Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus for adults

Posted on by admin

Do adults need diphtheria vaccination?

OBLIGATION

Residents of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the law “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases,” are vaccinated against diphtheria on a voluntary basis. However, there are certain categories of citizens for whom vaccination against diphtheria, according to the resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation, is mandatory.

Table of contents:

Vaccination against diphtheria is mandatory for adults if they are agricultural and forestry workers working in areas with a high infectious risk. Persons working in the livestock industry are also vaccinated against the disease.

Other professions with mandatory vaccination:

  • Workers of services for catching stray animals.
  • Workers in the housing and communal services industry who clean sewerage facilities.
  • Health care workers who are in constant contact with patients with infectious diseases.
  • Medical laboratory workers.

In the education sector, absolutely all employees undergo mandatory vaccination. Vaccination is strictly indicated for military personnel and railway workers.

For adults, vaccination against diphtheria is carried out at the expense of the budgetary funds of the relevant institution.

In adulthood, the vaccine is administered subcutaneously, while in children intramuscular administration is common.

VACCINATION DATA

The diphtheria vaccine must be given before the age of 6 years, but most often the first of the three vaccinations required for children is given at the age of three months or older.

For children, the diphtheria vaccine is called DPT (combined diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine).

If, due to objective circumstances, vaccination is carried out after the age of six, ADS-M toxoid is used. This vaccine has the main difference from the usual children's DPT, which is the reduced number of antigens. Thus, a standard dose of vaccination (0.5 ml) contains 5 units of antigenic (flocculating) (AF) diphtheria and antitoxin-binding (EC) tetanus toxoids.

The vaccination mechanism itself is an artificial introduction into the human body of a weakened toxin of the diphtheria bacillus, which has completely lost its basic capacity. The development of the disease in this case is practically excluded.

It should be noted that adults are vaccinated against diphtheria until the age of 56 years.

Other types of vaccinations:

  • AD-M. Purified diphtheria toxoid in liquid-adsorbed form.
  • Imovax. Adsorbed vaccine is used to prevent diphtheria and tetanus.

VACCINATION COURSE

Adults are vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus every 10 years. At the same time, people who have already had this disease can also be vaccinated, since the body does not fully develop immune protection to this disease, and the disease can reappear under the influence of certain factors.

Vaccination approach:

  • first vaccination - any age after 18;
  • second vaccination – within a month;
  • third - at the end of the year;
  • subsequent ones - every decade.

The vaccination course can also be carried out for pregnant women. The vaccine is absolutely harmless for both the expectant mother and the child, while the baby is born with temporary (until the first mandatory vaccination at three months) immunity.

CONSEQUENCES AND COMPLICATIONS

When adults receive the diphtheria vaccine, their bodies usually have a natural reaction to the vaccine. The main manifestations of this reaction are a temporary deterioration in a person’s general condition, pain at the site of vaccine administration, as well as a slight increase in body temperature.

Other reactions:

  • increased fatigue;
  • drowsiness;
  • swelling in the grafting area, compaction;
  • skin rashes;
  • in very rare cases, severe fever.

In most cases, these symptoms disappear completely within a week. If the above-described manifestations continue for more than the specified period, this is a reason for an immediate visit to the doctor.

After vaccination, if possible, you should avoid exposing your body to high temperatures, and also stop drinking alcoholic beverages.

No complications were recorded after vaccination against this disease. In rare cases, vaccinated people may experience convulsions, neurological reactions, and anaphylactic shock. However, these reactions in almost all cases are caused by an allergy to other components of the combined serums.

Among the most common consequences, the following adverse reactions for the body can be distinguished.

Side effects:

  • diarrhea;
  • increased sweating;
  • itching sensation;
  • colds;
  • bronchitis.

Any of these side effects can be eliminated quickly and without harm to the body using standard medications.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

An adult is vaccinated against diphtheria with virtually no restrictions. In some cases, such as chronic diseases of the liver, kidneys, lungs, as well as in the presence of the immunodeficiency virus in the body, vaccination is carried out during periods of remission under the supervision of a treating specialist according to a clearly developed individual schedule.

CONCLUSION

Diphtheria is an extremely serious disease for the human body. In cases of this disease in adolescence, the fatal risk is about 60%; in adults this figure is also high - about 20%.

Even vaccination does not provide a 100% guarantee against the manifestations of this dangerous disease, however, given the chances and the subsequent mild course of the disease after vaccination, the vaccination process should not be avoided.

Found a mistake? Select it and press Ctrl + Enter

Stress is a set of adaptive physiological reactions of the body to external and internal adverse influences (stressors). It can be acute or chronic.

Comments on the article

We recommend reading

IMPORTANT. The information on the site is provided for informational purposes only. Do not self-medicate. At the first sign of disease, consult a doctor.

Source: http://pillsman.org/22500-privivka-ot-difterii-vzroslym.html

Diphtheria vaccination - types of vaccines, procedure, reactions and side effects

Diphtheria vaccination

Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria

Diphtheria and polio vaccine

Should I be vaccinated against diphtheria?

Diphtheria vaccination for adults

Immunization of children

Diphtheria vaccination and pregnancy

Vaccination schedule

3. Six months (6 months).

4. 1.5 years (18 months).

Where is the vaccine injection given?

Where is immunization carried out?

Is diphtheria vaccination required?

1. Agricultural, drainage, construction and other work on excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation work in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

2. Work on logging, clearing and improvement of forests, health and recreation areas for the population in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

3. Work in organizations for the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms affected by infections common to humans and animals.

4. Work on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in areas unfavorable for infections common to humans and animals.

5. Work on the slaughter of livestock suffering from infections common to humans and animals, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it.

6. Work related to the care of animals and maintenance of livestock facilities in livestock farms that are vulnerable to infections common to humans and animals.

7. Work on catching and keeping stray animals.

8. Maintenance work on sewerage structures, equipment and networks.

9. Work with patients with infectious diseases.

10. Work with live cultures of pathogens of infectious diseases.

11. Work with human blood and biological fluids.

12. Work in all types and types of educational institutions.

After vaccination against diphtheria

Reaction to the vaccine

Side effects of the diphtheria vaccine

These conditions are easily treatable and do not cause permanent impairment of human health.

Complications

Contraindications

Refusal of diphtheria vaccination

__________towns (villages, hamlets)

From (name of applicant)

I, ____________full name, passport details______________, refuse to give (indicate which specific vaccinations) to my child (full name) / myself, date of birth_________, registered at clinic no. Legal basis - “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens” dated July 22, 1993, Articles 32, 33 and 34 and “On the immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases” dated September 17, 1998, No. 57 - Federal Law, Articles 5 and 11.

Signature with transcript

Author: Nasedkina A.K. Specialist in research of biomedical problems.

Read more:
Reviews
I am against such an event and various vaccines in general, but I’ll probably have to get it, otherwise I won’t get a conclusion from a therapist about passing a medical commission-(((

Write who knows information about various vaccinations (measles, tetanus and others) and whether they should be done at all. in the vaccination office of the med. employees insist on them because they get bonuses and plans from it!

Leave feedback

You can add your comments and feedback to this article, subject to the Discussion Rules.

Source: http://www.tiensmed.ru/news/vaccdifteria-r6x.html

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus

Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria is mandatory in almost all countries. The first time it is given to infants, then at school, but adults should not forget about the danger of these diseases.

Are these vaccinations necessary today?

Tetanus and diphtheria are among the most serious diseases. Today, even with timely treatment, the mortality rate from diphtheria in children under 12 years of age reaches 10%. For tetanus, these numbers are even higher - about 50% in developed cases. The only worse indicators are for rabies, for which there is still no treatment. There is no natural protection against these diseases; even people who have had them are not immune from re-infection.

Today, after decades of mandatory mass vaccinations, these diseases have become rare enough that many do not take them seriously. But if you look at the statistics from the beginning of the century, you can understand how serious they are: about 10% of all children under 10 years old suffered from diphtheria. Half of them died. That is, 5% of all children born died from diphtheria. Tetanus was less common, but it was a clear verdict.

But due to a false sense of security, many people refuse vaccinations, believing that their chances of becoming infected are extremely low. The probability is really not great, but not zero either.

For example, in Europe in the 60s, after several decades of mass vaccinations, a similar situation developed. A sharp decrease in the number of cases of diphtheria gave rise to a negligent attitude towards vaccinations among the population. The result is an outbreak of diphtheria. Since then, the vaccine has remained mandatory despite low case numbers.

What is the vaccine?

Vaccination against these diseases is most often done in a complex manner - with one vaccine, which contains two or more components: against diphtheria, tetanus, and serums against whooping cough, polio and other diseases can also be added to them.

Children under 5 years of age are vaccinated with DTP against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria. For older children and adults, the anti-pertussis component is not included. But it is this vaccine that most often causes complaints from parents and complaints about a large number of complications. We will return to complications later, but we should deal with tolerability.

Neither tetanus nor diphtheria bacilli are contained in vaccines. By themselves, these bacteria are practically not dangerous to the body. The threat comes from the toxin they produce during their life. It is this toxin, but purified and safe, that is contained in the vaccine. After its introduction into the body, the immune system reacts as it does to any foreign component: recognize, remember, and produce antibodies. After a course of vaccination, a strong immunity to these toxins is formed in the body, and even if bacteria penetrate the body, the disease either will not begin at all, or will proceed in a mild form and without dangerous consequences.

What to do to keep your child safe? Not vaccinating at all is not an option. All of these diseases are extremely severe and potentially fatal. There are two options:

  • Properly prepare the child for vaccination and minimize theoretically possible risks and consequences. By the way, they are not so high - about 30% of children react to the vaccine.
  • For an additional fee, purchase imported analogue vaccines that do not contain live whooping cough cultures.

Which option to choose is up to you. Both have the right to life.

In some cases, children under 5 years of age receive a lightweight ADS vaccination, but then they may be left without protection against whooping cough.

Is the tetanus and diphtheria vaccine dangerous?

DTP is the most popular vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria in Russia. It is distributed free of charge, so most often children and adults are vaccinated with this particular drug or related ones (for example, ADS). This vaccine is domestically produced, which in itself confuses many. An even greater effect is created by a large number of negative reviews from parents. They note numerous adverse reactions, mistaking them for true complications.

In reality, everything is a little different. Temperature, redness, compaction at the injection site, anxiety - this is a normal, natural reaction of the body. And it indicates that the immune system has recognized the introduced substances and is fighting them.

In the case of these serums, the lack of reaction does not require repetition. Approximately 70% of children have no adverse reactions or they are so minor that they do not attract the attention of parents.

Another factor that increases the number of negative reviews about vaccinations: they are scheduled to be given from 3 to 6 months. It is at this time that maternal antibodies to various microorganisms expire, and the child’s sensitivity to pathogenic viruses and bacteria increases. And the likelihood of meeting them at the clinic is much higher than during a regular walk. At the same time, teeth begin to erupt, causing anxiety, fever and a host of other manifestations.

Thus, often adverse reactions, unpleasant symptoms and illnesses after the administration of a vaccine are not a consequence, but a coincidence.

How to reduce the likelihood of side effects?

To ensure that the vaccine produces fewer unpleasant symptoms, doctors recommend correctly planning your actions before and after:
  • The day before vaccination, reduce the amount of food: reduce the amount and concentration of the milk formula, reduce the feeding time. You should also feed less on the day of vaccination and the day after it.
  • If possible, increase the amount of fluid consumed.
  • According to WHO methods, contraindications to vaccination are quite few. Mild colds, diathesis, runny nose do not apply to them. But if the child showed anxiety on the eve of vaccination, it is better to postpone it for several days.
  • The day before the vaccination and the day before, you can give an antihistamine in a standard dosage.
  • If possible, you should go to the clinic with someone else. Long waits in hot, stuffy corridors may not have the best effect on the child’s condition. Therefore, while one person is waiting in line, the second person and the child are walking on the street nearby.
  • After vaccination, you can give a prophylactic antipyretic drug. The standard recommendation - not to lower the temperature below 38.5 degrees - does not apply to this case. For the formation of immunity, an increase in temperature does not matter, so if it reaches 37.5 degrees, you can use an antipyretic.

If these recommendations are followed, side effects are much less common.

If the next scheduled vaccine was difficult to tolerate, it is better to replace the next one with sera without live whooping cough cultures.

Normal adverse reactions after vaccination

Considering that the standard DTP vaccine causes side effects in 30 cases out of 100, you should know what they can look like and how to distinguish a normal reaction from a complication:

  • Temperature increase. It can increase only in the first day after the vaccine. Otherwise, it is more likely to be caused by an infection not related to the vaccine. This temperature lasts no more than 2-3 days and rarely reaches 38.5 degrees.
  • Local reaction. Pain, redness and swelling no more than 8 centimeters, induration no more than 4-5 centimeters in the place where the vaccine was administered. A lump may form.
  • Anxiety, agitation, crying, or drowsiness, lethargy, apathy.
  • Digestive disorders: diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea.

What complications can there be?

It must be repeated once again: the vaccine itself against these two diseases is easily tolerated. Problems often appear due to the whooping cough component. Therefore, adults have nothing to worry about: after 5 years, she is excluded from the vaccine. But even with the use of standard DTP, the likelihood of complications is not too high:

  • Temperature above 39 degrees – 1%.
  • Prolonged continuous crying for more than 3 hours – 0.5%.
  • Afibril convulsions (not associated with fever) – 0.05%.
  • Persistent neuralgic disorders – 0.00001%.
  • Impaired renal function – 2 cases described in the literature.
  • Anaphylactic shock – probability is about 0.000001%.

Thus, the likelihood of encountering these complications is quite low. It should be noted that when the diseases against which the vaccine is directed appear, the chances of encountering these and many other complications are many times higher.

When should you not get vaccinated?

All contraindications can be divided into 2 large groups: relative and absolute. In the first case, the vaccination is postponed, in the second, they replace it with another one or refuse it altogether.

Relative contraindications: fever, any acute illness, weight below 2.5 kg in newborns, recently completed a course of immunosuppressive therapy.

Since severe reactions are caused by the component of the vaccine against whooping cough, the standard DPT can be replaced with a lightweight DPT. Or parents can choose it with a drug of similar action, but without live cultures of whooping cough.

When is the vaccine given?

A person should receive diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations several times throughout his life. The standard recommended scheme looks like this:

  • Vaccination of children in the first year of life: three vaccinations 45 days apart. Most often they begin to be done at 3 months.
  • First revaccination at the age of 1.5 years.
  • The second - at the age of 6-7 years.
  • Third - take-off.

After this, the vaccination must be repeated every 10 years for adults. After all, both tetanus and diphtheria are universal diseases that can be contracted at any age. They are most destructive in children, but adults can also die after infection.

If a person was not vaccinated as a child or more than 10 years have passed since the last vaccination, then a full course is necessary. Adults are given several injections: at the time of treatment, after 1.5 months and after a year, respectively. The next one is done after a standard interval of 10 years.

How is the vaccination done?

The vaccine against these diseases is injected only into large, well-developed muscles in an area where there is no extensive fat layer. In order for the body’s correct reaction to form and the consequences to occur, the vaccine must be absorbed into the blood gradually, over 5-7 days.

Therefore, for children it is injected only into the thigh muscle, which is well developed even at the age of several months. Adults often choose the area under the shoulder blade. In some cases, the injection is given into the shoulder muscle. The gluteal region is not suitable: a developed fat layer increases the likelihood of the vaccine getting into the subcutaneous space, which can cause unpleasant consequences: the appearance of a lump, pain, swelling at the injection site.

We hope that we were able to answer your main questions, and now you have a better understanding of what these vaccinations are and why they are needed.

Source: http://proinfekcii.ru/legkie/difteriya/privivka-ot-difterii-i-stolbnyaka.html

ADS vaccination

Tetanus and diphtheria infections are very dangerous. Their pathogens secrete poisons that cause harm to internal organs. Negative consequences, which in extreme cases lead to death, can be prevented through vaccination - the most effective measure to stop the spread of viruses.

Why do adults need diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations?

ADS is one of the few vaccines that are administered to a person not only in emergency cases, but also routinely. Vaccination protects the body from acute infectious pathologies, but cannot provide permanent immunity. Antibodies developed in childhood are not able to persist for a long time, so adults have to be periodically vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus. If young children are vaccinated with ADS, then after 6 years of age doctors use the ADS-M serum, which differs from the first only in the concentration of toxoids. One standard dose of the vaccine contains:

  • 5 units tetanus toxoid;
  • 5 units diphtheria toxoid;
  • auxiliary components (thiomersal, aluminum hydroxide, formaldehyde, etc.).

At an early age, they give an injection of DTP (adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus serum). To ensure that immunity is constantly maintained, adults are vaccinated every 10 years using a drug without pertussis toxoid. At the same time, if a person was not vaccinated as a child, administration of ADS is allowed at any age according to the standard vaccination schedule. Since the preventive measure is not mandatory, you can refuse vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria. The only exceptions are health workers, teachers, laboratory workers, cooks, etc.

For diphtheria

This disease often affects the upper respiratory tract, resulting in dangerous complications in the oropharynx in 95% of cases, as evidenced by tissue swelling and white plaque on its surface. Diphtheria is quickly transmitted by airborne droplets and is difficult to treat. In the worst cases, the pathology affects the nerves and causes inflammation of the heart and kidneys.

Adults are rarely vaccinated with ADS, as a rule, if a preventive injection was not given in childhood. Since the child's body absorbs the vaccine more easily, it is recommended to give the injection before reaching 6 years of age. As a rule, parents follow the schedule and vaccinate their child at 3, 6, 12, 18 months. If you did not receive the vaccine as a child, you can get vaccinated as an adult. After administration of diphtheria serum, immunity to the disease is formed. In this case, a dead vaccine (toxoid) is used, which starts the process of creating protective active substances.

Against tetanus

Since this pathology is extremely difficult to treat, vaccination is considered the optimal method to combat it. When is a tetanus shot given? From the age of 17, vaccination against the disease is carried out every 10 years. Previously, ADS was stopped being administered at 66 years of age, but now the age limit has been removed, which is associated with an increase in life expectancy and the widespread spread of the disease. If the immunization schedule is violated or an emergency occurs, an emergency tetanus vaccination may be given. The basis for this is:

  • the presence of long-term non-healing wounds, purulent abscesses on the skin;
  • the appearance of wounds on the skin or mucous membrane as a result of frostbite, trauma, severe burns;
  • animal bite;
  • upcoming surgery (if you have not previously received DPT vaccination).

ADS revaccination for children

If ADS replaces DTP, then it is administered in two doses with an interval of 45 days, while revaccination is carried out once a year later. Subsequent vaccinations are given at 7 and 14 years of age. Children who have had whooping cough are given the ADS vaccine at any age and their immunity is maintained every 10 years by repeating the procedure. If a child was vaccinated once with DTP, and the medicine caused an allergy or provoked adverse reactions, then it is changed to an analogue. It is created without a pertussis component (ADS is administered a month after DPT). Revaccination is carried out after 9-12 months.

Where is the vaccine given?

According to the instructions for the ADS drug, children are vaccinated by injecting the vaccine into the thigh muscle or subscapular region. For adult patients, the injection is given subcutaneously (the skin thickness in these areas is small). By injecting ADS serum into muscle tissue, the doctor reduces the risk of negative consequences and side effects. It is recommended to do the preventive procedure in the morning on an empty stomach, so immunization will be as fast and easy as possible for the body.

Indications and contraindications

Almost all people are vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria; contraindications to immunization are minor. If a child/adult has intolerance to the components of the serum or hypersensitivity to them, the procedure is canceled. Tetanus vaccination and alcohol are incompatible, the patient is warned about this in advance. If such drinks are consumed 1-3 days before immunization, it is delayed. In addition, the doctor can reschedule the ADS vaccination if:

  • diseases of the nervous system;
  • acute diseases;
  • pregnancy up to 12 weeks;
  • exacerbation of an allergic disease;
  • high body temperature;
  • diathesis/eczema;
  • the patient is taking potent medications.

Consequences

Any reaction of the body to ADS vaccination should not be considered a deviation. When immunity to diseases is formed, unpleasant symptoms only indicate this and disappear 1-3 days after vaccination on their own. Many children complain that the tetanus shot hurts - this is also a natural reaction. Local compaction and redness in the area where the vaccine was administered should not frighten parents. Such symptoms disappear after 3-4 days.

Normal reaction in adults

Diphtheria vaccination for children and adults can cause certain side effects, but complications after vaccination are extremely rare. Their appearance indicates the beginning of the formation of immunity and the individual reaction of the body. The ADS vaccine does not have a negative effect on human health, but may cause temporary symptoms such as:

  • drowsiness/lethargy;
  • temperature increase;
  • redness/swelling/hardening of the injection site;
  • decreased appetite;
  • general malaise;
  • indigestion, vomiting.

How does the diphtheria vaccine affect the body?

During the first days after the injection, temporary general and local reactions may appear. After 1-3 days, such symptoms disappear, they do not require treatment and do not pose a threat to human health. These include:

  • increased irritability/aggression;
  • soreness at the injection site, near the lymph nodes under the arms;
  • decreased immunity;
  • prostration.

Complications

With the exception of isolated cases, ADS vaccination does not affect human health in any way. Complications are recorded extremely rarely; if they occur, you should immediately consult a doctor. The following pathological conditions after vaccination should be a cause for concern:

  • a lump/red spot at the injection site with a diameter of 8 cm or more;
  • encephalopathy (impaired consciousness, convulsions);
  • rhinitis;
  • dermatitis;
  • pharyngitis;
  • otitis.

Is it possible to wet the tetanus and diphtheria vaccine?

With this type of immunization, doctors advise not to wet the injection site, but patients are not prohibited from washing. The main thing is not to rub the injection area with a washcloth to avoid the wound becoming infected. Swimming after vaccination should be done carefully and only under running water. It is prohibited to visit saunas, swimming pools, baths and take baths with oils or salt. Such procedures cause skin irritation and increase the risk of infection.

Video

The information presented on the site is for informational purposes only. The site materials do not encourage self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and make recommendations for treatment based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

Source: http://vrachmedik.ru/222-privivka-ads.html

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus - is it worth it, and how to vaccinate correctly?

Over the past decades, routine vaccination has been virtually uncontrolled by the state, so many people prefer not to carry it out. Some diseases, including tetanus and diphtheria, are very rare. For this reason, infection with them seems impossible, and people neglect prevention.

Do I need to be vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus?

Opinions on vaccination are divided. Most qualified specialists insist on the need to perform it, but there are also adherents of the naturalistic theory who believe that the immune system is able to cope with infections on its own. The parents of the child or the patient himself, if he is already an adult, decide whether to be vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus.

The likelihood of contracting these diseases is very low due to improved sanitary and hygienic living conditions and herd immunity. The latter was formed because vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus was widely used for many decades. The number of people with antibodies to infection exceeds the population without them, this prevents the occurrence of epidemics.

How dangerous are diphtheria and tetanus?

The first pathology indicated is a highly contagious bacterial infection, which is provoked by Loeffler's bacillus. The diphtheria bacillus releases a large amount of toxins that cause the growth of dense films in the oropharynx and bronchi. This leads to airway obstruction and croup, rapidly progressing (15-30 minutes) to asphyxia. Without emergency assistance, death from suffocation occurs.

You cannot become infected with tetanus. The causative agent of an acute bacterial disease (Clostridium tetani bacillus) enters the body by contact, through deep damage to the skin, forming a wound without access to oxygen. The main thing that tetanus is dangerous for humans is death. Clostridium tetani produces a potent toxin that causes severe convulsions and paralysis of the heart muscle and respiratory organs.

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus - consequences

Unpleasant symptoms after the introduction of a prophylactic drug are the norm, not a pathology. Tetanus and diphtheria vaccine (TDV) does not contain live pathogenic bacteria. It contains only their purified toxins in minimal concentrations sufficient to begin the formation of immunity. There is not a single proven fact of the occurrence of dangerous consequences when using ADS.

Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus - contraindications

There are cases when vaccination should simply be postponed, and situations in which it will have to be abandoned. Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is tolerated if:

  • the person has been ill with tuberculosis, hepatitis, meningitis for a year;
  • less than 2 months have passed since the introduction of any other vaccine;
  • immunosuppressive therapy is carried out;
  • The patient has an acute respiratory infection, acute respiratory viral infection, or a relapse of a chronic disease.

It is necessary to exclude the use of ADS if you are intolerant to any components of the drug and have immunodeficiency. Ignoring medical recommendations will lead to the fact that after vaccination with diphtheria-tetanus, the body will not be able to produce enough antibodies to neutralize toxins. For this reason, before the procedure, it is important to consult with a therapist and make sure there are no contraindications.

Types of vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus

Vaccinations differ in the active ingredients they contain. There are medications only for diphtheria and tetanus, and complex solutions that additionally protect against whooping cough, polio and other pathologies. Multicomponent injections are indicated for administration to children and those adults who are vaccinated for the first time. In public clinics, one targeted vaccine against tetanus and diphtheria is used - the name ADS or ADS-m. The imported analogue is Diftet Dt. For children and unvaccinated adults, DPT or its complex synonyms are recommended:

How is the diphtheria and tetanus vaccine given?

Lifelong immunity to the diseases described is not formed, even if a person has had them. The concentration of antibodies in the blood to dangerous bacterial toxins gradually decreases. For this reason, the tetanus and diphtheria vaccine is repeated at regular intervals. If you miss scheduled prophylaxis, you will have to follow the scheme for the initial administration of medications.

Vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria - when is it done?

Vaccination is carried out throughout a person’s life, starting from infancy. The first vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is given at 3 months, after which it is repeated twice more every 45 days. The following revaccinations are carried out at this age:

For adults, diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations are repeated every 10 years. To maintain the activity of the immune system against these diseases, doctors recommend revaccination at 25, 35, 45 and 55 years of age. If more than the allotted period has passed since the last administration of the medication, it is necessary to make 3 consecutive injections, similar to the age of 3 months.

How to prepare for vaccination?

No special measures are required before vaccination. Primary or routine vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus for children is carried out after a preliminary examination by a pediatrician or therapist, measurement of body temperature and pressure. At the doctor's discretion, general blood, urine and stool tests are taken. If all physiological indicators are normal, the vaccine is administered.

Diphtheria and tetanus - vaccination, where do they do it?

For proper absorption of the solution by the body and activation of the immune system, the injection is made into a well-developed muscle without a large amount of fatty tissue around, so the buttocks are not suitable in this case. For babies, the injection is given mainly in the thigh. Adults are vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria under the shoulder blade. Less commonly, the injection is performed in the brachial muscle, provided it is of sufficient size and development.

Diphtheria and tetanus vaccination - side effects

Negative symptoms after administration of the presented vaccine are very rare; in most situations it is well tolerated. Vaccination of children against diphtheria and tetanus is sometimes accompanied by local reactions in the injection area:

  • redness of the epidermis;
  • swelling in the area where the drug was administered;
  • compaction under the skin;
  • slight soreness;
  • increased body temperature;
  • profuse sweating;
  • runny nose;
  • dermatitis;
  • cough;
  • itching;
  • otitis.

The listed problems disappear on their own within 1-3 days. To alleviate the condition, you can consult a doctor about symptomatic treatment. Adults experience a similar reaction to the diphtheria-tetanus vaccine, but additional side effects may occur:

  • headache;
  • lethargy;
  • drowsiness;
  • loss of appetite;
  • bowel disorders;
  • nausea and vomiting.

Diphtheria-tetanus vaccination - complications after vaccination

The above negative phenomena are considered a variant of the normal response of the immune system to the introduction of bacterial toxins. A high temperature after vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria does not indicate an inflammatory process, but the release of antibodies to pathogenic substances. Serious and dangerous consequences occur only in cases where the rules for preparing for the use of the vaccine or recommendations for the recovery period were not followed.

Diphtheria-tetanus vaccination provokes complications when:

  • allergies to any of its components;
  • the presence of contraindications to the administration of the medication;
  • secondary wound infection;
  • needle entering nerve tissue.

Serious consequences of improper vaccination:

Copying information is permitted only with a direct and indexed link to the source

Source: http://womanadvice.ru/privivka-ot-difterii-i-stolbnyaka-stoit-li-delat-i-kak-pravilno-provesti-vakcinaciyu

Vaccinations for adults: vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus

In everyday life, we encounter many infections, some of which are deadly for both children and adults. What do you need to know to protect yourself from serious consequences?

Tatiana Selezneva

Epidemiologist, head. Laboratory of Specific Infection Prevention, Federal State Budgetary Institution "Central Research Institute of Epidemiology" of Rospotrebnadzor, Ph.D.

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is a serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae and transmitted from person to person by sneezing and coughing. During their life, diphtheria pathogens produce toxins. They affect the tonsils (this leads to severe sore throat), as well as the upper respiratory tract, most often the larynx (as a result, suffocation can develop). In addition, toxins can cause general poisoning of the body (intoxication) and affect internal organs and systems (heart, kidneys, nervous system). Diphtheria is one of the most terrible childhood diseases in the pre-vaccination period. Nowadays, it reasserts itself in the form of epidemics affecting many adults and unvaccinated children. Although the disease is treatable with timely administration of anti-diphtheria serum and antibiotics, even with appropriate therapy the mortality rate reaches 10%. Vaccination is the main preventive measure to prevent diphtheria. At one time, the incidence of diphtheria decreased due to routine vaccinations, which were given to a wide coverage of the population. They were made for both children and adults all over the world. This led to a decrease in the circulation of pathogens and disruption of natural contact with the pathogen. But at the same time, the level of collective immunity among the population has also decreased significantly. In 1980, Europe accounted for less than 1% of diphtheria cases reported worldwide. It was assumed that the disease would be eradicated soon. However, by 1994, Europe accounted for 90% of all diphtheria cases in the world. The first wave of the epidemic was observed already in the eighties, reaching its peak this year. At the same time, the number of sick preschoolers has noticeably increased - the result of insufficient coverage of children with preventive vaccinations. The second wave of the epidemic occurred in 1990. By 1992, the incidence increased in all age groups, but children, as well as adults over 60, were especially often sick. The incidence grew steadily: if in 1990 there were less than 2,000 cases, then in 1994 -. Moreover, by 1993, 80% of diphtheria cases occurred in Russia. However, in February 1994, the Russian Ministry of Health, together with the WHO (World Health Organization), developed a regional program to combat diphtheria. The diphtheria epidemic in Russia in the 90s was eliminated thanks to high vaccination coverage among children and total mass immunization of the entire adult population.

Tetanus

Tetanus is one of the most severe infectious diseases, often leading to death (in 90% of cases). The causative agent of tetanus is the tetanus bacillus (Clostridium tetani), which, once in the wound, releases a toxin that affects the nervous system: pain and stiffness appear in the muscles of the abdomen and back, while swallowing becomes difficult, tension and convulsive contraction of the facial muscles increase, and very painful convulsions that lead to breathing problems. The disease occurs when the pathogen enters through damaged skin (abrasions, wounds, burns, frostbite) and mucous membranes with particles of soil, manure or feces. The likelihood of developing tetanus increases with a larger area of ​​tissue damage. The only measure to avoid this dangerous disease is preventive immunization.

Types of vaccinations

Double protection. In Russia, as well as throughout the world, associated preparations of diphtheria-tetanus toxoids[1], as well as their licensed foreign analogues, are used to prevent diphtheria and tetanus. But these drugs do not create lifelong immunity, so it is necessary to periodically repeat the administration of vaccines (re-vaccination). However, thanks to preventive vaccinations, antibodies against toxins are formed in the blood. In% of cases of infection, they do not allow the development of clinical manifestations of tetanus and diphtheria or sharply mitigate them. In this case, the concentration of antibodies in the blood serum of a vaccinated person must correspond to the protective level. This concentration (titer) is designated as the ratio between a unit volume of blood serum and the amount of antibodies. The concentration of anti-diphtheria antibodies should be at least 1:40 or higher (where 1 is a unit volume of serum), and anti-tetanus antibodies should be 1:20 or higher . ADS-M ANATOXIN (diphtheria-tetanus toxoid; the letter “M” indicates a reduced content of the active substance) is a Russian drug. The analogue is the French IMOVAX DT ADULT . These vaccines are used:

  • for revaccination of children at 7 and 14 years of age, as well as adults every 10 years;
  • for vaccination of previously unvaccinated persons over 6 years of age (first 2 vaccinations at an interval of days, after 6-9 months - the first revaccination, after 5 years - the second, then every 10 years);
  • for vaccination in areas of diphtheria.

Mono-vaccines. For vaccination against diphtheria, without tetanus, AD-M ANATOXIN (diphtheria toxoid) is used, and separately against tetanus - AS ANATOXIN (tetanus toxoid) of domestic production. “Single” vaccinations against tetanus are given, for example, in cases of emergency prophylaxis. The anti-diphtheria vaccine is used for planned age-related revaccination against diphtheria or if 10 years have passed since the last vaccination, but the person has already received tetanus toxoid. Also, a monovaccine against diphtheria is used if there are insufficient anti-diphtheria antibodies in the blood serum (titer less than 1:40), which is determined not only by the date of the last vaccination, but also by using a blood serum test (it can be carried out both routinely and for emergency indications).

Urgent measures

Chemoprophylaxis of diphtheria is recommended in close contact with the patient. To do this, prescribe ERYTHROMYCIN in an age-appropriate dose for 10 days or BENZATINE - PENICILLIN intramuscularly once - in a dose of ED for children under 6 years of age and ED for older age groups. This prophylaxis is carried out until tests of throat swabs show the absence of infection. This not only prevents a particular person from getting sick, but also stops the spread of infection . If a person in contact with a person with diphtheria is not vaccinated, they need to be vaccinated. Emergency prophylaxis of tetanus is carried out for wounds with a violation of the integrity of the skin and mucous membrane. A cut, abrasion or bite of an animal, a burn or frostbite of the second and third degree, when the integrity of the skin is compromised, an injury to the intestines with a violation of its integrity - all this can become a reason for urgent measures against tetanus. Immediately after an injury, a person who has not been vaccinated against tetanus must be administered PURIFIED Equine TETANUS SERUM (or HUMAN TETANUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN[2] ) and ANATOXIN AS . Unfortunately, this still does not guarantee reliable protection against the disease and, moreover, often causes severe allergic reactions. The vaccinated person also undergoes emergency immunization, but only if more than 5 years have passed since the planned revaccination - for this purpose the AS ANATOXIN is used.

Side effects

Vaccine preparations are administered in a dose of 0.5 ml deep, subcutaneously into the subscapular region. Sometimes vaccinations cause local and general vaccine reactions. Local symptoms include redness and thickening at the injection site, while general symptoms include a short-term increase in temperature up to 38.0 degrees C and malaise. This cannot be called a serious complication of vaccination; however, in some cases, neurological and local allergic complications may develop[3]. There are no absolute contraindications for the administration of toxoids. Immunodeficiency conditions and HIV infection are not contraindications to vaccination. If allergic reactions develop, the next dose is administered against the background of antiallergic drugs. However, routine vaccinations are not recommended for pregnant women. Children and adults with chronic illnesses are vaccinated during the period of remission, i.e., when there are no external manifestations of the disease, and against the background of maintenance therapy.

[1] Anatoxin is a drug that helps the human body produce antibodies (protective blood proteins) to toxins.

[2] Tetanus human immunoglobulin is a drug obtained from the blood of vaccinated people that contains ready-made protective proteins (antibodies) against the toxin.

Photo source: Shutterstock

Comments

They got vaccinated against tetanus and deftiria, on the third day my throat hurt, although it hasn’t hurt for 3 years since my tonsils were removed, and now it hurts like hell, and lollipops and stopangin don’t help at all ((

February 27:11

Do not vaccinate with Ads-M. My friends and I decided to go on a shift and need to pass a commission. That's where these monsters caught us. She said if we don’t get vaccinated, we won’t pass the medical examination. had to do it.

My whole body ached for a week for me and my friends. I had to forget about the watch because I couldn’t go on time. Don't let your immunity be broken. It’s better to buy a foreign analogue, at least for people!!

December 27:06

Yesterday I was sent home from work to get vaccinated against tetanus and phthisis. In the evening, my lower back began to hurt and my temperature rose. But this morning everything seems to be fine. But the injection site is a little swollen and hurts. I hope nothing more happens.

December 6:48

Yesterday I got vaccinated against diphtheria, WHAT THE FUCK IS HAPPENING TO ME. AND WHAT TO DO WITH IT.

November 15:40

Got a tetanus shot on September 12, she still hurts! I don’t sleep well at night, my arm hurts. This is fine?

September 27:43

Yesterday I got the vaccine, no fever, slight swelling. But the pain in the shoulder blade is simply terrible, I can’t raise my arm and lean my back on anything. At first it just didn’t hurt much, but now the pain is not only from touch, but even in a calm state it’s pulsating, it feels like an ache in the arm, it’s difficult to stand and keep your back straight. I really hope that no other side effects develop.

August 19:54

I was vaccinated against deftheria on July 6. On the first day everything was fine. In the evening my shoulder blade started to hurt a little. The next day I started to feel very sick, but it was no big deal. In the evening of the second day the temperature rose to 37.1-37.2. From hot to cold, my head ached. Today is day 3. I feel very bad. I wake up with unpleasant sensations in the upper intestines and a sore throat. In the morning I started vomiting, and nothing. I saw droplets of blood appear in my throat. Well, that’s about when you scratch your skin, just then your throat. Nausea all day, sore throat and discomfort in the intestines. I wouldn't have done it in my life if I knew it.

July 8:58

We got two vaccinations - against hepatitis and diphtheria, the nurse warned about complications and recommended suprastin, everything was fine for two days, but then sneezing and a sore throat began, like a sore throat.

June 6:58

I had to do it, I read the reviews and was terribly afraid to do it. But I still had to do it for work, my body is very sensitive and of course I was preparing for the worst. But yesterday I did it and besides, the place hurts (when I donate blood from my finger it also hurts, which Naturally) there were no signs or bad side effects at all. And I was waiting for the temperature, as they wrote here. everything is different for everyone. On the Internet they write mainly about those who had difficulties, those who had everything fine and would not think of coming here)

April 6:34

Oh, when you read reviews on the Internet about vaccinations, you can get scared three hundred times. There is nothing wrong with getting a tetanus shot! Yesterday I was treated for diphtheria (tetanus) and encephalitis at the same time and nothing happened, I’m alive! Didn't break, didn't bend! But I can step on a rusty nail and not be afraid of ticks! So many oohs and aahs. We did it, waited the evening and that’s it! Google about a cut finger immediately shows amputation and gangrene - but in fact, he spat on the plantain and moved on. Well, whether to vaccinate or not, do it for sure, otherwise these Internets of yours are frightening and intimidating the whole society.

March 31:32

Your comment:

Can you give in?

Currently reading

Interesting things on the web

Most popular

Partners

© Official website of the magazine “Mom and Baby”

Certificate of registration of mass media El No. FSot 03/10/2016. Registration authority: Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technologies and Mass Communications (Roskomnadzor).

All materials published on the site are the property of the publisher. Reproduction, partial or full use of articles in open sources is prohibited without the appropriate permission of the publisher. Editorial opinion may be different from those of the authors. The editors are not responsible for the content of materials published as advertising.

Source: http://www.2mm.ru/malysh/zdorove-rebenka/473/privivki-dlya-vzroslyh-vakcinaciya-protiv-difterii-i-stolbnyaka