Acute pharyngitis complications

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Acute pharyngitis

The author of the article is Olga Petrovna Chuklina, general practitioner, therapist. Work experience since 2003.

Pharyngitis is an inflammatory process of the pharyngeal mucosa, in which the patient experiences pain and discomfort in the throat.

Table of contents:

Causes

The following factors may cause the development of pharyngitis:

  • exposure to bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci, mycoplasma, chlamydia);
  • exposure to viruses (adenovirus, rhinovirus, parainfluenza, RS virus);
  • exposure to fungi of the genus Candida;
  • contact of irritating substances with the mucous membrane of the pharynx;
  • contact of the allergen with the mucous membrane of the pharynx;
  • injuries to the pharyngeal mucosa.

The main role in the development of acute pharyngitis belongs to viral infections.

Predisposing factors to the development of pharyngitis are:

  • the presence of chronic inflammation in the nasopharynx (otitis media, sinusitis, rhinitis, dental caries);
  • breathing through the mouth in the cold season;
  • living in large cities with polluted air;
  • inhalation of irritating substances in production;
  • smoking;
  • alcohol abuse;
  • frequent hypothermia.

Pharyngitis can be acute or chronic.

Depending on the cause of the development of pharyngitis, they are divided into:

  • bacterial;
  • viral;
  • fungal;
  • allergic;
  • post-traumatic;
  • from exposure to chemical and irritating substances.

Depending on the clinical manifestations and morphological changes in the mucous membranes of the pharynx, the following forms of pharyngitis are distinguished:

  • catarrhal;
  • granulosa or hypertrophic, in which thickening of the pharyngeal mucosa occurs;
  • subatrophic or atrophic, in which thinning of the pharyngeal mucosa occurs.

Granular and atrophic forms of inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa are characteristic of chronic pharyngitis.

Symptoms of acute pharyngitis

Clinical manifestations of the acute form depend on the cause of the disease. Thus, with the viral nature of pharyngitis, in addition to the signs of pharyngitis itself, symptoms of rhinitis, laryngitis, and conjunctivitis are often found.

Pharyngitis begins acutely with signs of intoxication of the body, which includes the following symptoms:

  • temperature increase;
  • general weakness;
  • fast fatiguability;
  • headache;
  • increased fatigue.

Later, local signs of pharyngitis appear:

  • sore throat when swallowing;
  • sore throat;
  • discomfort in the throat;
  • dryness of the mucous membranes of the pharynx.

When examining the mucous membranes of the pharynx, the following symptoms can be detected:

  • redness of the back of the throat;
  • granularity of the posterior pharyngeal wall.

There may also be an increase in regional lymph nodes (submandibular, cervical), and pain occurs when palpated.

Fungal pharyngitis is characterized by the presence of whitish plaques, while the patient’s temperature may be normal or subfebrile (37 - 37.5 degrees).

If pharyngitis is not treated on time or treated incorrectly, the inflammation can spread and the following may occur:

Diagnostics

If signs of the disease are detected, you must consult your local doctor or otolaryngologist.

The diagnosis is made based on the patient’s characteristic complaints and local symptoms of pharyngitis.

The doctor performs a pharyngoscopy (examination of the pharynx), during which you can see:

  • hyperemia of the posterior wall of the pharynx, palatine arches;
  • granularity of the posterior pharyngeal wall;
  • swelling of the mucous membranes of the pharynx.

To clarify the causative agent of pharyngitis, a smear from the pharyngeal mucosa is examined. This study also determines the drugs to which the pathogen is sensitive.

Other tests are carried out:

General blood analysis

  • it may show signs of an inflammatory reaction (increased number of leukocytes, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate);
Immunological studies are carried out to detect antibodies to various infections (if it is impossible to determine the pathogen using a smear from the mucous membranes of the pharynx).

Treatment of acute pharyngitis

Treatment of acute pharyngitis is prescribed by a local doctor or an otolaryngologist.

There are general recommendations for the treatment of acute pharyngitis:

  • drinking plenty of water;
  • exclusion of hot and cold foods;
  • exclusion of spicy, irritating foods;
  • regular ventilation of the room;
  • daily wet cleaning and humidification of inhaled air.

At a body temperature of 38.5 degrees or more, antipyretic drugs are used:

When treating, the etiology of pharyngitis must be taken into account.

If the disease is viral in nature, antiviral drugs are used, but it is worth noting that at the time of publication of the article (April 2016), the effectiveness of antiviral drugs had not been proven:

Antibiotics are used only when the bacterial nature of pharyngitis is proven; the following drugs are prescribed:

Treatment with antibiotics is carried out over a course of 5 to 7 days. Self-medication with antibacterial drugs is unacceptable.

To relieve swelling of the pharyngeal mucosa and in cases of allergic nature of pharyngitis, antihistamines are prescribed:

A good therapeutic effect is achieved with local treatment, which includes:

  • gargling;
  • treatment of the pharynx with various solutions;
  • dissolving tablets and lozenges.

Rinsing is carried out with the following solutions:

Various sprays and aerosols are used to treat the pharynx:

For resorption, medications are used in the form of tablets and lozenges; in addition to the antiseptic effect, they also have an analgesic effect:

Inhalations are carried out using essential oils:

Steam inhalers are used for this.

Attention! Steam inhalations should not be performed at elevated body temperatures.

If started in a timely manner, the duration of treatment is from 7 to 10 days.

Complications

Complications arise from untimely initiation of therapy, self-medication, or non-compliance with the duration of treatment.

Complications arise from the spread of infection to nearby organs.

The most common complications that occur are:

Prevention

Preventive measures for acute pharyngitis include:

  • nasal breathing on the street in the cold season;
  • avoid general and local hypothermia;
  • to give up smoking;
  • increasing the body's defenses;
  • timely treatment of inflammatory diseases of the nasopharynx.

With proper and timely treatment of acute pharyngitis, the disease has a favorable prognosis.

Diagnosis by symptoms

Find out your probable illnesses and which doctor you should go to.

Source: http://www.diagnos.ru/diseases/lorr/ostryj_faringit

What are the complications after pharyngitis?

Pharyngitis is not a dangerous disease that is difficult to treat. But unfortunately, neglect of one’s own health is far from uncommon among people. Delaying contact with a doctor, irregularly taking medications, or completely ignoring the instructions of an ENT doctor often lead to complications of pharyngitis that can actually cause irreparable harm to health.

The hidden danger of pharyngitis

Pharyngitis is an inflammatory process localized on the mucous membrane of the throat. The degree of susceptibility to infection does not depend on age and gender.

Many, not understanding why pharyngitis is specifically dangerous, do not attach much importance to the symptoms of the disease, believe that everything will go away on its own, or begin self-medication. This is the main mistake - such actions can lead to an advanced form that provokes global health problems. Untreated pharyngitis causes complications that affect the nose, ears, blood vessels, heart and kidneys. Therefore, the disease should be carefully treated until complete recovery, unconditionally following all doctor’s prescriptions.

The most common complications after pharyngitis are divided into 2 groups: local and systemic diseases.

Local complications of pharyngitis

Local diseases with pharyngitis affect organs located near the source of inflammation - ears, nose. This also includes the chronic form and the development of purulent processes.

Chronic pharyngitis

One of the most common consequences of pharyngitis is the transformation of the acute form of the disease into a chronic one. This happens due to the lack of proper treatment or refusal to take medications as the symptoms disappear. A person naively believes that the disease has gone away along with the sensations, but no, the pathogen is still in the body and after a while it shows itself again, manifesting itself as secondary pharyngitis.

In the chronic form, alternating periods of remissions and exacerbations occur. At the same time, anything can provoke the latter - the slightest hypothermia, weakened immunity, even a glass of cool water. It is almost impossible to get rid of frequent pharyngitis at this stage.

There are 3 types of chronic form:

  1. Catarrhal pharyngitis. The easiest stage. There is slight swelling and inflammation of the surface layer of the mucosa. Characterized by severe cough, dryness, and soreness.
  2. Hypertrophic or granulosa pharyngitis. At this stage, the amount of sputum increases significantly, the back wall of the throat becomes loose, and a specific smell from the mouth appears.
  3. Atrophic form. The most unfavorable stage, difficult to heal. Thinning of the mucous membrane of the throat occurs, with the loss of its protective functions. Viscous discharge appears. Dryness increases in combination with cough.

It is against the background of chronic pharyngitis that complications dangerous to human health develop.

Peritonsillar abscess

Refers to complications that are purulent in nature and affect the area around the tonsils. Occurs against the background of bacterial pharyngitis. The abscess is accompanied by severe pain when swallowing, gradually spreading to the ears and teeth. Jaw spasms are often observed.

Peritonsillar abscess is one of the dangerous complications

The main features also include:

  • smell from the mouth;
  • swollen lymph nodes;
  • temperature rise to 39-40 °C;
  • fever;
  • general weakness.

The danger of an abscess lies in the risk of infection entering the blood, which can cause sepsis and death. In addition, an increase in the size of the tonsils often leads to breathing difficulties and even suffocation.

Retropharyngeal abscess

The complication is characterized by localization of purulent inflammation in the retropharyngeal space of the throat, including tissue and lymph nodes. The lesion is most often extensive.

The main signs of the retropharyngeal process:

  • intense, sharp pain in the throat;
  • difficulty swallowing and opening the mouth;
  • fever, weakness;
  • labored breathing;
  • temperature rise up to 40°;
  • palpable tension in the neck muscles;
  • soreness of the lymph nodes.

Most often, a retropharyngeal abscess develops in children, since their immune system is still weak and cannot cope with the disease on its own. The danger of complications lies in the risk of suffocation, since inflammation significantly narrows the airways.

Laryngitis

The spread of inflammation to the larynx often provokes the development of laryngitis. In this case, swelling and redness of the walls of the larynx are observed, as well as the following symptoms:

  • hoarseness of voice;
  • barking, dry cough;
  • soreness;
  • labored breathing;
  • loss of voice.

Complicated course of laryngitis, neglect of the disease, inattention to what is happening can lead to an increase in shortness of breath, hypoxia and subsequent suffocation. In addition, a connection has been identified between the disease and the formation of polyps, as well as the development of laryngeal cancer.

Tracheitis

A complication occurs when bacteria that cause pharyngitis enter the trachea. Pathogenic organisms begin to inflame its structure, causing pain behind the sternum.

When tracheitis develops, a cough occurs and breathing becomes shallow. Other symptoms include sweating, headache, weakness, and malaise.

Often tracheitis occurs simultaneously with laryngitis, manifesting itself in the form of a barking, painful cough that continues for a long time. The occurrence of these symptoms should prompt you to consult a doctor. Advanced tracheitis can affect the respiratory tract, bronchi, lungs, and also cause the development of bronchitis and its chronic form.

Damage to the inner ear

Often complications of pharyngitis manifest themselves in the form of damage to the hearing organs. In this case, the development of labyrinthitis and eustachitis is possible. The diseases are characterized by an extremely severe course with blocked ears, hearing loss, and most often appear 1–1.5 weeks after pharyngitis.

Symptoms of damage to the inner ear:

  1. Pain in the ear.
  2. Hearing impairment, ear congestion, noise.
  3. Disorientation in space. The degree of disorientation ranges from a staggering gait to a complete inability to maintain balance or remain upright.
  4. Dizziness. At the acute stage, the period of dizziness can reach 30 minutes.
  5. Change in skin color from pale to red.
  6. Nausea, vomiting.
  7. Rapid pulse.
  8. Sweating.

In addition to these symptoms, an increase in temperature up to 38 °C may be observed. Damage to the inner ear without timely treatment can lead to meningitis, neuritis of the facial nerve, hearing loss, and cerebral hemorrhage.

Cervical lymphadenitis

Cervical lymphadenitis is an infectious process in the lymph nodes, manifested in the form of swelling and induration. The disease is characterized by headache, difficulty swallowing, weakened condition, and fever.

In the later stages, it is possible that the size of the swelling may increase with suppuration, which without treatment will lead to deep purulent tissue damage. The result can be rheumatism, sepsis, toxic shock.

Sialadenitis

A complication that occurs extremely rarely. In this case, the inflammatory process is localized in the salivary glands. A person feels dry mouth, pain when chewing and swallowing, and has difficulty breathing. Often there is swelling of the face, fever, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, combined with an increase in temperature.

The danger lies in the rapid progression of sialadenitis and the transformation of the complication into a chronic form. In this case, stones form in the salivary ducts and surgery may be required. The last resort is to completely remove the salivary gland.

Systemic complications of pharyngitis

Complications of a systemic nature concern areas located far from the throat and its mucous membrane. They pose a greater danger than the local ones. Most often, pathologies of the musculoskeletal system and disorders of the kidneys and heart develop.

Manifest in an autoimmune inflammatory process. In other words, to eliminate the infection, the human body begins the pathological production of antibodies against harmful bacteria, whose structure is similar to the tissues of the human body. As a result, healthy organs are affected, damaged and destroyed.

Acute articular rheumatism

A complication occurs in 2.5% of cases after pharyngitis. The first symptoms may appear 10–20 days after illness. The affected area is most often localized in the elbow, knee, and shoulder joints.

The inflammatory process manifests itself in the form of a number of symptoms:

  • angina pectoris;
  • joint pain that increases over time;
  • cardiac dyspnea;
  • redness of the affected area;
  • temperature increase;
  • rashes and nodules on the skin;
  • tachycardia.

Acute articular rheumatism, untreated, after some time can result in a number of problems, including heart failure, polyarthritis, and arrhythmia.

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

The complication is an autoimmune inflammation occurring in the kidneys. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults. It is especially common in boys aged 5 to 12 years. An advanced stage can become chronic and provoke various kidney pathologies.

The disease manifests itself approximately 2 weeks after pharyngitis. The main symptoms are nausea, lethargy, swelling, lower back pain, changes in the composition and color of urine, thirst, and increased blood pressure.

Timely treatment will ensure complete healing after 2 months, but experts recommend seeing a doctor for another 2 years after diagnosis.

Tips for treating pharyngitis

Treatment of pharyngitis is actually not a complicated process. The main thing here is not to delay visiting an ENT doctor, who will advise how to treat the disease. And it is also worth excluding factors that irritate a sore throat, for example, dust, dirt, spicy and rough foods, cold air. You will need to quit smoking.

  • The use of antiseptic sprays, aerosols, inhalation solutions, lozenges that relieve pain.
  • Immunomodulatory drugs, for example Bronchomunal, are often prescribed.
  • In extreme cases, antibiotics are indicated.

In addition, it is worth paying attention to the emotional and psychological component of the patient’s inner world. Adherents of psychosomatics believe that throat diseases are directly related to unexpressed feelings. It could be anger, resentment, hatred. It is believed that such negative emotions, locked inside and not spilling out, block the throat, provoking various inflammatory conditions.

Complications of pharyngitis can actually be much more dangerous than the disease itself. Therefore, you should never neglect your own health and if you notice symptoms, you should immediately visit an ENT doctor.

The healing process will not cause difficulties; on the contrary, it will significantly reduce the risk of developing side pathologies and protect you from the serious consequences of pharyngitis.

  • List of antibiotics for sore throat in an adult in injections 33336

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Pharyngitis and why is it dangerous?

People usually call any throat disease a sore throat, but as we have already found out, in fact, a sore throat is acute tonsillitis, which causes inflammation of the tonsils. And such a common concept as “sore throat” actually refers to another disease - pharyngitis.

Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx. When it is possible to establish a predominant lesion of the mucous membrane of one or another part of the pharynx, nasopharyngitis is isolated, i.e. inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal pharynx - nasopharynx, and mesopharyngitis - the most common type of pharyngitis, which affects the mucous membrane of the oral pharynx, which can be clearly observed through the open mouth...

According to the nature of the disease, acute pharyngitis and chronic pharyngitis are distinguished. Acute pharyngitis - often manifests itself in the form of simple catarrhal inflammation against the background of an acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI). Approximately 70% of pharyngitis is caused by viruses, including rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses, influenza and parainfluenza viruses. Typically, viruses cause only the initial disease, “paving the way” for subsequent bacterial infection, where staphylococci, streptococci, gonococci, corynebacteria, etc. take the reins of this disease.

Signs of acute pharyngitis include dryness, discomfort and pain in the throat when swallowing. All this is usually combined with general malaise and a slight rise in temperature. In this case, the back wall of the pharynx and the palatine arches become inflamed, but there are no signs of inflammation of the tonsils characteristic of tonsillitis.

Chronic pharyngitis. It is divided into: chronic catarrhal, chronic hypertrophic, chronic atrophic pharyngitis.

Chronic catarrhal pharyngitis is not characterized by an increase in temperature and a deterioration in general condition. But the throat remains dry, sore, feels like there is a lump, and you constantly want to cough due to the accumulation of a large amount of viscous mucus. Sometimes the cough is so severe that it is accompanied by nausea or vomiting.

In chronic atrophic pharyngitis, the mucous membrane of the pharynx is thinned and dry, covered with protruding vessels, and therefore very vulnerable. In the hypertrophic form, growths of lymphoid tissue appear on the mucous membrane, randomly scattered on the back wall of the pharynx. When acute, these growths become red and swollen.

Chronic pharyngitis can develop independently or be one of the manifestations of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, purulent inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, metabolic disorders, and the effect of adverse environmental factors.

In such cases, without eliminating the underlying cause of the disease, any local treatment methods provide an insufficient and short-lived effect. Smoking and removal of the tonsils also lead to the development of inflammatory, often atrophic, changes in the pharyngeal mucosa.

Why is it dangerous?

The most serious complications of pharyngitis are represented by autoimmune diseases that arise as a result of increased sensitivity of the body to the microbes that cause the disease... What does this mean?

This means that strep throat itself is not very dangerous, but can lead to very serious consequences if left untreated. In this regard, streptococcal pharyngitis is especially dangerous, as a result of which purulent and non-purulent complications can develop...

  • A peritonsillar abscess is an inflammation in the peritonsillar tissue (the area around the tonsils), where an abscess forms.
  • Retropharyngeal abscess - formed as a result of suppuration of the lymph nodes and tissue of the retropharyngeal space.
  • Inflammation of the kidneys (post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis).
  • Rheumatism.

With rheumatism, inflammatory nodules form in various tissues of the body. For example, if they form in the heart muscle, on the inner surface of the heart or, in the most severe case, on the valves, they can cause disruption of the flow of blood through the heart, which can lead to undesirable consequences, including the formation of heart disease... Inflammatory nodules can also be deposited in the skin, muscles, joints, which may result in swelling and pain...

Autoimmune diseases are a class of diseases, heterogeneous in clinical manifestations, that develop as a result of the pathological production of autoimmune antibodies or the proliferation of autoaggressive clones of killer cells against healthy, normal tissues of the body, leading to damage and destruction of normal tissues and the development of autoimmune inflammation.

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What are the symptoms and how to treat chronic pharyngitis?

Pharyngitis is an inflammatory process that affects the mucous membranes and lymphoid tissue of the pharynx. Among diseases of the ENT organs, this disease occurs most often. Pharyngitis is especially often diagnosed in children, and it is almost always accompanied by inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.

Pharyngitis: classification

There are two types of pharyngitis:

Acute pharyngitis develops as an independent disease after hypothermia, overheating, inhalation of dust or irritants. The inflammatory process can be caused by too cold or hot food or exposure to infectious agents. Taking into account the reason that provoked the development of acute pharyngitis, the following types are distinguished:

  • bacterial;
  • viral;
  • fungal;
  • allergic;
  • traumatic;
  • caused by the influence of aggressive factors (hot steam, liquid, chemicals, radiation).

Chronic pharyngitis can develop as an independent disease (due to regular irritation of the pharyngeal mucosa), or it can be caused by acute forms of pathology that are not fully treated. Taking into account the nature of the lesion, the following forms of chronic pharyngitis are distinguished:

Very often, during illness, different types of pharyngitis are combined. In this case, a mixed form of the disease is diagnosed.

Causes

Doctors consider the main factor provoking the development of pharyngitis to be the influence of cold, polluted or hot air, or exposure to chemical irritants.

The causes of infectious pharyngitis are:

  • pathogenic microorganisms (pneumococci, streptococci and staphylococci)
  • viruses (adenoviruses, influenza viruses);
  • fungi (candida).

In addition, an infection that has invaded neighboring organs can trigger the inflammatory process. For example, pharyngitis often develops against the background of dental problems, sinusitis or chronic rhinitis (runny nose).

Causes of acute pharyngitis

In almost 70% of cases, acute pharyngitis is caused by viruses. The most common of them are rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza and parainfluenza viruses, as well as pneumococci, streptococci and staphylococci.

Much less often, the inflammatory process in the pharyngeal mucosa is triggered by herpes simplex viruses, cytomegalovirus, enteroviruses or Coxsackie and Epstein-Barr viruses. In other cases, the development of acute pharyngitis is facilitated by allergic reactions, injuries or the influence of irritating factors.

Causes of chronic pharyngitis

The main reasons contributing to the transition of acute pharyngitis to chronic are:

  • Frequent colds, accompanied by a decrease in immunity.
  • Bad habits, especially long-term smoking or inhalation of tobacco smoke from passive smoking.
  • Severe concomitant diseases (diabetes mellitus, renal, pulmonary or heart failure).
  • Hormonal disorders, thyroid diseases.
  • Vitamin deficiencies, prolonged stressful situations.
  • Gastrointestinal diseases (pancreatitis, atrophic gastritis, cholecystitis, gastroesophageal disease).
  • The influence of chemical irritants. Long-term use of certain medications (for example, vasoconstrictor drops), inhalation of fumes from household chemicals, paint, pathological conditions of the esophagus and stomach, in which their acidic contents are thrown into the nasopharynx (gastroesophageal reflux).
  • Exposure to physical factors - inhalation of dust, hot or cold air, eating too spicy, or excessively cold or hot food.
  • Professional factor. Work in hazardous industries associated with large amounts of dust, steam, harmful chemical fumes or professions associated with constant high loads on the muscles of the pharynx (singers, announcers, teachers).

The classification of pharyngitis according to ICD 10 depends on its form and the type of infectious agent. Thus, the acute form of pharyngitis is designated by the code J02, while the disease caused by streptococcal infection will have the code J02.0

Symptoms of the disease

Acute forms of pharyngitis are accompanied by such characteristic symptoms as dryness and sore throat, discomfort and pain when swallowing (especially with an “empty” throat). On palpation, an increase in size and tenderness of the cervical lymph nodes is noted. At the same time, the patient complains of general malaise, an increase in temperature to subfebrile levels, and often, as the inflammatory process spreads, pain in the ears occurs.

Often such symptoms are the first sign of some infectious diseases - scarlet fever, measles. In this case, the picture of the disease is complicated by high fever, the appearance of a rash and other signs of intoxication of the body.

In children

Acute pharyngitis in children usually occurs in a more severe form and is accompanied by a pronounced inflammatory process in the nasopharynx, profuse nasal discharge (catarrhal rhinitis), difficulty in nasal breathing, and increased temperature.

Many parents are interested in: “How many days does the temperature last for pharyngitis?” It is difficult to give a definite answer to this question. It all depends on the clinical picture of the disease and the severity of the symptoms. In general, the symptoms and treatment of pharyngitis in adults are practically no different from the picture of the disease in children.

Chronic pharyngitis usually does not cause a significant deterioration in the general condition. The body temperature does not rise, but the patient complains of soreness and dryness in the throat, a feeling of a lump and a constant desire to cough.

Often there is a persistent dry cough with pharyngitis or discomfort associated with the need to swallow mucus that accumulates on the back wall of the throat. Often manifestations of chronic pharyngitis are accompanied by general weakness, headache, and swollen lymph nodes.

Granular pharyngitis

This form of the disease is manifested by constant dryness and itching in the throat, a tickling or burning sensation, and pressing pain when swallowing. Sputum or mucus appears, which is difficult to expectorate; at night there are attacks of spasmodic coughing. Upon examination, red nodules are noticeable on the back wall of the pharynx, which are formed due to damage to the lymphatic tissue.

Subatrophic pharyngitis

Also accompanied by dryness, soreness, and a feeling of a lump in the throat. In this case, the desire to cough leads to attacks of dry cough, which torments the patient continuously (even at night). Mucus constantly accumulates on the wall of the pharynx, crusts form, and bad breath appears. A painful cough causes insomnia, which contributes to increased nervousness and irritability.

Atrophic pharyngitis

Bloody crusts gradually appear on the nasopharyngeal mucosa. At the same time, the mucous membranes of the throat turn pale, become dry and thin. The surface of the pharynx may be covered with dried mucus, and sometimes injected vessels become visible on it.

The hypertrophic form is accompanied by swelling of the mucous membranes, hyperemia and the formation of foci of hyperplastic lymphoid tissue on the posterior wall of the pharynx.

You can consider all the features of this or that form of pharyngitis in the photos that are presented on thematic sites on the Internet.

Complications of pharyngitis

If treatment for acute pharyngitis is not started in time, the disease quickly becomes chronic, which in the future can lead to unpleasant complications, including complete atrophy of the pharyngeal tissue or a malignant tumor process. Chronic pharyngitis can eventually develop into tracheitis, laryngitis (inflammation of the trachea and larynx) or cause chronic bronchitis.

Pharyngitis caused by streptococcal infection provokes an abscess, the sign of which is a constant sore throat, erythema and unilateral swelling. Another unpleasant manifestation is the inability to talk for a long time. This becomes a real problem for those patients whose professional activities involve teaching and lecturing.

Diagnostics

An experienced otolaryngologist will easily make the correct diagnosis for any form of pharyngitis. To do this, an examination of the mucous membrane of the throat is carried out. The procedure is carried out using a special device - a pharyngoscope and in good lighting.

Additionally, in order to differentiate from other diseases with similar symptoms, a number of bacteriological and virological studies of a pharyngeal smear are carried out. The use of these methods allows you to accurately determine the type of infectious agent in order to prescribe the correct treatment in the future.

If necessary, an endoscopic examination of the nasopharynx and larynx is carried out, a tomography of these organs is done, and other specialized specialists are involved (endocrinologist, gastroenterologist or neurologist).

Treatment methods

To choose the right treatment tactics, it is first necessary to establish the causes that cause the characteristic symptoms. Uncomplicated forms of the disease, provoked by smoking, exposure to physical factors or exposure to irritating substances, do not require the use of antibacterial therapy.

In such cases, you can get by with symptomatic treatment, including rinsing, warming a sore throat, hot drinks, a gentle diet, and steam inhalations. It is possible to use local antimicrobial therapy, that is, gargling with antiseptic solutions. A mandatory requirement for the treatment of pharyngitis is complete cessation of smoking.
Antibiotics

Antibiotics for pharyngitis are prescribed if the causative agents of the infection are pathogenic bacteria. Such products contain an antibacterial component with a broad spectrum of action, providing an antimicrobial and antiviral effect. Drugs for the treatment of pharyngitis are produced in the form of solutions for rinsing, inhalation, tablets, lozenges or lozenges. They must eliminate the influence of irritating agents and have low allergenicity and toxicity.

In addition to the main substance, antibacterial agents necessarily include antiseptic components (chlorhexidine, thymol and its derivatives, iodine, alcohols), local anesthetics to eliminate pain (lidocaine, tetracaine), and essential oils. In addition, the preparations may contain natural antiseptic substances isolated from plant extracts or bee products, as well as vitamins and antiviral components. Drugs of choice for pharyngitis:

  • Bioparox is an inhaled antibiotic based on fusafungine. Has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. Quickly copes with the manifestations of acute pharyngitis, which is facilitated by its dosage form. When spraying an aerosol, active particles easily penetrate the most inaccessible areas of the respiratory tract and have the necessary therapeutic effect.
  • Hexoral. The drug with the active ingredient hexethidine is available in the form of a spray and solution. This is a powerful remedy with a wide spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal effects. Additionally, it provides an enveloping, antiseptic, analgesic and deodorizing effect. Shows activity against most bacteria that cause pharyngitis.
  • Octenisept. One of the best antiseptics with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action, allowing you to cope with a wide variety of pathogens, ranging from bacteria to herpes viruses, chlamydia and fungi. The drug is available in aerosol form, begins to act within a minute after use and maintains its therapeutic effect for an hour. At the same time, it is safe and does not have a toxic effect on the body.
Other medicines

Among other drugs widely used in the treatment of pharyngitis are the drugs Kameton, Ingalipt, Hexasprey, Proposol, Imudon, Iodinol, lozenges and lozenges for resorption - Faringosept, Septolete, Strepsils.

Some drugs based on iodine derivatives (Iodinol, Povidone-iodine), propolis (Proposol), essential oils or sulfonamides can be irritating and provoke allergic reactions, which limits their use. In addition, it should be remembered that medications containing chlorhexidine (Drill, Sebidine) are highly toxic, so they should not be used uncontrolled, and should be used with extreme caution when treating children.

To reduce discomfort and pain, the doctor may recommend rinsing with a warm solution of furacillin or a weak solution of potassium permanganate, which will additionally provide an antiseptic effect. Preparations in the form of lozenges or lozenges usually have low therapeutic activity, so they are prescribed only for mild forms of the disease.

For children

For young children who cannot gargle on their own or correctly use lozenges, pharyngeal irrigation with antiseptic aerosols (Cameton, Hexoral, Ingalipt) is prescribed. To consolidate the therapeutic result from the treatment of acute pharyngitis and prevent relapses in the chronic form of the disease, it is recommended to treat the throat with Lugol's solution or protargol.

Additionally, herbal immunomodulators are prescribed - preparations with echinacea, eleutherococcus, ginseng, vitamin and mineral complexes that help activate local and general immunity.

During the course of treatment, dietary adjustments are necessary. All dishes with an irritating effect (hot, salty, spicy, sour) are excluded from the menu. Food should not be served too cold or hot; all dishes should be warm. The patient is recommended to have an enhanced drinking regime - it is necessary to drink as much warm liquid as possible (milk with honey, tea with jam). Drinking alcoholic beverages, as well as smoking, must be completely abandoned.

Folk remedies for pharyngitis

Traditional medicine is widely used in the treatment of pharyngitis. These include rinsing with decoctions of medicinal herbs (which have anti-inflammatory and antiseptic effects), steam inhalations, warming the throat, and drinking plenty of warm drinks.

To alleviate the condition, it is recommended to humidify the air in the room, drink more fluids and keep your throat warm. Warm herbal baths with the addition of essential oils, inhalations based on a decoction of pine cones and pine needles, coltsfoot leaves, mint or string are useful. To alleviate the condition of a sore throat, it is recommended to chew 2 clove buds (spice) every 3 hours or gargle with warm salt water (1 teaspoon of salt per 500 ml of liquid).

The following plants are used as herbal infusions for inhalation:

Recipes

For the procedure, infusions are prepared according to the same scheme - 10 g of dry plant material is poured into 200 ml of boiling water, infused for an hour, filtered and added to water for inhalation in a volume of 30 ml.

To treat the back wall of the pharynx with chronic pharyngitis, it is recommended to prepare a composition of 1 part alcohol tincture of propolis (10%) and 2 parts peach oil and glycerin. This mixture should be lubricated daily on a sore throat.

The following recipe can achieve a good anti-inflammatory effect: prepare a collection of shoots of Schisandra chinensis (10 g) and equal amounts of string and mint (5 g each). Pour 200 ml of cold water into a large spoon of the mixture and boil over low heat for 3 minutes. Infuse the mixture for about an hour, filter and take 50 ml warm, adding a little honey to improve the taste.

Chamomile tea has excellent softening and anti-inflammatory properties. To prepare it, 1 tsp. crushed chamomile leaves are poured into 200 ml of boiling water, infused, filtered and drunk warm, or used for rinsing. A composition containing equal amounts of currant leaves, sage and chamomile inflorescences (5 g each) has a similar effect. 10g of this collection is poured into a glass of water, boiled for 5 minutes, then infused for an hour. It is recommended to drink a warm decoction before bed, adding 3 drops of fir oil to it.

A decoction of the leaves of St. John's wort, oregano, sage, lemon balm and hop cones, taken in equal proportions, will help eliminate coughing attacks, reduce pain and soothe irritation. You need to pour two large spoons of the herbal mixture into a thermos, pour 500 ml of boiling water, close the lid and leave to infuse overnight. In the morning, strain and take 1/3 cup several times a day or use the infusion for rinsing.

Prevention of pharyngitis

As preventive measures to prevent the development of pharyngitis, it is recommended to completely stop smoking, avoid the influence of harmful, irritating factors, strengthen the immune system, lead a healthy lifestyle, and review the diet.

Treat foci of infection in the body in a timely manner, prevent the development of caries and other dental problems.

During the heating season, it is advisable to purchase a special humidifier that will help eliminate excessive dry air in the room.

If you have problems with the gastrointestinal tract associated with gastroesophageal reflux, it is recommended to raise the head of the bed while sleeping. This will help avoid the reflux of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus and prevent irritation of the pharyngeal mucosa.

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Source: http://glavvrach.com/faringit/

Pharyngitis

Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane and lymphoid tissue of the pharynx. The disease is characterized by sore throat, cough and sore throat when swallowing. Symptoms of pharyngitis can be acute or chronic. The inflammatory process can be caused by viruses, bacteria, allergies or trauma (during surgery). The main causative agent of pharyngitis is rhinovirus, which causes inflammation of the upper respiratory tract by multiplying in the cells of the mucous structure of the nasopharynx.

Classification

Depending on the degree of damage to the mucous membrane of the throat, several forms of pharyngitis are distinguished: catarrhal form, atrophic and hypertrophic. The catarrhal form of pharyngitis is characterized by symptoms such as a sore throat and pain when swallowing. There is an accumulation of viscous mucus in the throat, which causes systemic coughing. This expectoration is most often observed in the morning and is accompanied by nausea or vomiting.

Pediatric pharyngitis

In children, this disease manifests itself more strongly and more dangerously. Symptoms of the disease in children most often include pain and sore throat, high body temperature, lethargy and lack of appetite. At a very young age, the symptoms of pharyngitis will become more severe. In children under one year of age, the danger of the disease is revealed in swelling of the mucous membrane and spasm of the throat, which leads to suffocation. In children, the stages of development of pharyngitis are the same - these are acute, chronic, granulosa and atrophic pharyngitis. In one-year-old children, treatment of pharyngitis is difficult, since rinsing is not used, because they simply do not know how to do it. If the child does not have a high fever and there are no contraindications for use, then you can put a mustard plaster with honey on the throat. Drinking plenty of fluids and keeping the room humidified will promote a faster recovery. The affected mucous membrane of the throat can be moistened with antiseptic agents without alcohol and mint. For older children, drinking warm water with alkali in it can be added to the entire treatment. You can also add a special diet to the list, that is, remove everything spicy, sour and salty, which irritates the mucous membrane of the throat, and saturate the diet with vitamins.

But when it comes to an advanced stage of pharyngitis in a child, it is better to resort to the use of antibiotics. One treatment option would be topical antibiotics with corticosteroids, since broad-spectrum antibiotics affect the liver, heart, and kidneys. The most common drugs for the treatment of pharyngitis are Bioparox and Hexoral. A serious complication of pharyngitis in children is false croup, which is accompanied by suffocation and spasm of the larynx.

What complications can pharyngitis cause?

Complications of pharyngitis are divided into local and general. Local complications most often can include a transition to a purulent sore throat, a retropharyngeal abscess, acute otitis media, the so-called inflammation of the middle ear, swelling of the larynx, laryngitis, chronic bronchitis. Complications at a distance are autoimmune diseases, which arise as a result of allergenic reactions of the body. Rheumatism is one of the dangerous diseases that affects the heart valves and develops its defect, heart failure, as well as the development of glomerulonephritis, which leads to kidney disease. All this together worsens the patient’s quality of life and can lead to death.

Causes and risk factors for developing pharyngitis

Acute chronic pharyngitis occurs due to prolonged inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa, frequent colds, accumulation of bacteria and infections, and existing viral diseases. Also negative factors and causes of the development of pharyngitis are poor climate, air pollution with chemicals, smoking and alcohol consumption. In smokers who continue to smoke from an early age and throughout their lives, when smoking, nicotine affects the mucous membrane of the oral and nasal cavities, irritating and damaging it. Chronic pharyngitis has a long development stage. With reduced immunity, hypothermia and prolonged stress on the body, chronic pharyngitis worsens. Inflamed tonsils can also contribute to the development of acute chronic pharyngitis. Long-term inflammation in the mucous membrane of the throat impairs blood circulation and leads to atrophy.

Diagnosis of pharyngitis and their types

The disease can be diagnosed using pharyngoscopy. It reveals hyperemia in the mucous membrane and accumulation of purulent fluid. Hypertrophic pharyngitis is defined as lymphatic and adenoid formations in the pharynx, during which hypertrophy of the superficial tissues of the nasopharynx appears narrowed and the mucous membrane is thickened. This outcome has a detrimental effect on the functioning of the auditory tube, so patients often complain of hearing loss.

The atrophic form of pharyngitis is the last stage of chronic pharyngitis. The causes of atrophic pharyngitis can be diseases such as sinusitis, rhinitis, caries and the presence of toxins in the air. Symptoms of atrophic pharyngitis are sore and dry throat, pain when swallowing. When suffering from atrophic pharyngitis, the mucous membrane atrophies and becomes thin, the lymphoid tissue begins to be replaced by connective tissue.

One type of chronic pharyngitis is granulosa. With granulosa pharyngitis, hypertrophy of the lymphoid granules that cover the posterior wall of the pharynx is observed. The purulent mucus that is secreted flows down the back wall, further developing a characteristic viscosity, as a result it becomes a crust. The back wall of the pharynx turns white, the granules become red and increase in size. The granules have the composition of lymphoid tissue. Mucopurulent discharge. moving into the larynx, they become viscous and turn into a crust, which irritates the laryngeal nerve, causing coughing and acute pain when swallowing.

Preventive measures for pharyngitis

The main methods for preventing pharyngitis are ventilating the room and maintaining a certain humidity in the room, and prohibiting smoking in the presence of a child. During periods of exacerbation of seasonal epidemics, you need to take vitamins and vitamin complexes to improve immunity. For prevention purposes, do inhalations with infusions of herbs such as rose hips and chamomile, as well as sage with the addition of alkaline water. Diagnosis of acute chronic pharyngitis is made by examination by a doctor and pharyngoscopy. The presence of hyperemia or redness also indicates the disease. Treatment of acute pharyngitis is aimed at eliminating viruses and bacteria. Antiviral drugs are prescribed immediately after the disease and its stage are determined. Systemic administration of antibiotics and antiseptics is a quick route to symptom relief and recovery. Local use of antibiotics is prescribed when there are signs of purulent mucus on the back wall of the pharynx. Local therapy consists of rinsing the mouth with special solutions and antiseptic drugs, applying a compress of mustard mixture with honey to the neck. Vitamin complexes increase immunity. Patients are also recommended a special diet, which consists of eating non-spicy, non-hot and non-rough food, so as not to irritate the pharyngeal mucosa. It is recommended to drink warm milk with honey.

The operation is performed by making an incision in the pharynx, then excision of the vocal fold and removal of the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage and commissure. The operation is performed under general anesthesia. Direct microlaryngoscopy of the larynx is also used. Removal of tumor-like formations using microsurgery allows you to most accurately see the boundaries of the tumor and excise it with a small percentage of damage to healthy pharyngeal tissue, which is the most desirable option in this case.

Source: http://www.mosmedportal.ru/disease/faringit/

Pharyngitis: symptoms, treatment

Pharyngitis is an inflammatory process in the pharyngeal mucosa, which is accompanied by unpleasant sensations in the form of a sore throat and discomfort when swallowing.

Types of disease

There are three sections of the pharynx - the lower, called the laryngopharynx, the middle (oropharynx), and the uppermost (the so-called nasopharynx). Certain manifestations and types of pharyngitis depend on the location of the inflammation. However, if the disease begins with an acute period, then it is difficult to make a specific division of symptoms, since all three departments are affected almost simultaneously.

The infection (regardless of its nature - viral or bacterial) is migratory in nature, but more often it is descending: it descends from the nasopharynx to the hypopharynx. This process is clearly visible from the morphological changes in the mucosa, so an otolaryngologist with a high degree of probability can determine the current localization of inflammation.

There are two main types of pharyngitis - acute and chronic.

Acute pharyngitis

In the acute form, the disease develops rapidly. It is provoked by infection, as well as contributing factors: smoking, exposure to cold, irritation of the throat, drinking alcohol. You can also observe acute pharyngitis as a concomitant disease with various respiratory infectious diseases or gastrointestinal disorders.

The most common viral etiology of acute pharyngitis. About a third of all cases are caused by a bacterial infection. The patient's pharynx swells in one or two areas, infiltration of the mucous membrane occurs, and desquamation of the epithelium occurs. It is important to prevent complications of the process, since inflammation can spread to the auditory tubes.

Swelling of the follicles of the posterior wall of the pharynx and their drainage provoke granulosa pharyngitis, a type of acute disease. In addition to a viral or bacterial pathogen, pharyngitis can also provoke a fungal infection of the mucous membrane. In this case, fungal pharyngitis develops. Cases of allergic pharyngitis have also been described, a condition in which an allergic reaction takes the form of inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa.

As a result of damage to the mucous membrane in any part of the throat, traumatic pharyngitis can develop. The inflammatory process is a response to prolonged or severe one-time mechanical irritation of the upper layer of the epithelium. This could be surgery or a foreign body getting into the throat.

The form of pharyngitis, in which acute inflammation develops into a permanent process, is called chronic.

Chronic pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis, in turn, is divided into hypertrophic, atrophic and catarrhal.

  1. Hypertrophic pharyngitis is accompanied by changes in all layers of the pharyngeal mucosa; it thickens, increasing the amount of epithelium. Dense mucosa, on which the blood and lymph vessels are dilated, is the main sign of hypertrophy in pharyngitis. Also during this process, expansion of lymphoid formations is observed, neighboring lymph granules merge with each other, and hypersecretion appears. All this occurs on the back or side walls of the pharynx.
  2. Atrophic form , on the contrary, means thinning of the mucosa. It is dry and the glands become smaller.
  3. Catarrhal pharyngitis is distinguished by diffuse venous hyperemia. At the same time, stasis of small-caliber veins, perivascular infiltration and pastosity of the pharyngeal mucosa can occur.

The main causes and factors of pharyngitis

The main reasons for the development of pharyngitis are considered to be prolonged inhalation of cold air (in severe frost), irritation of the throat with chemicals (for example, alcohol when drinking alcohol), and air pollution.

The infectious etiology of the disease is observed when the body is damaged by viruses, bacteria (microbes) and fungi.

Also considered contributing factors are:

  • smoking;
  • violation of nasal breathing;
  • unfavorable climate;
  • bad ecology;
  • gastrointestinal diseases;
  • dental problems;
  • alcohol abuse;
  • hormonal imbalances;
  • eating very cold or too hot food.

The chronic form of the disease occurs when the acute stage is not treated correctly, and also when the true cause of pharyngitis has not been established.

Prolonged irritation of the pharynx provokes a chronic disease. Repeated inflammation or expansion of the localization of the process may occur. The most obvious cause of this type of pharyngitis is various infectious diseases that occur in a chronic form, for example, tuberculosis.

Signs and symptoms of pharyngitis

The most pronounced symptom of acute pharyngitis is pain when swallowing. This is especially felt when the throat is empty, when the dryness irritates the mucous membrane. There may also be an increase in temperature, general weakness, and soreness. Sometimes discomfort can spread to the ear area.

Important: the symptoms of pharyngitis are very similar to other serious infectious diseases, so it is important to establish the etiology of the disease in time, excluding measles, scarlet fever, and rubella.

In its chronic form, pharyngitis manifests itself as a lump in the throat, when there is often a desire to clear the larynx and cough. All this may be accompanied by malaise, and body temperature often rises. Among the important symptoms is a cough; it always has typical signs: dryness, tearing, with special emphasis on the throat area. A person is forced to constantly swallow mucus that forms on the back wall of the larynx. This causes a lot of inconvenience, the quality of life and sleep is disrupted, irritability and nervousness appear.

Please note: chronic pharyngitis rarely occurs as an independent disease. Basically, this is only a consequence of more serious problems, for example, with the gastrointestinal tract.

It is necessary to examine the body for diseases such as cholecystitis, pancreatitis and gastritis. If they are detected, then until complete recovery it is vain to fight chronic pharyngitis. Its symptoms will persist as long as the affected area exists in the body.

Complications of the disease

The most obvious complication of acute pharyngitis is its progression to a chronic form. This is possible with ineffective treatment or no treatment at all.

The list of complications also includes the following diseases:

  1. Retropharyngeal abscess.
  2. Tracheitis.
  3. Acute articular rheumatism.
  4. Peritonsillar abscess.
  5. Chronical bronchitis.
  6. Laryngitis.
  7. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.
  8. Inflammation of the auditory tube, as well as the inner ear.
  9. Cervical lymphadenitis.
  10. Sialadenitis.

Diagnostics

To diagnose pharyngitis in a timely manner, you need to visit an otolaryngologist (ENT). He examines the patient’s pharynx, assesses the condition of the mucous membrane and oral cavity. You may also need a pharyngoscopy or a referral for a microbiological analysis, a blood test for antibodies to streptococcal bacteria.

When diagnosing pharyngitis, it is imperative to exclude acute tonsillitis, since the symptoms of these two diseases are very similar.

Treatment of pharyngitis

If the disease is local in nature, without significantly affecting the general well-being of the patient, symptomatic therapy is sufficient. It includes a diet, warm compresses on the neck and legs, drinking milk, steam inhalation, gargling and irrigating the throat.

Antimicrobial agents are actively used in the form of lozenges, lozenges, insufflations, solutions for inhalation and rinsing.

Medicines and preparations for the treatment of pharyngitis

The most commonly used tablets, lozenges and lozenges are “Neo-angin”, “Septolete”, “Strepsils”, “Hexaliz”, “Faringosept”. Iodine-containing drugs are also prescribed: “Iodinol”, “Vocadine”, “Yox”. Sulfonamides are also effective: Ingalipt, Bikarmint.

For cases of advanced pharyngitis, antibiotics are needed, for example, from a number of natural or synthetic penicillins, as well as cephalosporins. The latter are used if pharyngitis is quite advanced, has caused complications and significantly affects the patient’s condition.

Tetracycline antibiotics are rarely used today, but they can be prescribed if the body is resistant to other types of antibacterial drugs.

A relatively new medicine, Imudon, is a polyvalent complex with lysates of fungi and bacteria that cause acute bacterial pharyngitis. For gargling, Hexoral is used, which has an antimicrobial and analgesic effect, which significantly reduces the degree of discomfort when swallowing.

Treatment of pharyngitis with folk remedies

At home, you can prepare herbal infusions and rinses based on traditional medicine recipes. This treatment of pharyngitis will alleviate the patient’s condition and enhance the effect of traditional medications. All medications used should be previously discussed and agreed upon with your doctor.

Here are a few recipes that can be used to relieve symptoms of pharyngitis:

  1. A collection is prepared from peppermint, oak bark and lavender flowers. The proportion is 2:4:1. One teaspoon of crushed herbs is poured into a thermos with boiling water and left for about 4 hours. The decoction is gargled or inhaled.
  2. Chamomile flowers (2 parts) and calamus bark (1 part) are mixed and poured with boiling water at the rate of 1 tablespoon per glass of water. After several hours of infusion, filter the liquid and gargle.
  3. Another recipe for rinsing is an infusion of elm leaf bark. A teaspoon of crushed bark is poured into 1 tbsp. boiling water, and after two hours of infusion, filter and carry out regular rinsing until the patient’s condition alleviates.

Diet

If you have symptoms of pharyngitis and during treatment of the disease, you should monitor the temperature of food. It shouldn't be hot or cold. It is also important to avoid hard foods that can mechanically irritate the pharynx. Food must be chewed thoroughly, because during a long stay in the mouth it will acquire a normal temperature and consistency for the body.

It is important to enrich the diet with foods containing calcium, magnesium, iodine, zinc.

Features of the course of the disease and treatment of pharyngitis in children

In young patients, pharyngitis is more complicated because its diagnosis is difficult. Often, the symptoms of an inflammatory process in the pharynx are accompanied by a runny nose, wheezing, and a dry, painful cough. Pharyngitis in children can often be confused with other diseases, for example, bronchial asthma. It is very important to carry out correct and timely differential diagnosis.

Important: when treating the disease, it is worth taking into account the characteristics of the body up to 2 years of age. Such children should not be prescribed throat irrigation with a spray. This can lead to spasm, which, in turn, sometimes causes respiratory arrest.

Features of pharyngitis in pregnant women

Since the treatment of pharyngitis is predominantly local, that is, drugs that are not absorbed into the bloodstream are used, there are no special instructions for the treatment of pregnant women.

However, it is worth knowing that pharyngitis during pregnancy may require antibacterial therapy, which is contraindicated during this period. In this case, the appropriateness of using antibiotics is determined by the doctor, correlating the benefits and effects of taking the drugs with the potential risk for the mother and fetus.

Prevention

In order to prevent the body, you should take care of your immunity. You need to regularly consume vitamins and vitamin-containing vegetables and fruits, propolis preparations, and beekeeping products.

It is useful to be near the sea and breathe iodine vapor. It never hurts to carry out gentle hardening. However, it must be started strictly in the warm season.

Trofimova Yaroslava, medical observer

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