Acute tracheobronchitis in children treatment

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Tracheobronchitis in children: symptoms and treatment

When severe inflammation of the trachea and bronchi occurs, accompanied by cough and shortness of breath, they speak of the development of tracheobronchitis. Treatment of the disease with the correct prescription of medications takes from 10 to 14 days.

Table of contents:

The attending physician will tell you how to cure tracheobronchitis in a child after an examination, and parents, in turn, must follow all the specialist’s recommendations.

In children, treatment of tracheobronchitis must be comprehensive, otherwise the disease may become chronic or cause more complex pathologies of the respiratory tract.

Causes

Tracheobronchitis is a disease that is transmitted by airborne droplets, so most often it develops in children attending kindergarten and school. If tracheobronchitis is suspected, the child must be excluded from the team.

In most cases, tracheobronchitis in children is a consequence of untreated viral and bacterial diseases of the respiratory tract, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, whooping cough, tonsillitis, pharyngitis.

The disease is affected by frequent hypothermia, too cold or hot air in the room. If there are mold formations in the apartment, the child inhales their fumes, and the risk of developing tracheobronchitis increases several times.

Other provoking factors for the development of acute tracheobronchitis:

  1. Adenoid growths, polyps.
  2. Congenital pathologies of the chest, blood vessels, nasal passages.
  3. Immunodeficiency.
  4. Vitamin D deficiency.
  5. Lack of weight.
  6. Diabetes.

The allergic form of tracheobronchitis develops when an allergen penetrates into a child’s weakened body. When an infectious pathogen is attached, infectious-allergic tracheobronchitis occurs.

Typically, children develop an acute form of tracheobronchitis; chronic is extremely rare. The disease becomes chronic if the child:

  • lives in unfavorable conditions;
  • eats poorly;
  • breathes polluted air;
  • does not receive proper treatment.

A high percentage of infection in children living in socially unfavorable families. In high school age, the reasons may be:

  • bad habits;
  • smoking;
  • abuse of alcohol and drugs.

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Symptoms and diagnosis

Initially, tracheobronchitis is accompanied by symptoms similar to acute respiratory infections, acute respiratory viral infections or influenza. The main symptom of tracheobronchitis is a dry paroxysmal cough, often occurring when taking a deep breath or laughing. In the initial stages, it can be confused with laryngitis cough, which is difficult to diagnose.

In any case, if the following signs appear, you should contact your pediatrician:

  1. Dry cough.
  2. Pain in the chest after coughing.
  3. Hoarseness of voice.
  4. Dyspnea.
  5. Pale skin, cyanosis.
  6. Increased sweating.

The disease in children is accompanied by:

As it progresses, there is a discharge of mucus from the nasal passages and when coughing. Most often, the sputum is purulent in color, which is explained by a bacterial infection.

The severity of the manifestations depends on the state of the child’s immune system. The healthier the child’s body, the less severe the symptoms.

In the allergic form of tracheobronchitis:

  • coughing attacks worsen at night;
  • the temperature rarely rises above 37 °C;
  • the disease is accompanied by a severe runny nose;
  • conjunctivitis is often associated.

If such symptoms occur, it is necessary to contact a specialist who will examine the throat and listen to the child’s respiratory tract. The doctor will see reddened and swollen mucous membrane, inflamed trachea, and when listening, will hear wheezing in the trachea and bronchi.

The doctor should order the following examinations:

  1. General blood analysis.
  2. A swab from the throat and nose to identify the causative agent of the disease.
  3. If an allergy is suspected - allergy tests, the level of eosinophils in the blood.
  4. In rare cases, a biochemical blood test.
  5. To exclude laryngitis, an ENT specialist may prescribe laryngoscopy, or a chest x-ray if pneumonia is suspected.

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Drug treatment

Treatment of the acute form of tracheobronchitis should not be delayed, otherwise there is a risk of complications, such as damage to the bronchi and their obstruction, hyperemia, pneumonia, and respiratory failure.

How is tracheobronchitis treated in children? Therapy must be comprehensive, this means that:

  1. Treatment of tracheobronchitis begins with taking antibacterial or antiviral agents, depending on the source of infection. Among antibiotics, children are most often prescribed: suspensions Sumamed, Ixim Lupin, Amoxiclav, Amoxicillin, Azitrus, Suprax; tablets Flemoxin Solutab, Azithromycin or injections Zinacef, Ceftriaxone, Zinnat.
  2. If tracheobronchitis is caused by viruses, it is necessary to take antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs, these are: Arbidol, Aflubin, Anaferon, Ergoferon, Tsitovir, Influcid. Infants are prescribed Genferon or Viferon suppositories.
  3. For cough, infants are prescribed Gedelix syrup or cough syrup. For older children - Mukaltin, Lazolvan, Bromhexine, Ascoril, ACC-100, Erespal. From the age of three you can take Althea, Licorice, and Doctor Mom syrups.
  4. For any form of tracheobronchitis, especially allergic, you should take antihistamines that help stop the allergic reaction, relieve inflammation and reduce swelling: Fenistil, Suprastin, Fenkarol, Diprazin, Rivtagil.
  5. When the temperature rises above 38°C, it is necessary to take antipyretic drugs. The choice of drug depends on the age of the child; for the youngest there are medications in the form of suspensions and suppositories; from the age of three it is possible to take tablets. The most popular drugs: Nurofen, Panadol, Efferalgan, children's Paracetamol.

The first thing treatment should begin with is suppression of the causative agent of the disease; in the case of an allergic form, elimination of contact with the allergen. If tracheobronchitis is a complication of any disease, it is necessary to first direct treatment to eliminate the primary disease.

Other treatments

After relieving acute symptoms and during the recovery period, it is necessary to undergo a course of physical treatment to remove residual mucus and deliver funds directly to the source of inflammation.

Most often, children are prescribed the following procedures:

The duration of the course of physiotherapy depends on the severity of the disease and the age of the patient. Children under 3 years of age are usually prescribed a five-day treatment; after the age of three, the course is increased to 10 days.

Inhalations

One of the effective methods of treating tracheobronchitis in children is inhalation with a nebulizer. With their help, you can deliver medicine directly to the inflamed airways. The advantage of the procedures is that the drugs do not pass through the gastrointestinal tract and, accordingly, there are a minimum of side effects.

  1. Antibiotics: Gentamicin, Dioxedine, Fluimucil-Antibiotic.
  2. Mucolytics and expectorants: Ambrobene, Lazolvan, Ambroxol, ACC, Fluimucil, Mucaltin.
  3. Bronchodilators: Berodual, Pulmicort, Berotek, Atrovent.
  4. To relieve inflammation: Rotokan, Tonsilgon N, Malavit, Furacilin, Miramistin, Chlorophyllipt.
  5. Alkaline solutions: saline solution, mineral water, sea salt solution.

After 3 years, provided that the child does not have a fever, steam inhalations with herbal decoctions can be performed. To prepare, take dry chamomile, sage, St. John's wort or other beneficial herbs and brew in 500 ml. boiling water The infusion should cool down to degrees, the duration of the procedure is no more than 5 minutes.

Inhalations are carried out 3-4 hours before bedtime, the interval between meals and procedures should be at least one and a half hours.

Treatment at home

You can alleviate the child’s condition with the help of traditional medicine. Children are allowed to use the following products:

  1. Finely grate the black radish, pour in honey and refrigerate overnight. Give the child a teaspoon 5 times a day. The drug is contraindicated in children under three years of age and with diseases of the cardiovascular system.
  2. Drink warmed milk with butter and honey three times a day. You can add a couple of pinches of soda.
  3. Boil a spoonful of anise seeds in a glass of water; when cool, strain and add a teaspoon of honey. Drink a glass three times a day.
  4. Gargle with infusion of chamomile, sage and calendula.

Compliance with all doctor’s recommendations, additional physiotherapy and traditional medicine will help to quickly and without consequences cope with tracheobronchitis in a child.

Read better what Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation Victoria Dvornichenko says about this. For several years I suffered from poor health - constant colds, problems with the throat and bronchi, headaches, weight problems, abdominal pain, nausea, constipation, weakness, loss of strength, weakness and depression. Endless tests, visits to doctors, diets, pills did not solve my problems. The doctors no longer knew what to do with me. BUT thanks to a simple recipe, headaches, colds, gastrointestinal problems in the past, my weight has returned to normal and I feel HEALTHY, full of strength and energy. Now my attending physician is surprised how this is so. Here is a link to the article.

Source: http://opnevmonii.ru/bolezni/traxeobronxit/lechenie-traxeobronxita-u-detej.html

Tracheobronchitis in children: symptoms and treatment

Tracheobronchitis is a term that combines inflammatory damage to both the trachea and bronchi of a child. Due to their proximity to each other, since the trachea passes into the main bronchi, the inflammatory process often affects the mucous membranes of both organs, especially in childhood, when the immune system is not yet working at full capacity and is imperfect in comparison with the adult body. Usually the process begins in the upper respiratory tract as an acute respiratory viral infection, without full treatment, “sinking” lower into the area of ​​the trachea and bronchi. In some cases, the lesion will also involve the larynx, or it will form immediately as a primary inflammatory process against the background of certain infections or pathologies. Without treatment, tracheobronchitis can threaten the health of children, requiring complete diagnosis and therapy under strict medical supervision.

Causes of inflammation

Most often, the inflammatory process in the area of ​​the trachea and bronchi is formed due to the penetration of viruses or bacteria onto the surface of the mucous membranes of these parts of the respiratory system. With strong immunity and sufficient local protection of the mucous membranes, these infectious agents are neutralized, but if the protective factors are insufficient, or the infection has a high degree of aggressiveness, tracheobronchitis develops. There are a number of predisposing factors and situations in which such a pathology is more likely. This should include:

  • frequent incidence of acute respiratory viral infections and recent influenza, which lead to a decrease in immune reactivity
  • irrational use of antibiotics and immunomodulators, unreasonable prescription of antiviral drugs
  • the presence of rickets, malnutrition, decreased supply of vitamins, anemia, diabetes mellitus and other metabolic pathologies
  • congenital immunodeficiencies, pathologies of the cellular and humoral
  • freezing feet, systemic hypothermia
  • passive smoking if household members smoke around the child
  • anatomical defects in the respiratory organs, bronchospasm
  • violation of the indoor microclimate (hot and dry air, dust, mold on the walls).

Tracheobronchitis belongs to the category of infectious diseases; usually its pathogens are transmitted from sick children to healthy ones (although the form of infection can be different), and often preschoolers and schoolchildren suffer from it. If you suspect the development of tracheobronchitis, it is important to immediately isolate the child in order to treat and not spread microbial and viral particles among healthy children.

In the vast majority of cases, tracheobronchitis is considered a complication of improperly treated colds or flu, as well as pneumonia, sinusitis, tonsillitis or childhood infections (whooping cough, measles, chickenpox). Often, such complications arise from infections due to adenoid vegetations, when the child is forced to switch to mouth breathing due to nasal congestion. Similar breathing difficulties are possible due to congenital defects of the chest and nasal passages.

It is possible, as an option, to develop an allergic form of pathology when inhaling a causally significant allergen with preliminary sensitization of the body. If, against the background of an existing allergy, a virus or microbe penetrates the mucous membranes, the most difficult form of tracheobronchitis to recognize and treat is formed - infectious-allergic.

In children, an acute form of the pathology usually occurs; a chronic process occurs in isolated cases, in the absence of treatment, proper nutrition and immunity problems.

For teenagers, one of the risk factors can be bad habits: smoking, including vaping, and drinking alcohol, narcotic and psychotropic drugs.

Types of tracheobronchitis in children and their characteristics

In childhood, the development of tracheobronchitis can take several forms with typical changes in the affected areas. They are divided depending on the severity of the process, duration and nature of inflammation:

  • Acute tracheobronchitis is usually manifested by coughing attacks at night; it causes diffuse inflammation in the area of ​​the trachea and bronchi at different levels.
  • Chronic tracheobronchitis is characterized by periods of coughing and coughing during the day and night. With it, against the background of a long-term process of inflammation, either atrophic processes or hypertrophy of the tracheal and bronchial walls are formed.
  • Allergic tracheobronchitis occurs in the form of sudden attacks during contact with allergens. It is characterized by mildly manifested symptoms and the absence of general manifestations typical of infections.

It is important that the doctor, when examining and examining the child, accurately determines the cause of the development of inflammation, then the treatment will be as effective and quick as possible. Symptoms of tracheobronchitis in children vary depending on the form and course, and it is worth talking about them in more detail.

Symptoms of acute tracheobronchitis

Manifestations of acute tracheobronchitis are generally similar to ARVI in its initial period - the child becomes weak, lethargic and irritable, the temperature rises, malaise and headaches, and loss of appetite. Local symptoms are also typical:

  • The cough is dry, paroxysmal and intrusive, worsening at night and sometimes ending in an attack of nausea or vomiting.
  • Pain in the chest along the trachea and bronchi
  • Copious mucous discharge from the nose
  • Redness of the pharynx when examining the child’s oral cavity, pain in the back wall and when swallowing, soreness, burning and dryness
  • Rapid breathing, heavy sweating, rapid pulse.

In a severe condition and in an advanced form of the disease, the child experiences hypoxia, due to which the lips and nasolabial triangle may turn blue, this is especially noticeable when coughing. If the larynx is involved in the process, symptoms may include severe hoarseness or hoarseness, the development of a barking cough and sometimes suffocation due to swelling of the larynx.

Usually the condition is especially severe in the first two to three days of the illness; as treatment progresses and the sputum begins to liquefy and discharge, the child feels better, the cough gradually subsides and the inflammation goes away.

Manifestations of chronic bronchitis

In the absence of adequate treatment for the acute form of tracheobronchitis or with incorrectly selected drugs, against the background of self-medication with various folk methods, the symptoms become less clear and distinct, the process becomes chronic. Usually, all manifestations are not as clearly and clearly expressed as against the background of an acute process, but they manifest themselves against the background of common colds, hypothermia, if the body is affected by any stress factors. Immediately there are:

  • Severe mucous runny nose
  • Redness of the posterior pharyngeal wall with swelling and looseness of the mucous membranes and tonsils
  • Pain with soreness when swallowing, hoarse voice
  • Coughing in fits and starts is typical, which is especially severe at night, pain in the chest area and difficulty breathing develop.

The increase in temperature is small - from low-grade to febrile levels, and often it lasts a long time. Against the background of a chronic inflammatory process in the area of ​​the trachea and bronchial tree, the development of progressive deformations of the bronchi and changes in the mucous membranes in the trachea is typical, which can become a predisposing background for further pathologies such as broncho-obstructive syndrome or asthma.

Features of symptoms and clinical diagnosis

Tracheobronchitis in children begins as a cold or flu, and is often its complication or clinical form. The leading symptom of the pathology is considered to be a paroxysmal dry cough, which occurs against the background of crying, laughing or deep breathing; at the beginning it may be similar to laryngitis, and therefore the conditions can be confused.

It is important that parents call a doctor at home or go to an appointment if there is pain in the chest due to deep breathing or after coughing, if there is a dry, obsessive cough in attacks, the development of shortness of breath and hoarseness of the voice, pale skin on the face and body with cyanosis on or around the fingers mouth, with increased sweating against the background of general symptoms of pathology - weakness and irritability, poor appetite, fever.

As the cough progresses, it becomes wet and sputum is coughed up from the bronchi, usually greenish or yellowish in color. The severity of the condition depends on the age and characteristics of the child’s immune response.

Differences in the allergic form include exacerbation of attacks at night or when going outside, absence of fever and general cold symptoms, severe runny nose and often conjunctivitis.

For additional diagnostics, in the presence of such complaints, the doctor prescribes general blood and urine tests, biochemical analysis and sometimes sputum culture to determine pathogens. Swabs are also taken from the throat and nose to determine the cause of the infection; in the presence of allergic manifestations, the level of blood eosinophils is assessed and blood or skin allergy tests are performed. In the differential diagnosis, to exclude pneumonia, a chest x-ray is indicated.

General principles of treatment of tracheobronchitis in children

It is important to treat only under the supervision of a physician, monitoring the effectiveness and tolerability of the selected treatment. It necessarily includes both general procedures and local treatment. First of all, for any form, the basis is bed rest with a gradual transition to home rest, a special diet with non-irritating foods and dishes, and a high content of vitamins and minerals. Drug treatment and physical therapy during the period of follow-up treatment are also indicated; traditional methods and alternative therapy are applicable only in consultation with the doctor, if appropriate.

The acute process is often based on a viral infection, so the basis of therapy is antiviral and immunostrengthening treatment. Use medications prescribed by a doctor in an age-specific dosage in combination with general measures and symptomatic remedies.

Chronic bronchitis: treatment

Typically, with chronic bronchitis, a secondary microbial infection develops, so antibiotics and immunotherapy are often required to stimulate the body's defenses. For treatment to be effective, the doctor initially determines the nature of the microbial agent and its sensitivity to certain antibiotics. In the treatment of chronic inflammation of the trachea and bronchi, protected penicillins and cephalosporins, as well as macrolides, are used. They are administered orally and do not require injections and are not more effective. All regimens for taking antibiotics and additional medications will be prescribed by your doctor; you cannot shorten or extend the course; you cannot change the dosage yourself.

Self-treatment with antibiotics is prohibited, even if you have previously given them to children and they were well tolerated. Chronic bronchitis does not always require taking them, especially if the inflammation is of a viral nature or allergy. With them, medications are contraindicated and will only do harm. Reactions may be stronger and more pronounced.

Allergic tracheobronchitis: treatment tactics

In the presence of allergic damage to the trachea and bronchi, the use of desensitizing therapy and antiallergic drugs is necessary. Taking antibiotics and antiviral drugs is prohibited, they will only worsen the situation. Oral forms of antihistamines, starting from the second generation, will be effective for allergies, without sedation or side effects. In the presence of bronchospasm or laryngeal edema, the use of bronchodilators and hormonal drugs by injection, inhalation therapy with bronchodilators and corticosteroids, and anti-inflammatory drugs is indicated.

Additional drugs and treatments

Due to the presence of a painful cough, which greatly disturbs the child, it is necessary to use drugs to thin the sputum and relieve coughing attacks. Antitussive drugs are used, which block the activity of the cough center in the brain and lead to the suppression of attacks of dry and obsessive cough if it is poorly tolerated. The use of the drugs is strictly limited, only against the background of a dry cough.

If you have a wet cough, this group of drugs is prohibited; they can threaten the development of congestion and pneumonia.

To relieve cough and thin sputum, the use of mucolytic and mucoregulatory drugs is indicated. They suppress inflammation, thin mucus, help cough it up, and make coughing painless and productive. It is important not to suppress the cough, but to transform it from painful and dry to productive, cough up phlegm and gradually recover.

Dietary correction and drinking regime

During the period of an acute condition, a change in nutrition and drinking regime is indicated to give the body rest and relief, to help eliminate metabolic products and toxins produced by the infectious agent. You also need to drink plenty of alkaline fluids, which helps in separating and thinning mucus, soothing an irritated throat and easing breathing. Children benefit from compotes and fruit drinks, warm still mineral water, decoctions of linden blossom and rose hips, milk with butter and honey, and raspberry tea. Strong black tea, coffee, as well as soda and concentrated squeezed juices are prohibited (dilute with water by 2/3 of the volume).

From your diet, especially if you suspect an allergic component of inflammation, you should exclude foods and dishes that may be potential allergens. These include bee products and chocolate, bright and exotic fruits, red fish, caviar and nuts. In predisposed children, they can increase bronchial swelling and spasm, which provokes coughing attacks.

If necessary, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory therapy, detoxification treatment and immunostrengthening therapy are indicated. Inhalation therapy with bronchodilators, drugs for thinning sputum and stimulants for its discharge is indicated. Inhalations are used only for dry coughs; they should be discontinued against the background of a wet, productive cough.

The use of physiotherapy in treatment

After the acute process gradually subsides, physiotherapy is indicated during the recovery period to normalize the ventilation functions of the respiratory system. Due to it, blood flow to the affected mucous membranes improves, their work is normalized, sputum discharge is stimulated and breathing is activated, tissue saturation with oxygen. In children's practice, massages, breathing exercises and thermal procedures, inhalation therapy with herbal decoctions and drugs, electrophoresis with medications are used. All prescriptions are agreed with the doctor and are carried out at home or in the clinic only in the absence of fever and against the background of normalization of the general condition. The course of treatment consists of several procedures performed daily or every other day under the supervision of a physician.

Alena Paretskaya, pediatrician, medical columnist

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Source: http://okeydoc.ru/traxeobronxit-u-detej-simptomy-i-lechenie/

Features of tracheobronchitis in children: what is it and how to treat the disease?

Tracheobronchitis is a combined disease that often develops in children and is an inflammation of the bronchi and trachea.

The pathology requires serious complex treatment, in the absence of which complications in the ENT organs are possible.

Tracheobronchitis in children

This pathology is accompanied by inflammatory processes that spread to the mucous membrane of the trachea, bronchioles (small branches of the bronchial tree) and large and medium-sized bronchi.

Most often, this disease occurs as a complication of untreated bronchitis and tracheitis and is accompanied by severe swelling in the throat and the release of mucus in large quantities.

Pathological processes begin with the tissues of the trachea, and if left untreated, the disease spreads downward, affecting other organs of the respiratory system.

Causes of the disease

The causes of the disease in children may be:

Predisposing factors that provoke the development of the disease are the entry of cigarette smoke into the respiratory tract (passive smoking), hypothermia, trauma to the respiratory tract with subsequent infection, and exposure to chemical irritants on the mucous membranes.

Symptoms

In the first stages of development, the disease can be mistaken for ARVI or influenza due to similar symptoms.

Tracheobronchitis can be suspected in a child if there are the following obvious signs:

The cough lasts for weeks, but does not change from dry to productive form.

Drug treatment

Tracheobronchitis requires immediate contact with an ENT specialist, who will select the correct course of treatment.

For this disease, drug therapy will be most effective. In this case, the patient must be provided with the most comfortable conditions conducive to recovery.

The child should be on bed rest for a week and should be given warm tea, herbal infusions and juices several times a day.

During this period, walks and visits to school or kindergarten should be avoided: this will not only protect the child from additional infection, but will also help avoid an epidemic (such diseases spread very quickly in children's groups).

The main thing is to follow the instructions regarding the order and dosage of taking medications. Among the medications children are prescribed:

  1. Antipyretic.

Such remedies are given only when the temperature rises above 38 degrees.

Children's paracetamol, panadol, eferoalgan, and nurofen are recommended for children in this group of drugs.

  • Antibacterial and antiviral agents.

    In the first case, sumamed, azithromycin, amoxiclav, zinnat, amoxiclav, amoxicillin, flemoskin solutab are prescribed.

    For diseases of viral etiology, antiviral drugs Viferon, Arbidol, Genferon, Aflubin, Cytovir, Anaferon are used.

  • The allergic form of tracheobronchitis first of all requires the exclusion of contacts with allergens (they are determined during diagnostic measures).

    Rivtagil, fenistil, diprazine, and suprastin are used as antihistamines that relieve swelling and inflammation of the mucous membranes.

  • If your child has a severe cough, you can give syrups based on licorice and marshmallow root (only for children over three years old).
    Erespal, ACC, Mucaltin, Askoril, Lazolvan are suitable for infants.

    Useful video

    In this video, Dr. Komarovsky will tell you how to treat cough in children:

    Treatment of tracheobronchitis with properly selected medications lasts no more than ten days.

    The younger the child, the faster it is necessary to take action at the first signs of illness.

    In its advanced form, this disease can progress to a chronic stage and, in the worst case scenario, lead to the development of complications such as respiratory failure, bronchial obstruction, pneumonia and congestion of the respiratory tract.

    Source: http://prostudanet.com/bolezni/dyhan/traheit/vidy-tr/traheobronhit/deti-trhbr.html

    Tracheobronchitis in children and adults: causes, symptoms, how to treat

    Tracheobronchitis is a combined inflammation of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, which develops after a respiratory infection, quickly spreads to the lower parts of the respiratory tract and often ends in bronchitis or pneumonia.

    The development of pathology is facilitated by frequent colds, immunodeficiency, and allergies. Tracheobronchitis is a common occurrence in the cold season.

    Timely consultation with a doctor and properly selected treatment will eliminate the pathology as soon as possible and avoid the development of severe complications.

    Etiology

    The main cause of tracheobronchitis is infection. The causative agents of the disease are bacteria - streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci, mycoplasma, moraxella, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella, pseudomonas, as well as some viruses - influenza, parainfluenza, adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, coronoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and some others. Bacterial tracheobronchitis is usually a secondary disease and develops against the background of an existing viral pathology.

    The routes of infection for tracheobronchitis are aerogenic, hematogenous and bronchogenic. A person with bacterial or viral tracheobronchitis can infect many people if he comes into close contact with them.

    Among the non-infectious causes of pathology are:

    1. Hypothermia,
    2. Alcoholism,
    3. Smoking,
    4. Avitaminosis,
    5. Constant stress
    6. Wrong lifestyle
    7. Poor nutrition
    8. Asthenia of the body,
    9. Overwork,
    10. Unfavorable environment,
    11. Unfavorable epidemiological situation - contacts with patients,
    12. Hereditary predisposition to respiratory pathology,
    13. Deficiency of sun rays
    14. Deformation of the nasal cavity and chest,
    15. Chronic respiratory diseases - inflammation of the sinuses, tonsils, pharynx,
    16. Acute infectious pneumonia, typhoid fever, whooping cough.

    In healthy people, the air is warmed, purified and moistened in the nose. Large particles of dust settle on the nasal mucosa and are removed from the body with the help of cilia of the ciliated epithelium during sneezing. Diseases of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, such as rhinitis, sinusitis, adenoiditis, disrupt the mechanisms of natural self-cleaning, which leads to impaired nasal breathing. Cold and unpurified inhaled air immediately enters the larynx and trachea, causing irritation and hypothermia. This leads to inflammation of the larynx, trachea and the development of tracheobronchitis.

    Acute tracheobronchitis is pathogenetically characterized by swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi, its infiltration, accumulation of mucus and the formation of point hemorrhages.

    Chronic tracheobronchitis is characterized by the development of dystrophic processes - hypertrophy or atrophy. The hypertrophic pathological process is accompanied by dilation of blood vessels, swelling of the mucous membrane, and the formation of large amounts of mucus and purulent sputum. With atrophic tracheobronchitis, the mucous membrane becomes thinner, becomes gray in color, and crusts form on its surface.

    Forms of tracheobronchitis

    • Acute tracheobronchitis is a form of pathology that lasts less than 10 days and is characterized by diffuse inflammation of the mucous membrane of the throat and trachea. The acute form does not develop as an independent disease, but often occurs as a result of acute respiratory infections or becomes a symptom of pneumonia, whooping cough, measles, and typhoid fever.
    • The protracted form lasts a little longer than a month.
    • The duration of the chronic form is more than three months. It develops in heavy smokers or people working in conditions of increased dust or gas pollution. Chronic tracheobronchitis often accompanies other chronic pathologies of the respiratory system and ENT organs.
    • Allergic tracheobronchitis develops as a result of the penetration of allergens into the respiratory system. The peculiarity of this form is the relatively normal condition of the patient in the presence of a stormy clinic: severe itching, coughing and hoarse voice. Typically, this form of the disease affects people living in disadvantaged areas due to the presence of toxic substances in the atmosphere.
    • Infectious-allergic tracheobronchitis is the development of an allergic form of the disease against the background of an infectious one. An allergic reaction is formed in response to the appearance of microbial antigens in the body.

    Symptoms

    Acute tracheobronchitis manifests itself:

    1. Severe dry cough
    2. Hard, noisy, wheezing breathing,
    3. Difficulty in taking a deep breath and exhaling completely,
    4. Dysphonia,
    5. Hoarseness,
    6. Chest pain that gets worse when coughing
    7. Isolation of mucopurulent sputum;
    8. Fever
    9. Soreness and sore throat,
    10. Bluish lips,
    11. Increased sweating
    12. Dry mouth
    13. rapid breathing
    14. Weakness and decreased performance,
    15. Pain in the heart.

    In acute forms of the disease, it is necessary to contact specialists as soon as possible and begin treatment. This is associated with a high risk of developing serious complications and chronicity of the pathological process.

    Clinical signs of allergic tracheobronchitis:

    • Drowsiness, decreased performance, lethargy,
    • Apathy,
    • Loss of appetite
    • Painful sensations in the chest,
    • Pain in the diaphragm that occurs after coughing
    • Dry cough,
    • Low-grade fever.

    A complication of the pathology is focal pneumonia. A feature of the allergic form of the disease is the complete disappearance of all inflammatory signs after elimination of the allergen. Allergic tracheobronchitis is characterized by a forced posture of patients, which makes breathing easier.

    Chronic tracheobronchitis occurs more easily and calmly in patients. Symptoms of the pathology:

    1. Prolonged, persistent, paroxysmal cough,
    2. The appearance of serous-purulent sputum in the morning,
    3. Dyspnea,
    4. Wheezing,
    5. Burning and aching pain in the chest, lasting more than three months,
    6. Sleep disturbance,
    7. Atrophy or hypertrophy of the tracheal mucosa,
    8. The appearance of a “hoarse” voice and the development of laryngitis.

    The disease has a favorable outcome if the correct treatment is started in time.

    Features of pathology in children

    The causative factors of tracheobronchitis in children are: ARVI, rickets, dystrophy, immunodeficiency, exudative diathesis, diabetes, weakened tonsil function, some infectious diseases, poor living conditions.

    Clinical manifestations of tracheobronchitis in children are:

    • hoarseness of voice,
    • General malaise,
    • Wheezing in the lungs,
    • Stridor is noisy breathing, especially when inhaling,
    • Tachypnea,
    • Dry, convulsive cough, which occurs in attacks, usually at night and often ends in vomiting,
    • Concomitant laryngitis,
    • Temperature increase.

    The treatment of the pathology is selected by the pediatrician individually for each child after examination and diagnostic procedures.

    The main therapeutic measures for tracheobronchitis in infants are daily rubbing of the sternum and interscapular space with ointments with an irritating effect, as well as inhalation.

    Dangerous consequences of tracheobronchitis in children:

    1. Pneumonia,
    2. Cardiac dysfunction
    3. Dysfunction of the nervous system.

    Tracheobronchitis during pregnancy

    Tracheobronchitis in pregnant women is as common as rhinitis or laryngitis.

    Pathology of viral etiology is most common in pregnant women and usually occurs against the background of pharyngitis, tonsillitis or acute respiratory infections. Viral tracheobronchitis is an infectious disease that poses a danger to the body of the expectant mother and fetus.

    Bacterial tracheobronchitis is a serious threat for pregnant women, since antibacterial treatment is not acceptable in this position, and no other effective way to get rid of bacteria has yet been developed.

    Tracheobronchitis often causes complications in the form of pneumonia or chronic bronchitis, which also negatively affects the health of the mother and the intrauterine development of the fetus.

    Pregnant women need to observe the prevention of tracheobronchitis: avoid crowds of people, especially during influenza epidemics; do not overcool; limit contact with patients when visiting the clinic; eat well; observe basic hygiene rules.

    Diagnostics

    Tracheobronchitis in children and adults is a serious pathology that requires detailed diagnosis and comprehensive treatment.

    The doctor examines the patient, taps and listens to the lungs, and prescribes an X-ray to rule out pneumonia.

    Additional research methods include microbiological analysis of sputum, tracheoscopy, and bronchoscopy.

    Suspecting allergic tracheobronchitis, the doctor refers the patient to a consultation with an allergist to identify the allergen.

    Treatment

    Drug therapy

    Treatment of pathology begins with etiotropic therapy - antibacterial or antiviral, and then moves on to symptomatic and pathogenetic. Patients with an acute form of the disease are prescribed bed rest and plenty of fluids. It is necessary to frequently clean and ventilate the room where the patient is located, and limit contact with others.

    • Patients are prescribed antiviral drugs - Interferon, Tsitovir, Kagocel, Remantadine.
    • Treatment of bacterial tracheobronchitis is carried out with broad-spectrum antibiotics, taking into account the sensitivity of the isolated pathogen, or with sulfonamide drugs.
    • Symptomatic therapy consists of the use of expectorants and mucolytics - “Lazolvan”, “Stoptussin”, “Bromhexin”, “Erispal”.
    • Immunomodulators are used to increase the overall resistance of the body - “Imunorix”, “Immunal”.
    • Antipyretics to normalize body temperature - Paracetamol, Ibuklin.
    • For the treatment of allergic tracheobronchitis, antihistamines are prescribed - Loratodine, Suprastin, Cetrin.
    • Irrigation of the oral mucosa and pharynx with Bioparox.
    • Multivitamins for general strengthening of a sick body.

    Non-drug therapy

    After the patient’s body temperature normalizes, they move on to physical procedures - inhalations, massage, foot baths, physical therapy.

    Mustard plasters and jars are ideal for fighting coughs.

    Inhalations are an excellent help in the fight against tracheobronchitis. To do this, ready-made inhalers and nebulizers are used at home. They are very effective because they spray fine particles of drugs well, which penetrate deeply into the bronchi and bronchioles.

    In severe cases, patients are given oxygen therapy, which involves introducing oxygen into the patient's body.

    There are special exercises that promote rapid removal of mucus during tracheobronchitis. In the morning, you need to hang your upper body down and cough in this position.

    ethnoscience

    Traditional medicine complements basic drug treatment.

    Traditional medicine recipes for tracheobronchitis:

    1. An infusion of mint leaves, elderberry flowers and plantain is recommended to be drunk three times a day throughout the illness.
    2. An infusion of nettle and coltsfoot leaves promotes the rapid removal of phlegm.
    3. An infusion of thyme and oregano, a decoction of linden, marshmallow and licorice root have an expectorant effect.
    4. The anti-inflammatory properties of St. John's wort, yarrow and elecampane will help alleviate the patient's condition.
    5. Honey and aloe juice are mixed 1 to 1 and taken to cleanse the bronchi.
    6. Honey, butter and warm milk have a gentle effect on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, enveloping and relieving inflammation.
    7. Ginger tea is a powerful antimicrobial and antitussive agent. It is widely used to treat colds and bronchitis.
    8. Badger or goose fat is used to lubricate the chest and back of small children to relieve cough.
    9. Gargling with decoctions of medicinal herbs or soda is a necessary condition in the treatment of tracheobronchitis.

    Treatment of tracheobronchitis must be comprehensive. Patients need to undergo a complete course of treatment so that the pathology does not become chronic, which is much more difficult to get rid of.

    Prevention

    Preventive measures for tracheobronchitis include:

    • Calorie-dense, balanced diet enriched with vitamins,
    • Hardening the body
    • Prolonged stay in the fresh air,
    • Fighting bad habits
    • Strengthening immunity,
    • Regular cleaning and ventilation of the room,
    • Avoid contact with sick people.

    By following these rules, you can prevent the development of tracheobronchitis and improve the general condition of the body.

    Source: http://uhonos.ru/gorlo/bolezni-gorla/traxeobronxit/

    Tracheobronchitis

    General characteristics of the disease

    Tracheobronchitis is an inflammatory process occurring in the bronchi, trachea or bronchioles. The disease is characterized by rapid spread with damage to the mucous membrane of organs. In most cases, tracheobronchitis, which is treated by competent, qualified specialists, completely disappears within a few weeks, after which the affected mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract is restored.

    There are acute, allergic and chronic tracheobronchitis. The acute form is very rarely an independent disease. Most often, it follows one of the clinical stages of acute respiratory infections, measles, whooping cough, acute pneumonia or typhoid fever.

    As for the sources of infection, tracheobronchitis occurs due to infection by aerogenic, bronchogenic or hematogenous routes.

    Acute tracheobronchitis

    Acute tracheobronchitis is a diffuse inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and other organs of the upper respiratory tract. Among the main causes of the disease, it is worth noting factors that reduce the body’s resistance to the effects of an aggressive external environment and pathogens of respiratory diseases. Most often, acute tracheobronchitis is caused by viruses and bacteria: staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci. The disease also manifests itself after hypothermia, excessive smoking, alcohol consumption, deformities of the nasal cavity and chest.

    If a person is diagnosed with acute tracheobronchitis, treatment should be carried out as quickly as possible. Otherwise, the patient will face numerous complications in the form of bronchial obstruction, hyperemia, and severe tissue damage to the bronchial walls.

    Symptoms of acute bronchitis:

    • rawness in the chest area;
    • dry, hacking cough;
    • dry wheezing and harsh breathing;
    • dyspnea;
    • severe pain in the lower chest, which is explained by muscle strain as a result of constant coughing;
    • in severe forms of the disease, mucopurulent or purulent sputum may be released;
    • an increase in temperature that remains high for several days.

    In case of damage to the bronchioles, acute tracheobronchitis in children and adults occurs with severe complications, often progressing into chronic tracheobronchitis.

    If a patient has a painful cough with the release of mucous and bloody sputum, as well as shortness of breath leading to suffocation, then with a fairly high probability it is possible to diagnose him with toxic-chemical tracheobronchitis. The symptoms of the disease are similar to those of a number of other upper respiratory tract diseases, so the patient’s examination includes x-ray diagnostics and blood tests.

    Allergic tracheobronchitis

    Allergic tracheobronchitis, treatment of which must be carried out only after eliminating the causes of the disease, is characterized by acute inflammatory infections of the upper respiratory tract. The causative agents are pneumococci, staphylococci, streptococci and other microorganisms. In addition, the occurrence and development of the disease is influenced by respiratory factors: damage to organs by industrial or chemical warfare agents, as well as certain medications (potassium bromide, potassium iodide).

    Allergic tracheobronchitis - symptoms of the disease:

    • burning, pain behind the sternum;
    • dry cough, sometimes accompanied by mucous sputum;
    • general deterioration of a person’s condition – weakness, lethargy, loss of appetite;
    • the increase in temperature, however, in most cases it is quite insignificant;
    • the appearance and development of focal pneumonia.

    Chronic tracheobronchitis

    In the absence of timely treatment, acute or allergic forms of the disease develop into chronic tracheobronchitis. Treatment of patients is carried out against a background of periods of exacerbation and remission, which may be complicated by the development of concomitant diseases, in particular chronic bronchitis.

    Chronic tracheobronchitis manifests itself as hypertrophic or atrophic changes in the tracheal mucosa, profuse cough for at least 3 months a year, discharge of serous-purulent sputum, and constant pain in the chest area.

    Tracheobronchitis in children

    As you know, children often suffer from ARVI. One of the complications of infections is tracheobronchitis. Predisposing factors for the development of the disease are also: congestion in the blood vessels of the lungs, rickets, immunodeficiency states, malnutrition, and a decrease in the protective properties of the tonsils.

    Tracheobronchitis in children must be distinguished from laryngitis and viral lesions of the upper respiratory tract. The most typical symptoms of the disease are attacks of dry cough (especially at night), the presence of dry and moist wheezing in the lungs when listening, a short-term increase in temperature and a general deterioration in the child’s condition.

    Tracheobronchitis - treatment and prognosis

    In acute cases, it is necessary to ventilate the room several times a day in order to prevent the patient from overheating. If acute tracheobronchitis occurs with complications, the patient is prescribed antibiotics (oxacillin, penicillin, methicillin). The most effective drugs are those released in the form of a spray, since they easily penetrate into remote areas of the upper respiratory tract and are distributed over the entire area of ​​the walls of the bronchi or trachea.

    A mild course of the disease suggests abandoning antibiotics in favor of sulfonamide drugs. Their dosage depends on the age and weight of the patient. As a rule, the course of treatment lasts no more than 6-7 days. It is also recommended to use adrenaline inhalation 1-2 times a day.

    In some cases, tracheobronchitis leads to circulatory disorders. In such situations, the patient is indicated for intravenous administration of strophanthin, glucose solution or other cardiac drugs. If tracheobronchitis in children occurs with respiratory rhythm disturbances or apnea, they are prescribed cititon and lobelia. Medicines are administered intravenously.

    In severe forms of the disease, patients are prescribed oxygen therapy. To carry out this procedure, special equipment is used, which introduces oxygen into the patient’s body at regular intervals. In case of hyperthermia, the patient is additionally prescribed a 1% solution of amidopyrine or aminazine. It is acceptable to use antihistamines. In infants, hypothiazide is sometimes prescribed for dehydration. A certain positive effect occurs from taking vitamins, especially ascorbic acid and B vitamins.

    What to do if a person is diagnosed with allergic tracheobronchitis? Treatment in this case is carried out with the help of expectorants, alkaline inhalations, antihistamines, physical therapy, warm foot baths and traditional medicine.

    The prognosis for allergic and acute tracheobronchitis is usually favorable. The chronic form of the disease requires an integrated approach, and the effectiveness of treatment depends on the degree of damage to internal organs, the duration of the disease and a number of other factors.

    Video from YouTube on the topic of the article:

    The information is generalized and is provided for informational purposes. At the first signs of illness, consult a doctor. Self-medication is dangerous to health!

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    Source: http://www.neboleem.net/traheobronhit.php