is accompanied by a number of side effects.

Antibioticogram

Using this analysis, you can determine the sensitivity of the patient’s body to a particular drug. Such an analysis is necessary because the market is full of different drugs. It happens that harmful organisms show resistance to one type of antibiotic, while another type is able to destroy them. To carry out the analysis, sputum is taken from the patient and appropriate studies are performed using various drugs. Based on the results of such actions, the most effective drug is identified, with which therapy is prescribed to the patient. Strong drugs can destroy harmful bacteria, while weak ones can prevent their proliferation. The research is accurate, there are no mistakes. The analysis period takes about 5 days, so antibiotics are pre-prescribed that can curb the progression of the disease.

Thanks to this analysis, the risks of side effects and negative consequences, including allergic reactions from the use of antibiotics, are reduced. The predicted positive outcome from the prescribed treatment is also determined by this analysis, because by identifying the pathogen and the antibiotic affecting it, you can be guaranteed to get a positive result from the treatment.

Use of antibiotics for pneumonia in adults

Antibiotics for pneumonia in adults destroy pathogenic flora. To prescribe treatment, it is necessary to reduce the acute symptoms of the disease with the help of antibiotics that have a broad effect.

Often, adult patients with pneumonia are prescribed the following antibiotics:

After this, the attending physician needs to take the patient’s sputum for analysis and, based on the results obtained, prescribe the most effective therapy. The laboratory identifies the specific type of bacteria that provoked the inflammatory process. After this, a medicine is prescribed to destroy these particular types of harmful organisms. Sometimes a combination of drugs is required due to the identification of several types of harmful organisms.

Use of antibiotics for pneumonia in children

A serious illness in children is pneumonia, for which antibiotics are prescribed even to children. It is quite possible to detect this disease even in an infant. Symptoms of the disease: wheezing, cough, difficulty breathing, fever. Also dangerous symptoms indicating the development of pneumonia are: loss of appetite, lethargy, drowsiness or, conversely, hyperreactivity. Blue skin in the area under the nose is a sign of pneumonia, and antibiotics are prescribed immediately. In children, this disease can occur as a result of acute respiratory viral infection. It is worth considering that the course of the disease in children is more complex due to the small airways.

Children are treated with gentler drugs:

  • Amoxicillin;
  • Augmentin;
  • Zinacef;
  • Zinnat;
  • Sumamed;
  • Suprax;
  • Ceftriaxone.

To treat a disease in children such as pneumonia, antibiotics are initially prescribed. In this case, the best type of drug is selected that can kill harmful bacteria and cause fewer side effects.

An antibiotic can destroy a child’s microflora, so additional tests are necessary to select the most optimal therapy for each individual case.

Antibiotics used to treat pneumonia

A person has quite predictable questions: what to treat, what antibiotics to take, what drugs to stock up on for pneumonia, and what method of treatment is the most effective?

Penicillins are called the primary means of destroying bacteria. Such agents tend to penetrate organ tissue. But they can also cause adverse reactions in the form of: diarrhea, hypersensitivity, allergic reaction. They have good effectiveness in the fight against staphylococci and streptococci. Tetracyclines are not used as often as penicillins. This is due to the resistance of a large number of microorganisms to this drug. Also, a negative side of these drugs is their ability to accumulate in bone tissue. In addition, the use of these products leads to tooth decay.

Group of cephalosporins

This type of product has four generations of release. First generation cephasporins quickly fight coccal bacteria. Generation II drugs destroy gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The withdrawal period does not exceed 60 minutes. Generation III of such drugs copes well with microorganisms that are resistant to penicillins. They are used to suppress infection. IV generation drugs, the newest ones, are able to cope with all kinds of groups of microorganisms. But these drugs have quite a lot of side effects, for example, about 11% report allergic reactions to such a strong antibiotic. The latest generation of drugs cope better with bacteria.

Macrolides, aminoglycosides

Thanks to the use of macrolides, cocci, legionella, and chlamydia are neutralized. The drug has the property of being well absorbed into the body. Such drugs are used for respiratory infections.

Aminoglycoside drugs for pneumonia are used when it is necessary to influence gram-positive bacteria during pneumonia. The drug helps well in the treatment of diseases caused by one type of microorganism. To achieve a positive effect in the presence of different types of bacteria, a combination of treatments is required. The dosage of such drugs is calculated based on body weight, the number of years of the patient and the stage of pneumonia. During use, monitoring of proper kidney function is required. Take medications as prescribed by the doctor.

Class of quinols and fluoroquinolones

Drugs called quinols, like cephalosporins, are divided into 4 generations. Generation I of these antibiotics kills E. coli and works quite well against Legionella. They have a less effective effect on coccal bacteria. Generation II medications are prescribed for minor infections. The most effective therapy is using III and IV generation of agents. The new generation medicine is well absorbed into the organs. The drug is excreted through the kidneys. The best antibiotics for pneumonia are of the latest generation.

Fluoroquinolones are prescribed only to persons over 18 years of age. An exceptional case is the absence of an alternative. These drugs are effective against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. They destroy not only pneumococci, but also salmonella. Intracellular bacteria are quickly destroyed by fluoroquinolones. Intravenous administration is carried out only using a dropper. Treating pneumonia with these drugs is quite effective.

Rules for prescribing antibiotics for pneumonia

The decision on the use of drugs is made by the doctor after examination. Medicines may be replaced with others during therapy. The conditions for changing the prescribed antibiotic are a strong undesirable effect that may occur with a particular medicine. The specialist can also change the drug, provided that the previous one did not give the required result. The positive effect of taking antibiotics should appear after 2-3 days. There are antibiotics for pneumonia that are toxic. As a result, such funds are not prescribed for a long period of time.

Toxic drugs include the following groups:

  • aminoglycosides;
  • sulfonamides;
  • nitrofurans.

On average, antibiotic treatment for pneumonia lasts about 14 days. If pneumonia is intensified by additional diseases, then treatment may last until the patient fully recovers. It is also important to determine the general health of the patient.

Ineffective treatment of pneumonia with antibiotics

Failure to treat a lung infection with antibiotics is quite rare. The source may be the patient’s self-medication before going to a medical facility. So, if the patient took any other drugs, then the effectiveness of the drugs for pneumonia is significantly reduced.

It may also be ineffective if:

  • repeatedly use antibiotics;
  • constant replacement of antibiotics;
  • bacteria have developed resistance;
  • incorrect dose selection;
  • incorrect choice of the duration of the therapy period.

In such circumstances, a combination of drugs is performed. Also, treating the patient with other drugs can give effective results. Antibiotics for the treatment of pneumonia in tablets and capsules may be ineffective, since treating pneumonia with this method is effective only at the early stage of the disease. It is recommended to take antibiotics in tablet form as a preventive measure for the disease. Take the tablets with plenty of water.

Pneumonia is a rather serious and dangerous disease, treatment with antibiotics gives good results. This disease must be cured immediately, since in the early stages the treatment period is fewer days, and the drugs prescribed are more gentle, with minimal side effects. In more serious cases, pneumonia is quite difficult to treat. Even the use of strong drugs does not always give a positive result.

Only a qualified specialist can draw up a treatment plan.

Quiz: How susceptible are you to lung disease?

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Information

Our immunity is directly dependent on our lifestyle and nutrition. Only a small part of it is initially genetic. Throughout life, a person acquires immune deficiency, which subsequently leads to various kinds of diseases, allergic reactions and poor health. By taking care of your diet, you will also take care of your immunity, which will subsequently save you from many health problems. This test will show you what to pay attention to in your current diet. What to add, what to reduce, and what should be abandoned completely.

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Something needs to be changed urgently!

Judging by your diet, you don’t care about your immune system or your body at all. Most likely, you get sick often, suffer from intestinal problems, and are haunted by a feeling of constant fatigue. It's time to love yourself and start improving. It is urgent to adjust your diet, to minimize fatty, starchy, sweet and alcoholic foods. Eat more vegetables and fruits, dairy products. Feed the body by taking vitamins, drink more water (precisely purified, mineral). Strengthen your body, reduce the amount of stress in your life, think more positively and the transition to a healthy diet will be much easier, you just need to start.

Your immune system is in fairly good condition.

So far, it’s good, but if you don’t start taking care of her more carefully, health problems may begin (if the prerequisites haven’t already existed). Namely, allergies, frequent colds, intestinal problems and other “charms” of life accompany weak immunity. You should think about your diet, minimize fatty, flour, sweets and alcohol. Eat more vegetables and fruits, dairy products. To nourish the body by taking vitamins, do not forget that you need to drink a lot of water (precisely purified, mineral water). Strengthen your body, reduce the amount of stress in your life, think more positively and your immune system will be strong for many years to come.

Congratulations! Keep it up!

You care about your nutrition, health and immune system. Continue in the same spirit and health problems will not bother you for many years to come. Don't forget that this is mainly due to the fact that you eat right. Eat proper and healthy food (fruits, vegetables, dairy products), do not forget to drink plenty of purified water, strengthen your body, think positively. Just love yourself and your body, take care of it and it will definitely reciprocate your feelings.

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How often do you eat fast food?

  • Few times a week
  • Once a month
  • Several times a year
  • I don't eat at all

Do you eat healthy and nutritious food?

  • Always
  • I strive for this
  • No

How often do you eat foods containing high amounts of sugar?

  • Daily
  • Few times a week
  • Once a month or less
  • I don't use it at all

Do you carry out fasting days or any other cleansing procedures?

  • 1-2 times a week
  • Several times a month
  • Several times a month

How many times a day do you eat?

  • Less than 3 times
  • Breakfast lunch and dinner
  • More than 3 times

What type of people do you consider yourself to be?

  • Optimist
  • Realist
  • Pessimist

How often do you eat baked goods and pasta made from light flour?

  • Daily
  • Few times a week
  • Several times a month or less

Do you eat a varied diet?

  • Yes
  • No
  • I eat a variety of foods, but the same dishes for many years

What products do you have for breakfast?

  • Porridge, yogurt
  • Coffee, sandwiches
  • Other

What time do you have breakfast?

  • Before 7.00
  • 07.00-09.00
  • 09.00-11.00
  • Later 11.00

Do you have food intolerances?

  • Yes
  • No

Do you take vitamins?

  • Yes, regularly
  • Every season
  • Very rarely
  • I don't accept it at all

How much pure water do you drink per day?

  • Less than 1.5 liters
  • 1.5-2.5 liters
  • 2.5-3.5 liters
  • More than 3.5 liters

Have you ever had a food allergy?

  • Yes
  • No
  • I find it difficult to answer

What portions do you eat?

  • While it fits
  • I'm still a little hungry
  • I eat up, but not to the point of being full

Are you taking antibiotics?

  • Yes
  • No
  • In case of urgent need

How often do you eat vegetables and fruits?

  • Daily
  • Few times a week
  • Very rarely

What kind of water do you drink?

  • Mineral
  • Cleaned with household appliances with filters
  • Boiled
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How often do you consume fermented milk products?

  • Daily
  • Few times a week
  • Once a month or even less often

Do you always eat at the same time?

Source: http://pulmonologi.ru/pnevmoniya/antibiotiki.html