What causes otitis

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What causes otitis

Otitis is a group of inflammatory diseases of the ear.

The ear consists of three parts.

  • The outer ear is represented by the pinna and the external auditory canal. When the outer ear becomes inflamed, otitis externa develops.
  • The middle ear borders the outer ear through the tympanic membrane and is represented by the tympanic cavity and the auditory ossicles (incus, malleus and stapes). With inflammation of the middle ear, otitis media develops. When people talk about otitis media, they most often mean inflammation of the middle ear.
  • The inner ear consists of the bony and membranous labyrinths, and when it becomes inflamed, internal otitis or labyrinthitis occurs. Otitis media is usually observed in children.

Table of contents:

Photo: ear structure

Otitis, according to the nature of its course, is divided into acute and chronic.

Acute otitis lasts no more than 3 weeks, subacute lasts from three weeks to three months, chronic otitis is said to last when it lasts more than three months.

By origin, ear inflammation can be infectious or non-infectious (allergic or traumatic otitis).

Depending on the type of inflammation, otitis can be exudative (bloody or inflammatory effusion is formed), purulent (local or diffuse) and catarrhal.

Causes

Ear inflammation occurs in two cases. Firstly, the penetration of an infectious agent into the middle ear from an inflamed nasopharynx, and secondly, otitis media occurs as a result of ear injury.

The causes of otitis media include:

  • acute respiratory viral infections of ARVI, which result in swelling of the nasal mucosa, which leads to obstruction (blockage) of the external opening of the Eustachian tube (air passes through it), this leads to disruption of ventilation and cleaning of the tympanic cavity;
  • existing adenoids, nasal polyps or chronic tonsillitis, tumor-like formations of the nasopharynx;
  • sudden changes in atmospheric pressure (airplane takeoff and landing, during mountaineering) – aerootitis;
  • pressure difference when diving deep into water and surfacing (mareotite);
  • weakening of the body's defenses (nervous stress, fatigue, chronic diseases, such as diabetes);
  • in children due to immature immunity.

External otitis occurs due to injury to the auricle, with the development of a boil in the external auditory canal, or as a complication of otitis media with suppuration from the middle ear.

Labyrinthitis (inflammation of the inner ear) is a complication of otitis media.

Symptoms of otitis media

Otitis externa

Under the influence of various factors (insect bites, scratching and microtrauma of the auricle, etc.), the infectious pathogen penetrates the sebaceous glands or hair follicles in the external auditory canal.

In the case of the development of acute purulent local external otitis (furuncle in the ear canal), the patient complains of pain in the ear, which intensifies with pressure or pulling on it.

There is also pain when opening the mouth and pain when inserting an ear specula to examine the external auditory canal. Externally, the auricle is swollen and red.

Acute infectious purulent diffuse otitis develops as a result of inflammation of the middle ear and suppuration from it. In this case, the external auditory canal becomes infected due to irritation by pus. Sometimes the eardrum is involved in the process.

On examination, swelling and hyperemia of the skin of the ear canal is noted, and pus with an unpleasant odor is discharged from it. The patient complains of pain, which is replaced by itching and ear congestion.

Otitis media

Inflammation of the middle ear occurs in several stages.

1. In the first stage, the patient complains of pain inside the ear, the nature of which can be different (pulsating, shooting, drilling).

During an acute process, body temperature rises sharply (up to 38°C and above). The peculiarity of the pain is that it intensifies at night and interferes with sleep. This symptom is caused by the pressure of the effusion in the tympanic cavity on the eardrum from the inside.

A characteristic feature of the first stage is that when the head is tilted to the side of the sore ear, the pain intensifies. The pain radiates to the jaw, eye, or temple and can spread to the entire half of the head.

The patient complains of hearing loss, noise and ringing in the ear.

2. The beginning of the second stage is associated with perforation (breakthrough) of the eardrum. The pain subsides, and pus flows out of the external auditory canal. Body temperature drops to normal levels.

3. The third stage is marked by a gradual cessation of suppuration, the eardrum is scarred, and inflammation subsides. The main complaint of patients is hearing loss.

Internal otitis

A characteristic symptom of internal otitis is dizziness. In addition, dizziness is accompanied by nausea and vomiting, imbalance, significant tinnitus and hearing loss.

Internal otitis occurs as a complication or continuation of otitis media.

Diagnostics

After collecting anamnesis and complaints, the doctor performs an otoscopy (examination of the external auditory canal) using a backlit reflector and other special instruments.

In addition, the doctor will definitely examine the nasal cavity and oropharynx and, if necessary, prescribe an X-ray examination of the nasal and frontal sinuses.

A general blood test is also shown, which reveals signs of inflammation (accelerated ESR, increased number of leukocytes).

To check your hearing level, audiometry (air conduction assessment) is prescribed. Tuning forks are used to determine bone conductivity.

If pus leaks from the external auditory canal, it is collected for bacteriological examination, which will help identify the pathogen and its sensitivity to antibiotics.

In order to exclude an ear tumor or a complication of otitis media (mastoiditis), a computed tomography scan is prescribed.

Treatment of otitis media

Otitis media is treated by an otorhinolaryngologist (ENT).

Otitis externa is treated on an outpatient basis. Local therapy is prescribed: turundas soaked in 70% alcohol, warm compresses, vitamins and physiotherapy are inserted into the ear canal. It is advisable to prescribe antibiotics only for significant inflammation and fever.

Treatment of inflammation of the middle ear

Patients with otitis media are usually hospitalized.

1. In the first stage, antibiotics are prescribed orally or parenterally (usually in the form of injections) - ceftriaxone, amoxiclav, clindamycin; and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to relieve pain and reduce inflammation (diclofenac, indomethacin).

To restore drainage in the Eustachian tube, drops are prescribed that constrict blood vessels in the nasal mucosa (naphthyzin, galazolin) for a period of 4-5 days. Drops with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects (sofradex, otipax, camphor oil) are instilled into the ear.

2. In some cases, the eardrum is dissected to drain pus and relieve pain. After opening the eardrum (either independently or therapeutically), antibacterial solutions (tsipromed, otofa) are injected into the tympanic cavity.

3. Therapy at the third stage is designed to restore the patency of the auditory tube, the integrity of the eardrum or its elasticity. At this stage, blowing of the auditory tube and massage of the eardrum are prescribed.

With labyrinthitis (otitis media of the inner ear), patients are also hospitalized. Intensive therapy is carried out: bed rest, antibiotics in loading doses and dehydration therapy.

The duration of treatment for otitis depends on the stage and severity of the process and should be at least 10 days.

Complications and prognosis

If inadequate treatment was carried out for otitis or it was not completed, then the following complications are possible:

  • mastoiditis (inflammation of the mastoid process) – requires surgical intervention;
  • meningitis;
  • brain abscess.

The prognosis for correct and timely treatment of otitis media is favorable.

Diagnosis by symptoms

Find out your probable illnesses and which doctor you should go to.

Source: http://www.diagnos.ru/diseases/lorr/otitis

What causes otitis media: causes of the disease

To prevent such a common ear disease as otitis media, you should know the reasons that provoke its development. It can occur in both children and adults due to infectious diseases, such as tonsillitis, as well as due to injury or an allergic reaction. The source of the problem can be the most unexpected factors.

Features of the hearing organs

First, you should consider the structure of the hearing organ in order to understand which parts of it are most often affected by the disease. The human ear consists of three main parts:

The outer ear is represented by the concha and the ear canal, in which wax accumulates. After injury to these elements or when an infection occurs, inflammation may develop.

Most often, otitis media occurs in the middle ear. This is where the eardrum and auditory ossicles are located. The cavity is formed by leathery pockets that can trap bacteria. Often the causes of otitis in this part of the organ are associated with the Eustachian tube. Ingress of water, a runny nose due to ARVI, or the development of a sore throat can trigger the disease.

The most difficult otitis media is internal. It often becomes complicated and can affect the quality of hearing, as inflammation affects the receptors. In addition, there is a risk that the disease will negatively affect vestibular function.

All influencing factors can be divided into several groups. Each of them is worth considering in more detail.

Bacteria, infections and viruses

The most common causes of otitis in adults are bacteria and infections that enter the body and directly into the ear itself. Natural microflora is not capable of harming the body, since it is part of it itself, stimulating certain functions, including protective ones. When an imbalance occurs or a powerful pathogen enters, an inflammatory process begins.

The most common provocateurs of otitis media are microorganisms and infections such as:

  • Haemophilus influenzae infection. About a third of cases of the disease are associated with it. The infection is transmitted in a standard way - by airborne droplets, and can provoke the development of complications after ARVI or tonsillitis.
  • Pneumococci. Once in the ear-nose-throat system, these microorganisms cause acute tissue inflammation. This is the most common cause of ear diseases.
  • Streptococci. If the number of these opportunistic microorganisms exceeds the number, a person becomes ill instantly.
  • Moraxella. It also provokes illness when the threshold amount is exceeded. In small quantities it does not harm the body.
  • Staphylococcus aureus. Causes a number of complications, and complications are possible in all organs and systems.

In a normal state, the body suppresses the effects of infection and destroys excess pathogenic bacteria. If the immune system is weakened, not only otitis media can develop, but also other diseases of the ears, throat and respiratory tract.

Frequent provocateurs of acute respiratory viral infections and tonsillitis are viruses. They can be picked up by airborne droplets, tactile contact and other means. The most common cause of otitis media is rhinovirus. The provoking factor in this case may be cold. A weakened body is exposed to the negative effects of the virus and the first prerequisite for the development of ear diseases arises - swelling of the soft tissues of the nasal passage. This process spreads further and reaches the area where the Eustachian tube is located. When its work is blocked, the outflow of fluid from the ears is disrupted, which leads to its accumulation in the organ cavity and promotes the proliferation of bacteria.

Very often, otitis media is a complication after infection with the influenza virus. The flu is dangerous for both children and adults; treatment requires antibiotics. Modern types of influenza provoke many complications that develop quite rapidly and can even lead to death.

Genetic predisposition and anatomical abnormalities

The next factor is genetic predisposition. You may notice that in some adults any infection provokes otitis media, and they have been familiar with this disease since early childhood. The same can be observed in their relatives. In this case, there is reason to believe that the tendency to ear inflammation was inherited.

A hereditary factor can be expressed in weakened immunity, lack of effective protection, failures in the formation of normal organ function. At the same time, the direct cause of otitis itself remains the same viruses and infections, but the risk of morbidity is higher precisely because of the predisposition to otitis.

It is worth noting that genetically congenital problems may include the following:

  • Kartagener's syndrome;
  • Down syndrome;
  • fetal alcohol syndrome.

Deviations in the functioning of the body against the background of these diseases are the cause of the frequent occurrence of sore throat, rhinitis, otitis media and other diseases. At the same time, there is a close connection with the anatomical structure of the organs of the ear-nose-throat-throat system in these syndromes.

In adults, ear disease can be triggered by a previous operation or injury, due to which some changes were made to the structure of the organs. In addition, congenital anomalies may occur. These include:

  • non-standard Eustachian tube;
  • cleft palate;
  • deviated nasal septum;
  • developmental disorder of the middle and inner ear.

Often, similar causes of otitis media cause a close connection between the cavities of the throat, nose and ear. This leads to the accumulation of fluid, the entry of bacteria and various irritants into the auditory cavity.

Some anomalies can be eliminated surgically, but the risk of the same sore throat developing into ear diseases still remains high.

It is worth noting that the anatomical factor is not necessarily associated with congenital or acquired pathologies of hearing structure. In adults, otitis media develops much less frequently than in children. This is due to the fact that at an early age the structure of the apparatus has some imperfections, in particular, the underdevelopment of the Eustachian tube. Over time, it lengthens and changes its angle, which reduces the likelihood of developing hearing diseases. If this does not happen, the situation reverses and the risks increase significantly.

Allergy

Allergens can cause a special form of otitis - allergic. In adults, the most common irritants are:

  • plant pollen and fluff;
  • feathers and wool;
  • dust;
  • food products, for example, nuts, milk, citrus fruits;
  • bee products;
  • chemical compounds, etc.

In children, almost all food products are added to potential allergens, since the developing body in the early stages is not able to perceive them.

When an irritant enters the body, swelling and inflammation of the tissues occurs, which provokes the accumulation of fluid in the ears. Treatment in this case is done with antihistamines rather than antibiotics. To prevent recurrence of the disease, it is important to avoid contact with allergens and potentially hazardous substances.

Risk factors and precautions

If we summarize all of the above, we can identify a number of factors that increase the likelihood of developing inflammatory ear diseases. By directing efforts to eliminate them, you will significantly reduce the risk of infection.

Factors that can provoke otitis media include:

  • weakened immune system;
  • hereditary and individual predisposition;
  • vitamin deficiency;
  • wrong lifestyle;
  • frequent bacterial and viral diseases (angina and the like);
  • anatomical abnormalities of the hearing organs;
  • tendency to allergies;
  • frequent runny nose, sinusitis, rhinitis and bronchial asthma;
  • adenoids;
  • previous injuries;
  • hypothermia of the body;
  • stress.

Most often, otitis occurs after ARVI, sore throat, influenza and similar diseases. For a child's body, a risk factor is open access to infections from the nasopharynx to the ears through the auditory tube. In addition, at an early age the adenoids may be bothersome. The entire body as a whole has less resistance to pathogenic microorganisms, which determines the high level of morbidity that occurs specifically in childhood.

In adults, severe stress on the body, frequent stressful situations, and bad habits can have a negative impact. It is also important to take into account the characteristics of certain professions. The hearing organs, subject to regular vibrations and loud sounds, are more vulnerable, as a result of which ear diseases become common. Also, the hearing organs are affected by working with chemicals, in a dusty environment, and strain on the throat. For example, vocalists often suffer from sore throat, which can cause inflammation of the ears.

Despite the huge number of factors that can cause the development of ear inflammation, it is quite possible to reduce the likelihood of morbidity. To do this, it is necessary to take care of the prevention of not only otitis itself, but also its causes, in particular, acute respiratory viral infections and tonsillitis.

Such activities include several approaches:

  • Strengthening the immune system. This is one of the most important provisions of preventive measures. Any disease is more likely to occur in the person whose defenses have been weakened. To increase immunity, you need to harden yourself, lead a healthy lifestyle, eat right, and exercise. Also make sure you have enough vitamins, in particular A and C.
  • Avoidance of irritants. This implies the elimination of negative influence factors, which through their action lead to the development of ear pathologies. Hypothermia of the body and contact with carriers of infection should not be allowed. Avoid smoking and stress. If you suffer from allergies, avoid contact with those elements that cause you a negative reaction, as this can lead to the development of allergic otitis media.
  • Protection from injury. After the integrity of the elements of the ear or nearby tissues is damaged, the risk of infection or the development of inflammation due to the injury itself increases.
  • Timely treatment. If you do not allow a sore throat or a common runny nose to progress and get worse, the risk of developing complications in the form of otitis media is significantly reduced.
  • Hygiene. You need to clean your ears regularly, but following the basic rules: do not use sharp objects or cotton wool, push wax deep into your ears, or pour water into your ears.

The main thing is to avoid the causes of illness and take care of your health in general.

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Oh, there are actually a lot of reasons. Some swam at the sea, others in the pool. And others without a hat should leave the house and have an ear infection - “hello”….

Yes, my ears hurt after the pool last time. But it was so unfortunate that it was the weekend and the hospital was not open. I went to the pharmacy, bought Otinum drops and started dripping. By the way, the pain went away very quickly and my ears no longer bothered me, but I still saw a doctor this week. He said that he did the right thing, I bought good drops. By the way, I continued the full course of drips.

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Source: http://bezotita.ru/vospalenie-uha/prichiny-vozniknoveniya-otita.html

Otitis - what is it, types, symptoms in adults, treatment of otitis ear

Otitis is an ENT disease, which is an inflammatory process in the ear. It manifests itself as pain in the ear (pulsating, shooting, aching), elevated body temperature, hearing loss, tinnitus, mucopurulent discharge from the external auditory canal. The severity of the pathological process depends entirely on the virulence of microorganisms, and the state of the human immune defense also plays an important role.

What it is, what are the first signs and symptoms of otitis media, as well as how to treat it in adults without consequences for the ear, we will consider further in the article.

What is otitis media?

Otitis is an inflammatory lesion of the inner, middle or outer part of the human ear, occurring in a chronic or acute form. The disease is characterized by damage to the structures of the outer, middle or inner ear, and patients present specific complaints. Symptoms in adults depend on the area of ​​inflammation, the addition of local or systemic complications.

The pathology can develop at any time of the year, but the peak of visits to the hospital occurs in autumn and winter, when people have not yet had time to switch from heat to cold.

Causes

The causes and symptoms of otitis depend on the type of disease, the state of the immune system and environmental factors. The fundamental elements in the formation of the disease are the influence of air temperature, the purity of the water used for hygiene, and the time of year.

The causes of otitis are considered:

  • Penetration of infection from other ENT organs - as a complication of a concomitant infectious viral disease;
  • Various diseases of the nose, sinuses and nasopharynx. This includes all types of rhinitis, deviated nasal septum, adenoids (adenoid vegetations);
  • Injuries to the ear;
  • Hypothermia and weakened immunity.

Conditions that significantly increase the risk of developing the disease include:

  • allergies;
  • inflammation of the ENT organs;
  • immunodeficiency states;
  • performing surgical operations in the area of ​​the nasopharynx or nasal cavity;
  • infancy, childhood.

Otitis media in adults is a disease that needs to be taken seriously and you need to know its symptoms, consequences and treatment.

Types of otitis

The structure of the human ear is divided into three interconnected parts, which have the following names:

Depending on which specific part of the organ the inflammatory process occurs, in medicine it is customary to distinguish three types of otitis:

Otitis externa

Otitis externa can be limited or diffuse, in some cases it spreads to the eardrum, and is more common in elderly patients. Occurs as a result of mechanical or chemical trauma to the ear. A patient with otitis externa complains of throbbing pain in the ear, which radiates to the neck, teeth and eyes, and intensifies when talking and chewing.

Development is promoted by two factors:

  • Infection caused by a sharp object (hairpin, toothpick);
  • Entry and accumulation of moisture in the external auditory canal.

It often occurs when the ear is constantly in contact with water, such as when swimming, which is why it is called “swimmer’s ear.”

Otitis media ear

With otitis media, the inflammatory process occurs in the tympanic cavity. There are many forms and variants of the course of this disease. It can be catarrhal and purulent, perforated and non-perforated, acute and chronic. With otitis media, complications can develop.

Internal otitis

This type is also called labyrinthitis; its symptoms can vary in severity (from mild to pronounced).

Symptoms of otitis media are similar in all forms of the disease, but their intensity and some features depend on the type.

According to the nature of the disease, the following forms are distinguished:

  • Spicy. It occurs suddenly and has severe symptoms.
  • Chronic. The inflammatory process continues for a long time and has periods of exacerbation.

According to the ways in which otitis manifests itself, the following forms are distinguished:

  • Purulent. There is an accumulation of pus behind the eardrum.
  • Catarrhal. There is swelling and redness of the tissues, there is no liquid or purulent discharge.
  • Exudative. Fluid (blood or lymph) accumulates in the middle ear, which is an excellent breeding ground for microorganisms.

The otolaryngologist determines how and how to treat otitis media by establishing the type and degree of the disease.

Symptoms of otitis media in adults

The clinical picture of otitis directly depends on the location of the pathological process.

  • earache . This symptom is constantly disturbing and is the main one that brings the greatest discomfort. Sometimes the pain shoots into the teeth, temple, lower jaw. The reason for the development of this condition in otitis media is considered to be increased pressure in the ear cavity;
  • redness of the ear canal, change in the color of the auricle;
  • gradual deterioration of hearing caused by the opening of ulcers and filling of the ear canal with purulent masses;
  • fever - most often there is an increase in body temperature, however, this is also an optional sign;
  • Discharge from the ear with external otitis almost always occurs. After all, nothing prevents the inflammatory fluid from being released.

Symptoms of otitis media are often accompanied by a runny nose, which leads to swelling of the nasal mucosa and congestion of the auditory tube.

  • In the case of the development of acute purulent local external otitis (furuncle in the ear canal), the patient complains of pain in the ear, which intensifies with pressure or pulling on it.
  • There is also pain when opening the mouth and pain when inserting an ear specula to examine the external auditory canal.
  • Externally, the auricle is swollen and red.
  • Acute infectious purulent diffuse otitis develops as a result of inflammation of the middle ear and suppuration from it.
  • heat;
  • ear pain (throbbing or aching);
  • decreased hearing function, which usually recovers a few days after the first onset of symptoms;
  • nausea, general malaise, vomiting;
  • purulent discharge from the ears.
  • The main symptom of the acute form is severe pain in the ear, which patients describe as jerking or shooting.
  • The pain can be quite intense, worsening in the evening.
  • One of the signs of otitis is the so-called autophony - the presence of constant noise in the ear, not associated with sounds from the outside, ear congestion appears.

Acute otitis media should always be treated completely, as the pus will begin to spread into the skull.

  • Hearing loss.
  • Periodic purulent discharge from the ear.
  • Dizziness or tinnitus.
  • Pain appears only during periods of exacerbation.
  • Possible increase in temperature.

If you have symptoms of otitis, you need to urgently consult a doctor, who will correctly diagnose and tell you how to treat the inflammation.

Complications

Do not think that otitis media is a harmless cold. In addition to the fact that it unsettles a person for a long time, reducing his ability to work for at least 10 days, it is possible to develop irreversible changes with persistent deterioration or complete loss of hearing.

When the disease is allowed to take its course, the following complications may occur:

  • rupture of the eardrum (as a rule, it takes 2 weeks for the hole to heal);
  • choleostomy (tissue growth behind the eardrum, hearing impairment);
  • destruction of the auditory ossicles of the middle ear (incus, malleus, stapes);
  • mastoiditis (inflammatory lesion of the mastoid process of the temporal bone).

Diagnostics

A competent doctor diagnoses acute otitis without special devices and innovative technologies. A simple examination of the auricle and ear canal using a head reflector (a mirror with a hole in the center) or an otoscope is sufficient to diagnose otitis media.

As methods to confirm and clarify the diagnosis, a general blood test can be prescribed, which reveals signs of inflammation (increased ESR, increased number of leukocytes, etc.).

Instrumental methods include radiography and computed tomography of the temporal regions.

How to treat otitis media in adults?

Antibacterial drugs (antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.) play a special role in the treatment of otitis media. Their use has a number of features - the medicine should not only act on the bacteria that cause otitis media, but also penetrate well into the tympanic cavity.

Treatment of inflammatory changes in the auricle begins with bed rest. Antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, antipyretic drugs are prescribed simultaneously. A combination of drugs can effectively treat pathology.

Comprehensive treatment of otitis ear

It's no secret how acute otitis in adults is treated - drops in the ears. This is the most common medicine for otitis media. Depending on the type of disease, different drugs are used. Ear drops can contain only an antibacterial drug or be combined - contain an antibiotic and an anti-inflammatory substance.

The following types of drops are distinguished:

  • glucocorticosteroids (Garazon, Sofradex, Deksona, Anauran);
  • containing anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs (Otinum, Otipax);
  • antibacterial (Otofa, Tsipromed, Normax, Fugentin).

The course of treatment takes 5-7 days.

  1. In combination with ear drops for otitis, otolaryngologists often prescribe vasoconstrictor nasal drops (Naphthyzin, Nazol, Galazolin, Otrivin, etc.), thanks to which it is possible to relieve swelling of the mucous membrane of the Eustachian tube and thereby reduce the load on the eardrum.
  2. In addition to the drops, the complex may also include antihistamines (anti-allergic) agents that have the same goal - relieving swelling of the mucous membrane. These could be tablets of Loratadine, Suprastin, Diazolin, etc.
  3. To reduce temperature and reduce ear pain, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs based on paracetamol (Panadol), ibuprofen (Nurofen), nise are prescribed.
  4. Antibiotics for otitis in adults are added to the treatment of acute moderate form with the development of purulent inflammation. The use of Augmentin has proven itself well. Rulid, Amoxiclav, Cefazolin are also effective.

In addition to the measures listed, physiotherapy procedures are used:

  • UHF for the nose area;
  • laser therapy for the area at the mouth of the auditory tube;
  • pneumomassage focused on the area of ​​the eardrum.

If all the above actions did not lead to regression of the process, or treatment was started at the stage of perforation of the eardrum, then first of all it is necessary to ensure a good outflow of pus from the middle ear cavity. To do this, regularly cleanse the external auditory canal of secretions.

During the manipulation, local anesthesia is used. A puncture is made in the eardrum using a special needle, through which the pus is removed. The incision heals on its own after the discharge of pus stops.

Recommendations

The doctor's recommendations must be followed:

  • You cannot prescribe medications yourself, choose the dosage, or stop taking medications when the symptoms of otitis media disappear.
  • Wrong actions taken at your own discretion can cause harm to your health.
  • Before contacting a doctor, you can only take a paracetamol tablet to reduce pain. This drug is effective and has few contraindications. When used correctly, paracetamol rarely causes side effects.

Prevention

The main goal of preventing otitis in adults is to prevent the Eustachian tube from becoming blocked by thick mucus. This is not such a simple task. As a rule, acute rhinitis is accompanied by liquid discharge, but during treatment the mucus often becomes much thicker, stagnating in the nasopharynx.

  1. Foci of chronic infection - tonsillitis, pharyngitis - increase the risk of otitis media.
  2. After swimming, especially in open water, you need to thoroughly dry your ears to prevent water and bacteria from getting inside. Especially for people prone to otitis media, antiseptic drops have been developed that are placed in the ears after each bath.
  3. Regularly clean your ears from dirt and wax and maintain hygiene. But it is better to leave a minimum of sulfur, since it protects the ear canal from pathogenic microbes.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that otitis media is a very unpleasant disease. Do not think that all symptoms will go away on their own. Be sure to consult a doctor when the first signs appear. People often treat otitis unduly frivolously, not realizing that complications from this infection can lead to the most tragic consequences.

Discussion: 6 comments

How to treat otitis media if there is no desire to take antibiotics? Or is it impossible without them?

If the form is purulent, then antibiotics are indispensable. I had ordinary otitis, I did not treat it and it turned into a more complex form. As a result, I spent a lot of time, health and money on medications. Therefore, be sure to consult a doctor when the initial form appears, and even if antibiotics are prescribed, do not take them. It is clear that these are not vitamins, but if there is already pus, then very serious complications are possible. And next to the ear is the brain, so be a reasonable person and listen to your doctor

Thank you very much for the article. I'll keep it on mind.

Even untreated caries can cause otitis media.

My mother (80 years old, diabetes) had purulent otitis, she had surgery twice - they removed the pus from outside the ear, and injected him with a bunch of antibiotics. They discharged me - they thought everything was fine, but the polyp was growing in the ear again. Now he goes to the doctor once every 2 weeks to have the tumors removed. Is there any possibility of recovery?

Try to go to other specialists (because it may be a banal doctor’s mistake or they do it on purpose so that they pay for the procedures), I came across this when they were treated for one disease for many years, and after a while it turned out that this disease never existed .

But, don’t forget about your mother’s age. 80 years is not 20, so any disease is very difficult.

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What causes otitis media and how to prevent it?

Otitis is a collective name for inflammatory diseases of the ear. At the everyday level, the ear is called the auricle. Its function is to capture and conduct ambient sounds directly to the organ system, which transmits and converts sounds into nerve impulses understandable to the brain.

Causes of otitis media

Since otitis media is an inflammation, for it to occur, infectious agents must somehow enter the human auditory system. Of the three structural elements of the ear, the first two have direct access to the environment.

  1. The outer ear has the most contact with the external environment. To avoid becoming an incubator for germs, the ear canal contains sulfur glands that secrete a disinfectant sulfur secretion.
  2. The middle ear, despite the fact that it does not have a separate connection with our environment, is connected to the nasal cavity and pharynx by a special tube. Under certain conditions, infectious agents can rise along it and settle in the extremely comfortable cavity of the middle ear.
  3. The inner ear is recessed into the cranial bone and is an isolated internal organ, separated from the middle ear by two membranes. It's not easy for germs to get into it. Inflammation of the inner ear is always a complication against the background of otitis media.

Causes of otitis externa

1. An environment must exist in the outer ear for infection to take hold and multiply in it. People love to deal with earwax not only in themselves, but also in their pet cats. Without realizing it, they impair the antibacterial properties of the ear canal environment.

Many people perform ear canal hygiene using cotton swabs, hard objects, such as a match, or simply their little finger with an uncut nail. As a result, the skin of the ear canal is injured: micro cracks and abrasions occur. Together with the leaching of sulfur, this creates convenient conditions for the establishment of bacteria.

Loss of integrity of the skin of the ear canal may also occur:

  • during private water procedures and water flowing into the ears;
  • with regular exposure to alcohol and other aggressive drops (for example, boric alcohol), as well as plant juices (for example, concentrated aloe juice);
  • with a tendency to skin diseases.

2. The person must be in a situation where infectious agents can enter the outer ear. This is, first of all, swimming and diving in fresh lake and river water. In addition, the infection can be caused by an unwashed finger or object used to clean the ear canal.

A separate reason should be noted the formation of boils in the ear canal, which can cause pain, hearing loss and purulent discharge from the ear.

Causes of otitis media

This disease usually affects children. The children's auditory tube, which connects the tympanic cavity to the nasal cavity, is short and located in a more horizontal plane than in adults. These factors make it easier for bacteria to travel.

Direct infection of the tympanic cavity occurs due to an inflammatory process with the following symptoms:

  • Runny nose (sinusitis, rhinitis, etc.)
  • Cough (pharyngitis, sore throat, etc.)
  • Dental problems (flux, stomatitis, etc.)

Causes of otitis media of the inner ear

A long-term infection process in the middle ear eventually spreads to the inner ear.

Causes of eustachitis

Inflammation of the Eustachian tube, which connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, leads to partial hearing loss due to the fact that the mucous membrane swells, and purulent accumulations block it in the narrowest place - the place where the tube enters the ear cavity. Due to blocking the air supply to the middle ear, the pressure in it begins to differ from that on the other side of the eardrum. In such a situation, the membrane cannot correctly transmit sound vibrations to the tympanic bones. As a result, the quality of hearing deteriorates and the perceived sounds are distorted.

The cause of eustachitis is the same as otitis media: inflammation in the ENT organs.

Prevention of otitis in children

Since children are more likely to suffer from otitis media, recommendations for prevention can be formulated as follows:

  • Hypothermia should be avoided
  • Avoid advanced disease of the nasopharynx
  • Periodically clear your child's nasal passages of mucus.
  • Teach your child to blow his nose gently and without tension
  • Make sure that the child does not draw mucous secretions from the nose into himself

If a child is prone to otitis, then during a runny nose, many pediatricians prescribe the drug Otipax to prevent otitis. This drug is not used as a prophylactic if there is no immediate threat of infection of the middle ear.

Prevention of otitis in adults

Due to the fact that adults are more likely to suffer from otitis of the external ear, the following recommendations for prevention can be given:

  • Don't be overzealous with ear hygiene. It is enough to wash your ears, including the outer part of the ear canal, with soapy water 2 times a week.
  • Protect your ear from frequent exposure to water (during bathing, swimming). This can lead to cracking of the skin in the ear canal.
  • Do not engage in mechanical cleaning of the ear canal (finger, match, etc.). The surface of the ear canal is tender and traumatic.
  • When swimming in a lake or river, be careful not to get water into your ears.

The following advice would be an absolute recommendation to everyone: lead a healthy lifestyle, eat right - this is the key to good immunity and health.

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The information published on the portal is for informational purposes only. Be sure to consult with a qualified specialist so as not to harm your health!

Source: http://otitoff.ru/simptomy/prichiny-vozniknoveniya-profilaktika-otita.html

Otitis: what causes it and how to treat it?

To get otitis media, it is not at all necessary that a cold wind “blows through” your ear, as many people mistakenly think. The cause of the disease is always an infection. A sluggish infectious process can worsen - for example, after you are very cold, walk in the cold without a hat, or do not recover from a cold or flu.

According to statistics, a complication of the middle ear or otitis media is one of the most common complications after influenza and ARVI. Since the ears and nose communicate, the infection can travel through the nose into the auditory tube, and from there into the middle ear. According to localization, otitis media can be external (inflammation of the skin of the external auditory canal), “middle” (inflammation of the tympanic cavity) or “internal” (labyrinthitis, otitis media of the inner ear). The most common and dangerous is otitis media.

The middle ear is a cavity that is located inside the temporal bone, it has only one entrance - the auditory tube, the other bone opening is covered by the eardrum. When an infection gets into the middle ear, inflammation begins, pus accumulates, which begins to put pressure on the eardrum, causing ear pain. It is the strong, sharp, very often shooting pain that is the most characteristic symptom of otitis media. Pain in the ear is almost impossible to tolerate, so a sick person immediately runs to the doctor, and advanced cases (as, for example, with sinusitis) are few and far between.

Usually the temperature during otitis is subfebrile - up to 37.4 degrees. But the feeling of stuffiness in the ears with otitis always happens - the ears are blocked, approximately like on an airplane during takeoff and landing. Another characteristic symptom of otitis media is hearing loss. If the eardrum is perforated, discharge from the ear usually appears (serous, bloody, purulent).

What should be the treatment for otitis media?

Otitis in our country is treated only by an ENT doctor, not a therapist. The patient is examined using a special device – an otoscope, and based on the patient’s complaints and examination results, a diagnosis is made and treatment is prescribed. As a rule, these are antibiotics, secretolytics (drugs that dilute the secretions of the tympanic cavity), and antibacterial ear drops. Already on the second or third day of treatment it becomes easier, the pain goes away, but ear congestion may persist for another 2-3 weeks. Afterwards, physiotherapy is often prescribed, which helps to quickly remove the effects of inflammation.

It is important to know the cause of inflammation of the middle ear (maybe: fungal, viral, bacterial infections). Thus, only a specialist can prescribe the correct treatment for otitis media after making a diagnosis. Warm compresses should not be used without a doctor's prescription, as this can accelerate the development of infection. Also, without consulting and examining a doctor, you should not put any alcohol-containing drops into the ear: if alcohol enters the tympanic cavity through a possible perforation of the eardrum, degeneration of the epithelium of the mucous membrane may occur. And this can subsequently lead to various complications (chronization of the process, formation of cholesteatoma, etc.). Whether there is perforation or not - only a doctor can determine.

Untreated otitis of the middle ear, which occurs without acute pain, can develop into chronic otitis, and a chronic source of inflammation, in turn, can lead to gradual hearing loss. Otitis media, which occurs as a result of influenza, is especially dangerous. The influenza virus is very toxic and can cause auditory neuritis (cochlear neuritis) or sensorineural hearing loss, which affects the auditory receptors. And these are more serious problems, which, if adequate treatment is not started within 1-2 weeks, can result in partial or complete hearing loss.

Source: http://www.domashniy.ru/zdorovie/otit_ot_chego_on_voznikaet_i_kak_ego_lechit/

What causes otitis

Otitis is an inflammatory lesion of the inner, middle or outer part of the human ear, occurring in a chronic or acute form. Representatives of different generations may experience manifestations of this pathology, but most often it is diagnosed in children. According to official statistics, 80% of children under the age of three experienced at least one episode of this disease.

In the absence of competent and timely treatment, otitis media can lead to irreversible hearing loss, the development of meningitis, inflammatory damage to the temporal bone and other serious complications. That is why, when identifying any signs that allow one to suspect the presence of this pathology, it is necessary to seek qualified help from an otolaryngologist as soon as possible.

Causes of otitis media

Depending on the location of the pathological process, three forms of otitis are distinguished:

Ear injuries are considered the main cause of otitis externa. At the same time, the most important factors provoking the development of labyrinthitis and inflammation of the middle ear are bacterial and viral infections. In this case, internal otitis most often manifests itself as a complication of inflammation of the middle ear.

Conditions that significantly increase the risk of developing the disease include:

  • allergies;
  • inflammation of the ENT organs;
  • immunodeficiency states;
  • performing surgical operations in the area of ​​the nasopharynx or nasal cavity;
  • infancy, childhood.

Symptoms of otitis media

The clinical picture of otitis directly depends on the location of the pathological process. For example, the main signs of otitis externa are:

  • throbbing pain in the ear area, radiating to the eye, neck or teeth;
  • redness of the ear canal, change in the color of the auricle;
  • gradual deterioration of hearing caused by the opening of ulcers and filling of the ear canal with purulent masses.

Otitis media is characterized by:

  • shooting, quite sharp pain in the ear;
  • hyperthermia;
  • suppuration from the ear canal caused by a ruptured eardrum.

As a rule, rupture of the eardrum occurs 2-3 days after the onset of the disease. At the same time, the patient’s condition noticeably improves: his body temperature normalizes, pain in the ear disappears or is significantly weakened. Subsequently, the rupture in the eardrum heals without leaving a trace.

If the disease develops unfavorably, purulent masses may break out not outward, but inward. In this case, pus spreads inside the cranial cavity, provoking the development of brain abscess, meningitis and other dangerous diseases.

Characteristic signs of otitis of the inner ear are:

  • a sudden attack of dizziness that occurs 1-2 weeks after an infectious disease;
  • vomiting, nausea;
  • noises in the ear;
  • gradual hearing loss.

It is worth noting that the symptoms of labyrinthitis have many similarities with the clinical picture of a number of brain diseases. That is why, to clarify the preliminary diagnosis of internal otitis, the patient can be referred to undergo CT and MRI of the brain, electronystagmography, audiometry and other studies.

Exudative otitis media

Exudative otitis is a persistent inflammatory lesion of the epithelial tissues of the tympanic cavity and auditory tube, characterized by the appearance of serous-mucosal exudate inside them. The leading pathogenetic factors for this disease are:

  • violation of the ventilation function of the auditory canal;
  • weakening of local and general resistance of the body;
  • past infectious diseases;
  • irrational use of antibacterial agents;
  • allergic diseases.

Unfortunately, it is not easy to identify this disease in the early stages of its development. At the first, catarrhal stage, the development of the disease is accompanied by only a slight decrease in hearing, the appearance of tinnitus, retraction of the eardrum inward and its redness. The duration of this stage does not exceed one month.

The second stage of development of exudative otitis media is characterized by increased secretion and accumulation of exudate in the ear cavity. The main signs of the disease at this stage are:

  • feeling of fullness and increased pressure in the ear;
  • conductive hearing loss;
  • splashing, a feeling of fluid transfusion when changing the position of the head, accompanied by a slight improvement in hearing.

The duration of the secretory stage can reach 12 months. After this, the disease passes into the mucosal stage, characterized in that the contents of all ear cavities become viscous and thick. In addition, the clinical picture of exudative otitis is complemented by a gradual increase in hearing loss and the disappearance of the symptom of fluid movement in the ear cavity. The duration of the mucosal stage can reach 24 months.

At the last, fibrotic stage of the disease, there is a predominance of degenerative processes affecting the mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity. At this stage, the production of exudate decreases, fibrous transformation of epithelial tissues is observed, accompanied by damage to the auditory ossicles and progression of hearing loss.

If exudative otitis is not treated, the risk of the disease becoming purulent increases significantly. That is why the identification of any symptomatic signs indicating the development of this pathology is the basis for an immediate visit to an otolaryngologist.

Purulent otitis media

Purulent otitis is usually called inflammation of the ear, accompanied by the accumulation of purulent masses in the tympanic cavity and ear canal. The main factors provoking the development of this form of the disease are infection of the mucous membranes of the ear cavity and a decrease in the local resistance of the body in this area. In acute purulent otitis, all parts of the ear can be involved in the pathological process. In such situations, the disease has a sluggish course and a pronounced tendency to relapse.

In the absence of complete and adequate treatment, the pathological process can become chronic. In chronic otitis media, which occurs in a purulent form, severe perforation of the eardrum occurs, periodic suppuration from the ear is observed, and hearing loss progresses.

Catarrhal otitis media

Catarrhal otitis media is the initial stage of inflammatory damage to ear tissue. This disease is characterized by infection of the ear cavity, which is not accompanied by the production and accumulation of exudate or purulent masses in it. In this case, the inflammatory process can spread to one or several parts of the ear at the same time.

In most cases, the causative agents of catarrhal otitis are pneumococci, staphylococci and streptococci. In this case, most often the infection enters the ear cavity from the nasal cavity through the auditory tube. Factors that significantly increase the risk of developing this disease are:

  • infections;
  • inflammatory processes in the ENT system;
  • the presence of adenoids blocking the mouth of the auditory tube;
  • avitaminosis;
  • decreased immunity;
  • cough, sneezing.

The main signs of the development of catarrhal otitis are decreased hearing, the appearance of noise and severe pain in the ears, radiating to the teeth or temples. The patient’s general condition deteriorates sharply: he begins to experience dizziness and nausea. A doctor examining a patient may notice marked redness of the eardrum.

If left untreated, catarrhal otitis quickly develops into more severe forms (purulent, exudative) and becomes the cause of the development of a number of complications of the disease, including intracranial pathologies. That is why the detection of any symptoms indicating the occurrence of this disease is the basis for a visit to an otolaryngologist and the beginning of comprehensive treatment.

Treatment of otitis media

A competent answer to the question of how to treat otitis media can only be given by an otolaryngologist who has examined the patient and made sure that the preliminary diagnosis is correct. Most often, therapeutic measures aimed at stopping the inflammatory process are carried out on an outpatient basis, but for patients facing severe complications of the disease, hospitalization may be indicated.

The standard otitis treatment program includes:
  • carrying out antibacterial therapy;
  • the use of antihistamines, anti-inflammatory, sedatives, antipyretic and antiemetic drugs;
  • washing the ear canals with disinfectant solutions;
  • physiotherapy (sollux, UHF);
  • surgical intervention (opening of abscesses, labyrinthotomy, etc.);
  • correction of immunity.

It is worth noting that even conservative treatment of otitis at home should be carried out only with the permission of an otolaryngologist and under the strict supervision of experienced medical specialists.

Ear drops for otitis media

One of the most effective and easy-to-use means for local treatment of inflammatory ear infections are ear drops. All anti-otitis drops presented on the modern pharmaceutical market are conventionally divided into three groups:

  • glucocorticosteroids (Garazon, Sofradex, Deksona, Anauran);
  • containing anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs (Otinum, Otipax);
  • antibacterial (Otofa, Tsipromed, Normax, Fugentin).

The use of any of the above drugs is allowed only after obtaining appropriate advice from a doctor.

Antibiotics for otitis media

The treatment of otitis caused by bacterial microflora is based on the use of local and systemic antibacterial agents. In this case, the choice of drug directly depends on both the form of the disease and the severity of the pathological process.

The drugs of choice for acute otitis are amoxicillin and ampicillin trihydrate, and for chronic ear inflammation - ciprofloxacin and netilmicin. Meanwhile, in each specific case, the doctor assesses the sensitivity of pathogens to a particular drug and prescribes the antibiotic that demonstrates the greatest effectiveness in combating all manifestations of pathology.

It is important to remember that any measures aimed at combating otitis must be agreed with experienced specialists in the field of otolaryngology. Self-medication and an unprofessional approach to the choice of medications not only do not contribute to the patient’s recovery, but also significantly increase the risk of developing a number of complications of the disease.

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2 comments »

Otitis is a serious disease whose treatment should not be delayed! If the form is mild, you can treat it by raking it out, but if you have a high temperature, in no case should it be done.

Is it possible to warm up the ear with otitis media with a purple or blue lamp?

Source: http://pro-simptomy-lechenie.ru/otit/