Treatment of sinusitis in a 4-year-old child

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Signs and symptoms of sinusitis in a child

Acute sinusitis in children and exacerbation of chronic sinusitis more often occur in the autumn-winter or spring seasons during the season of frequent respiratory infections. Untreated or undertreated acute sinusitis gradually develops into a chronic form.

Table of contents:

At what age does sinusitis appear?

The maxillary sinuses are radiologically detected in a three-month-old child, but reach full development only by the age of 4–6 years. Therefore, sinusitis does not occur in infants - it can first be detected after 3 years. The maxillary sinuses reach their final development after 16–20 years, depending on the individual capabilities of the teenager’s body.

Children of preschool and primary school age are susceptible to frequent infections - due to the anatomical features of the structure of the nose, the air is not sufficiently warmed and moistened, which causes a runny nose. Therefore, the peak incidence of sinusitis occurs in children aged 6–7 years.

Varieties

Based on the nature of the inflammatory process, 4 types of disease can be distinguished:

Depending on the form of the disease, the main symptoms differ slightly. Catarrhal sinusitis is easier, headaches and facial pain are less bothersome. Purulent has a more severe course. The allergic form is characterized by profuse mucus and conjunctivitis; at the same time, other signs of allergy can be detected.

According to the duration of inflammation, acute, subacute and chronic sinusitis are distinguished. Acute disease proceeds rapidly, with a rise in temperature, all symptoms are vivid and well expressed. Exacerbation of a chronic disease often proceeds sluggishly, with an erased clinical picture and is often tolerated by children on their feet, without treatment.

Signs

Sinusitis in children appears after the flu, allergic or cold, but sometimes the sinuses become inflamed against the background of complete health with caries of the teeth of the upper jaw.

Spicy

Acute sinusitis is easy to recognize: on the 5th–6th day of a cold, relief does not come, the snot thickens, becomes stringy and difficult to separate, the temperature rises to high levels, chills begin, fatigue and weakness appear.

The main signs of acute sinusitis in children:

  • nasal congestion; with a unilateral process, the congestion is bothersome in one nostril, with a bilateral process, in both nostrils. The nose may be blocked on one side or the other. Congestion cannot be cured with vasoconstrictor drops; they only help for a while;
  • poor appetite due to congestion;
  • children lose the ability to distinguish smells and complain that food is tasteless;
  • Nasal discharge with catarrhal sinusitis is mucous, with purulent sinusitis it is purulent, of a mixed nature. The purulent discharge does not flow through the nose, but goes down the back of the throat. But when you blow your nose, pus can also come out through the nose.
  • facial pain that radiates to the upper teeth, to the cheek area. The pain increases with coughing and sneezing. A 3-4 year old child is capricious and cries;
  • headache in a specific place, in the forehead, or is manifested by tightness behind the eye, heaviness is felt when trying to lift the eyelids. In childhood, the sinuses fill with pus faster due to their small size. Therefore, headaches and facial pain bother children more often and more severely than adults;
  • heaviness in the head;
  • very rarely there is a throbbing pain on the cheek. Pain in the sinus occurs with odontogenic sinusitis, when carious teeth bother you. If inflammation has invaded the trigeminal nerve, sharp pain occurs in the eye and upper palate.

Symptoms of acute sinusitis in children under 6 years of age are more pronounced and severe than in older children and adolescents.

Chronic

A disease is called chronic if it occurs more than 2–4 times during the year. Chronic sinusitis in children is a long-term disease, especially if its cause is allergies or nasal polyps.

Acute sinusitis becomes chronic with frequent exacerbations, a deviated septum, thickened nasal turbinates, adenoiditis, reduced immunity or improper treatment. Therefore, in order to prevent the process from becoming chronic, it is necessary to treat it at the acute stage.

The main signs of sinusitis in children in chronic form:

  • difficulty breathing through the nose - is the main symptom regardless of the cause;
  • feeling of an unpleasant odor;
  • mucous, purulent or watery nasal discharge;
  • headache in the forehead area, worsens when tilting the head forward, the symptom is especially pronounced in the afternoon;
  • There is a feeling of pressure or bursting in the area of ​​the inflamed sinus; when you press hard on this place with your finger, an unpleasant sensation appears. Sinus pain in children is usually absent;
  • Temperature in chronic sinusitis may be absent or rise to low levels;
  • children complain of weakness and increased fatigue.

Chronic sinusitis in children affects exclusively the maxillary sinus, and is less often combined with a disease of the ethmoid labyrinth - ethmoiditis. In young children, a catarrhal or polypous-purulent form is observed, and not exclusively purulent, as in adults and adolescents.

Other signs

  • A common symptom of sinusitis is a night cough. Appears when mucus drains and stagnates in the back of the throat;
  • Otitis media appears due to the drainage of pus along the posterolateral wall of the pharynx;
  • Poor night sleep, snoring;
  • Children's ears become blocked, their voice becomes dull and nasal;
  • Often, parents do not notice the main signs of the disease and turn either to a pediatrician about repeated exacerbations of bronchitis, inflammation of the cervical lymph nodes, or to an ophthalmologist about relapses of keratitis and conjunctivitis.

The sinuses in adolescents are formed and of normal size, so the course of sinusitis in adolescents may be more hidden and sluggish, as in adults.

When to be wary

There are several symptoms and signs that you should not miss:

  1. The disease can be suspected if 5-7 days have passed since the first day of a cold, and instead of improvement, the child has nasal congestion, weakness, and a second wave of high fever has occurred. If the child is bothered by a headache, pain in the forehead or sinuses while nasal discharge disappears.
  2. Persistent headache that is not relieved by painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs.
  3. If a child refuses to get out of bed, it is difficult for him to lift his head, turn it in different directions, if vomiting appears against the background of a headache, his consciousness has become vague.
  4. At home, you can conduct a small self-examination - when pressing on a point in the center of the cheek or near the inner corner of the eye, pain is felt. If ethmoiditis occurs, then pain occurs when pressing on the bridge of the nose.

How dangerous is sinusitis?

It is very important to identify and begin to treat the disease in time, because complications in a child develop rapidly and pose a great danger to health and life.

If sinusitis is not treated, then infection from one sinus easily spreads to others, which can lead to pansinusitis, hemisinusitis. The sinuses communicate with the orbit, so sinusitis always poses a threat to the eye. With purulent sinusitis, ulcers may appear on the roots of diseased teeth and melting of the nasal bones.

The most dangerous and formidable complication is the penetration of pus into the membranes of the brain with the development of meningitis and encephalitis; the infection can spread through the bloodstream throughout the body and settle in the internal organs.

Most often, complications arise from self-medication at home without a medical examination.

Diagnostics

Sinusitis needs to be examined by a doctor - medical manipulations at home are impossible. The doctor determines the disease by examining the nose in a speculum - strips of pus are visible, mainly in the middle nasal passages. The mucous membrane of this area is red, inflamed and swollen. A strip of pus is not always detected; it is easier to identify it when the middle nasal passage is anemic and the head is tilted forward or to the healthy side.

On an x-ray, the sinuses are less airy, have thicker walls, and contain fluid; a contrast agent is injected to make the picture more accurate. Inflamed sinuses can be identified using an endoscope or ultrasound. In children over 6 years old, a diagnostic puncture of the sinus can be done. For children under 6 years of age, this procedure is prohibited, as there is a risk of damaging the lower wall of the orbit and disrupting the rudiments of permanent teeth.

What to do

If you suspect that your child has sinusitis, do not try to cure it at home yourself - there is a high probability that you will start the disease and the child will suffer chronically. Contact an ENT doctor or at least a local pediatrician. The doctor will be able to determine possible causes, prescribe the necessary examination and give recommendations on how to treat the disease.

Sinusitis can be treated at home - the average duration of treatment takes one to two weeks. The hospital treats children under 1 year of age with ethmoiditis or children under 3 years of age with purulent sinusitis.

Treatment of sinusitis in children begins with vasoconstrictor nasal drops - Dlynos, Nazivin, Nazol Kids; in case of allergic sinusitis, they can be replaced with Vibrocil. Vasoconstrictor drops are not safe for children under one year of age; for children under 3 years of age, it is better to choose drops containing phenylephrine and xylometazoline.

An antibiotic is always prescribed to eliminate the source of infection; at home you can treat with antibiotics in the form of drops or tablets. Broad-spectrum antibiotics can be used from the first year of life. For allergic forms, antihistamines are prescribed.

As an auxiliary therapy at home, antipyretic and analgesic drugs, rinsing the nose with saline solutions are widely used; after the pus is released and the temperature drops, the child can undergo physiotherapy. If the cause of sinusitis in a child is a deviated septum, polyps or adenoids, the disease must be treated surgically.

The earlier sinusitis is detected, the easier it is to treat. With chronic sinusitis, parents should carefully monitor the symptoms of a runny nose and cold in order to recognize sinus inflammation in time and begin treatment for sinusitis in children.

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Sinusitis in children

Sinusitis is an inflammation of the maxillary paranasal (maxillary) sinuses, often encountered in pediatric practice. The incidence of sinusitis has a pronounced seasonality - it increases sharply in the autumn-winter period, which is explained by the natural decrease in the immunity of children during this period of time.

Children under the age of 3-4 years do not have sinusitis, this is due to age-related anatomical features: by the time the child is born, the maxillary sinuses are in their infancy, their development begins after 5-6 years and continues into adulthood. Therefore, from 5 to 12 years, sinusitis in children is rarely observed, and after 12 years, its incidence becomes as high as among adult patients, amounting to 10 cases for every 100 people.

Causes and risk factors

The maxillary sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity through small openings. If for any reason (usually due to inflammatory swelling of the nasal mucosa) these openings close, then the sinuses stop being cleaned and ventilated. This creates in them a favorable environment for the activity of pathogenic microflora, which causes the development of an inflammatory process in the mucous membrane of the sinuses.

The causative agents of sinusitis in children are most often viruses. Less commonly (5–10% of cases), the disease is caused by pathogenic and opportunistic bacterial agents (Haemophilus influenzae, staphylococci, streptococci, moraxella), and even more rarely by a fungal infection.

Risk factors for the development of sinusitis in children are diseases that contribute to the penetration of infection into the maxillary sinus or disrupt its normal ventilation:

  • chronic rhinitis of various etiologies;
  • acute respiratory viral infection;
  • chronic pharyngitis;
  • chronic tonsillitis;
  • adenoid vegetations;
  • congenital anomaly of the structure of the nasal passages;
  • diseases of the teeth of the upper jaw;
  • dental interventions on the teeth of the upper jaw;
  • deviated nasal septum.

Forms of the disease

Sinusitis in children can be catarrhal or purulent. In case of purulent inflammation, the discharge from the maxillary sinus is purulent or purulent-mucous, in case of the catarrhal form of the disease it is serous. Catarrhal inflammation can turn into a purulent form.

Depending on the route of infection into the maxillary sinus, the following types of sinusitis in children are distinguished:

  • rhinogenic – microbes penetrate from the nasal cavity; this is the most common way;
  • hematogenous - an infection through the bloodstream enters the sinus from another source of infection in the body;
  • odontogenic – the source of infection is the carious teeth of the upper jaw;
  • traumatic.

Inflammation of the maxillary sinus can be unilateral or bilateral.

The nature of the inflammatory process is acute and chronic.

Depending on the morphological changes, chronic sinusitis in children is:

  • exudative (catarrhal or purulent) – the predominant process is the formation of exudate (serous or purulent);
  • productive (parietal-hyperplastic, atrophic, necrotic, polypous, purulent-polypous). With this form of the disease, pronounced changes in the structure of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus occur (hyperplasia, atrophy, polyps).

In clinical practice, polypous-purulent and polypous forms of chronic sinusitis are most often encountered.

Symptoms of sinusitis in children

Acute sinusitis begins with a sudden increase in body temperature to ° C, accompanied by chills. In rare cases, body temperature remains within normal limits. Children are bothered by pain localized in the area of ​​the root of the nose, forehead, and zygomatic bone on the affected side. The pain can radiate to the temple and intensifies with palpation. Often the pain takes on a diffuse character, that is, it is perceived as a headache without a clear localization.

On the affected side, nasal breathing is impaired; with a bilateral process, children are forced to breathe through the mouth.

Nasal discharge at the onset of the disease is liquid and serous in nature. Subsequently, they become green, cloudy and viscous, dry out quickly and form rough crusts in the nasal cavity.

Swelling of the nasal mucosa often leads to compression of the lacrimal canal. As a result, tear fluid cannot flow into the nasal cavity and lacrimation occurs.

Signs of sinusitis in children are often regarded by parents as manifestations of ARVI. However, the approach to the treatment of these diseases is different, so it is important that the sick child is examined by a pediatrician, and, if necessary, by an otolaryngologist.

The outcome of acute sinusitis in children can be recovery or the disease becoming chronic.

In the remission stage of chronic sinusitis in children, there are no signs of the disease. The children feel healthy and do not have any complaints. When the inflammatory process worsens, symptoms of intoxication occur (muscle pain, weakness, headache, loss of appetite) and body temperature rises to subfebrile levels (up to 38 ° C). The amount of nasal discharge increases.

If, during an exacerbation of chronic sinusitis, the outflow from the maxillary sinus is disrupted, a headache occurs. It has a bursting or pressing character and is localized “behind the eyes.” Increased pain is caused by pressure on the eyes and cheekbones, and by looking up. In the lying position, the outflow from the maxillary sinus improves, and therefore the intensity of the headache weakens.

Another symptom of chronic sinusitis in children is a cough that occurs at night and does not respond to traditional therapy. The appearance of a cough is due to the fact that when lying down, pus from the affected maxillary sinus flows down the back wall of the pharynx and irritates it, i.e. the cough is reflexive in nature.

With chronic sinusitis in children, damage is often detected in the vestibule of the nasal cavity (weeping, maceration, swelling, cracks).

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of sinusitis in children is carried out on the basis of the characteristic clinical picture of the disease, complaints of the patient (or his parents), the results of a medical examination and laboratory and instrumental studies.

When performing rhinoscopy, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, its swelling, and the release of inflammatory exudate from the sinus are detected.

X-rays are performed to confirm the diagnosis. With sinusitis, the x-ray shows a noticeable darkening of the maxillary sinus on the side of the lesion, but it should be borne in mind that an x-ray of an acute inflammatory process, especially at the onset of the disease, may be uninformative.

If necessary, a bacteriological examination of nasal discharge is carried out to determine the pathogen and its sensitivity to antibacterial agents.

Treatment of sinusitis in children

For uncomplicated acute sinusitis in children, treatment is usually conservative and carried out on an outpatient basis. The treatment regimen includes:

  • antibacterial drugs (eliminate the pathogen);
  • non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (have antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects);
  • vasoconstrictor drops in the nose (improves outflow from the affected sinus).

If there is no effect from the conservative treatment of sinusitis, children are hospitalized in a specialized department for punctures or probing of the maxillary sinuses.

In case of exacerbation of chronic sinusitis in children, treatment should be comprehensive, combining methods of local and general therapy.

To suppress microbial flora, antibiotics are prescribed, selected taking into account the sensitivity of the pathogen. If the causative agent of the disease is staphylococcus, then staphylococcal γ-globulin and antistaphylococcal plasma are used. Treatment of sinusitis in children of fungal etiology is carried out with antifungal drugs.

If necessary, drain the affected sinus. Subsequently, through the drainage tube, the sinuses are washed with antiseptic solutions, antibiotics are administered, taking into account the sensitivity of the microflora to them, or antifungal drugs. Enzyme preparations can be used to liquefy the pus and improve its drainage.

In the remission stage of chronic sinusitis, children are recommended to undergo physiotherapeutic treatment methods (mud therapy, microwave currents). For cystic, polypous and hyperplastic forms of the disease, physiotherapy is contraindicated.

If conservative treatment of exudative forms is ineffective, as well as mixed or polypous forms of the disease, surgical treatment is performed. Most often, radical operations are performed, the purpose of which is to form an artificial anastomosis between the maxillary and nasal cavities (methods according to Dliker - Ivanov, Caldwell - Luke).

Possible consequences and complications

Sinusitis in children, especially in the absence of timely and adequate treatment, can lead to the development of a number of serious complications:

  • keratitis, conjunctivitis;
  • orbital cellulitis;
  • optic neuritis;
  • periostitis of the orbit;
  • edema, abscess of retrobulbar tissue;
  • panophthalmos (inflammation of all membranes and tissues of the eyeball;
  • arachnoiditis;
  • meningitis;
  • brain abscess;
  • thrombophlebitis of the superior longitudinal or cavernous sinus;
  • septic cavernous thrombosis.

Chronic sinusitis in children often causes blockage of the mucous glands, resulting in the formation of small pseudocysts and true cysts of the maxillary sinus.

Forecast

In case of acute sinusitis in children, in the conditions of timely initiation of therapy, the prognosis in most cases is favorable. In the chronic form of the disease, there is often a need for surgical treatment aimed at restoring normal ventilation of the maxillary sinus. After surgery, the disease usually goes into long-term remission.

Prevention

Prevention of sinusitis in children includes:

  • indoor air humidification;
  • the child's compliance with the water regime;
  • the use of nasal saline sprays or saline solution in the treatment of rhinitis, which not only fight infectious agents, but also moisturize the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity;
  • in case of acute rhinitis or exacerbation of chronic rhinitis, it is advisable to avoid traveling with a child on an airplane (if this is not possible, then a vasoconstrictor should be used before the flight, and a saline spray during the flight).
Swimming in public pools with chlorinated water is contraindicated for children suffering from chronic sinusitis.

With frequent exacerbations of sinusitis, children are referred for consultation to an allergist.

Video from YouTube on the topic of the article:

Education: graduated from the Tashkent State Medical Institute with a degree in general medicine in 1991. Repeatedly took advanced training courses.

Work experience: anesthesiologist-resuscitator at a city maternity complex, resuscitator at the hemodialysis department.

The information is generalized and is provided for informational purposes. At the first signs of illness, consult a doctor. Self-medication is dangerous to health!

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The first signs of sinusitis in a child - how to recognize and how to treat at home

Infectious diseases are often diagnosed in children and adults, but young patients suffer from such ailments much more often. Sinusitis in children - symptoms and treatment, refers to an inflammatory disease that affects the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus. Pathology is classified into several types, has certain symptoms and causes. Diagnosis of the disease and its treatment in children should be carried out exclusively by a qualified physician in order to avoid complications.

What is sinusitis in children

One of the types of sinusitis, the peculiarity of which is inflammation of the maxillary (maxillary) sinus, is sinusitis. The sinuses are located in the thickness of the maxillary bone; they have common walls with the oral, nasal cavities, and orbits. Often this disease is triggered by an infection in the respiratory system. According to medical statistics, children are more likely to suffer from the disease than adults. Infants under one year old, as well as from 1 to 3-4 years old, do not develop this disease. This fact can be explained very simply: babies’ skulls and maxillary sinuses have not yet been formed.

Various viruses play an important role in the development of sinusitis in a child. The disease “activates” during the cold season, when the immune system is especially weakened and the infection easily enters the body. The disease develops as follows: the virus destroys the protection of the nasal mucosa, causing it to swell. As a result, an obstacle appears to the normal outflow of fluid from the maxillary sinuses. It accumulates inside and causes a pathological process.

Signs

In order to recognize the disease in time and avoid complications, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with its signs in advance. The symptoms are often confused with the classic cold, but when it begins to actively develop, obvious specific symptoms appear. The first signs of inflammation of the maxillary sinuses and age-dependent symptoms are described below.

First signs

According to statistics, the initial signs of childhood sinusitis do not appear immediately. They can be noticed when the disease has already developed significantly. The main initial “signals” of inflammation of the maxillary sinuses are:

  • pain near the nasolabial fold with slight pressure on it or when tilting the head;
  • pain in the inner corner of the eye when gently pressing on a point in the center of the cheek;
  • one-sided or two-sided nasal congestion;
  • noticeable swelling of the lower eyelids and cheeks;
  • inflammatory process on the eyelids, tearing;
  • toothache;
  • pus and mucus in the sinuses (they may not come out);
  • increase in body temperature;
  • drowsiness, lethargy, general malaise.

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Signs of sinusitis in children aged three to five years:

  • severe intoxication of the body;
  • partial or complete loss of appetite occurs;
  • whims, apathy, decreased activity;
  • another symptom is copious discharge of pus from the sinuses;
  • swelling of the cheeks, upper and/or lower eyelids on the side of the inflammatory process.

Symptoms between the ages of five and seven years:

  • pain radiating to the eyes, forehead, bridge of the nose, teeth, eye sockets, eyebrows;
  • significant headache, sometimes caused by bright light or tilting the head to the side;
  • mucous discharge from the nasal cavity or, on the contrary, its absence;
  • how to recognize sinusitis in a child - a severe cough, attacks of which often worsen at night;
  • partial or complete loss of smell.

Symptoms of chronic sinusitis

The acute form turns into chronic after frequent relapses of the disease, adenoiditis, deviated nasal septum, weakened immunity, illiterate treatment of the inflammatory disease. The main symptoms of chronic sinusitis may include:

  • weakness, fatigue;
  • the appearance of difficulties with inhaling and exhaling air through the nasal cavity;
  • watery, mucous or purulent discharge from the sinuses;
  • there may be a feeling of unpleasant odor;
  • another symptom is headaches in the forehead;
  • the temperature in children with chronic sinusitis may be normal or rise to low levels;
  • Another sign of the disease is a feeling of fullness or pressure near the inflamed maxillary sinus; with strong pressure on this area, significant discomfort is observed.

Causes

There are a number of main reasons that provoke the development of the disease and its symptoms in children:

  1. Runny nose caused by allergies. As a rule, irritating substances cause allergic rhinitis, which develops into sinusitis. In most cases, the disease causes significant swelling of the maxillary sinus.
  2. ARI, ARVI, influenza. If a child has a cold, then the outflow of mucus becomes problematic. An infection enters the nose, which provokes the development of sinusitis.
  3. Malfunction of blood vessels. Sometimes the cause of inflammation of the sinuses is decreased vascular tone. Blood circulation in the respiratory tract is disrupted and infection develops.
  4. Genetic pathologies of the sinuses.
  5. Diseases in the mouth (caries, stomatitis).
  6. Injuries, bruises, fractures of the nasal septum and similar injuries.
  7. Inflammation of the adenoids also often causes the development of the disease.
  8. A weak immune system is ideal for attacking viruses that cause illness. The body is deprived of protection, so the disease develops very actively.

The classification of types of sinusitis and its symptoms depend on several factors. The main ones will be discussed below. So, the disease according to its stage is as follows:

  1. Acute sinusitis in children. It has vivid symptoms, especially pain.
  2. Chronic form of the disease. To prevent the acute form from progressing to this stage, it is necessary to carry out timely treatment. The symptoms in this case are less pronounced, remissions alternate with relapses. The main danger of a chronic type of disease is irreversible changes in the nasal mucosa, due to which it loses its protective abilities.

According to the localization of the inflammatory process, the disease is:

  • unilateral (only one sinus is inflamed);
  • bilateral (infection occurs in both nasal sinuses).

The classification of sinusitis in a child according to the type of inflammation looks like this:

  1. Catarrhal type of disease. This stage is acute; in some cases, the inflammatory process affects the bone, periosteum or bone tissue. The main difference between catarrhal is the absolute absence of pus in the sinuses.
  2. Purulent stage. The name speaks for itself. The nasal mucosa becomes very inflamed, and pus is discharged profusely from the nose.

Diagnostics

Before treating sinusitis in a child, you need to see a doctor who will prescribe all the necessary diagnostic measures and prescribe medications for effective treatment of the disease. As a rule, to make a correct diagnosis in children, the following methods are used:

  1. Inspection of the nasal openings.
  2. Research to identify the allergic nature of the disease.
  3. General blood analysis.
  4. X-ray of the nose. This method allows you to see the disease, as indicated by darkening in the image.
  5. Diaphanoscopy is the examination of the maxillary sinuses using a special electric lamp. If one or both sinuses are filled with pus, then diaphanoscopy will help to quickly identify this.
  6. CT (computed tomography) gives a chance to study the nasal passages in detail. CT scanning can detect early symptoms of sinusitis or signs of its chronic form.
  7. Another diagnostic method is examination of nasal discharge, which determines the causative agent of the infection.

Treatment of sinusitis in children

Before prescribing therapy, a qualified specialist always finds out the causes of sinusitis in children and assesses the severity of the disease. Today, conservative and surgical treatment methods are used. The first option includes the use of medications, physical therapy, and so on. Surgery for sinusitis in a child is carried out in the most critical situation. The main medications for the treatment of inflammation of the maxillary sinuses are the following:

  1. Antihistamines. They are able to remove swelling and significantly enhance the effect of antibiotics on the body. The most popular antihistamines are Diazolin, Suprastin, Tavegil, Loratadine, Diphenhydramine.
  2. Anti-edema medications effectively facilitate breathing and eliminate swelling of the mucous membrane. Among them are Zestra, Orinol, Koldakt, Fervex, Flukold.
  3. Vasoconstrictors accelerate the release of mucus from the sinuses, which has a positive effect on breathing through the nose. These include Rinazolin, Nazivin, Farmazolin, Sanorin, Naphthyzin.
  4. Antiseptics are also used for treatment. Drugs such as Protargol, Collargol prevent an increase in the amount of pus in the maxillary sinuses.
  5. To make mucous and purulent discharge come out of the nose more easily, doctors prescribe special thinning medications. For example, Ambroxol, Bromhexine, ACC-long.
  6. If the body temperature rises too high, then it is worth using antipyretic drugs (Paracetamol, Nurofen, Ibuprofen).

Sinus rinsing

Treatment of sinusitis at home in children involves not only the use of medications, but also special rinses. This procedure can be done at home. To cleanse the maxillary sinuses during sinusitis, use a syringe with a pre-made solution (inject ml at a time). Several washes per day will be required. The course of treatment is approximately one to two weeks. The healing solution is made from the following ingredients (1 glass of purified warm water + 1 teaspoon of medicine):

  • potassium permanganate;
  • saline solution made from regular or sea salt;
  • chamomile decoction;
  • green tea;
  • tinctures of string, calendula, St. John's wort;
  • medicines Furacilin, Rotokan, Elekasol, Decamethoxin.

You need to know how to properly rinse your baby so as not to worsen the situation. A syringe with a solution is carefully inserted into the nostril about 1 centimeter. The patient's head is tilted slightly forward, pouring in the medicine in small doses. The jet pressure must be gradually increased. In between infusions, the child should try to blow his nose well.

Use of antibacterial drugs

Another important stage in the treatment of childhood sinusitis is taking antibacterial agents. They cope well with inflammation, helping to defeat the disease faster. The most popular and effective antibiotics are Isofra, Augmentin, Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Bioparox. The specifics of their use are indicated in the instructions, and the duration of the course of therapy is prescribed by the attending physician. The most effective are injections with antibiotics, the second most effective are drops, suspensions, and tablets.

Physiotherapy

To successfully combat the inflammatory process, accelerate the flow of mucus and pus from the sinuses, and improve blood circulation and lymph flow, the doctor may prescribe physical therapy. The most well-known methods are considered to be laser therapy, magnetic therapy, ultrasound and UHF (ultra-high frequency treatment). Each method is prescribed by a physiotherapist. All contraindications and other nuances are taken into account, only after that the optimal procedure is selected.

Treatment of chronic sinusitis in children

In the chronic form, treatment depends on the factor that became the “catalyst” of the chronic inflammatory process. For each individual option, a specific type of therapeutic effect is prescribed:

  1. Moderate surgical intervention, depending on the patient’s age and condition, is necessary in the presence of adenoids, chronic rhinitis, and a deviated nasal septum. These problems prevent the normal secretion of secretions from the sinuses, so the chronic form begins.
  2. Antibiotics are also prescribed, but only after the pathogen and its sensitivity level have been identified.
  3. If sinusitis and its symptoms are caused by problems in the oral cavity (for example, caries, stomatitis), then mandatory sanitation of the oral mucosa is necessary. After this, antibiotics are prescribed.
  4. When sinusitis in children is in remission, it is recommended to strengthen the immune system with vitamins and exercises, attend physiotherapy, massage, and go to the sea.
  5. The use of antihistamines is advisable in the case of the development of hyperplastic and polypous forms.

Folk remedies

Sometimes conservative methods are combined with traditional recipes to increase the effectiveness of the treatment process. Before starting a natural treatment option, a parent should definitely discuss this issue with a doctor to avoid unfavorable prognosis. Popular folk remedies for sinusitis in children:

  1. Take one large raw carrot. Washed and peeled. Apply freshly squeezed vegetable juice to the nose three times a day. It is better to dilute a few drops of concentrated juice with a little water to avoid an allergic reaction.
  2. Fresh viburnum juice is combined with honey (1:1). The resulting mixture is slightly heated. The medicine is taken orally, 1 tablespoon before meals.
  3. You need to purchase ointment with propolis. Dip a cotton swab into it and insert it into the nostril as carefully as possible. Hold for 3-5 minutes.

Complications

The consequences that may appear after the disease can be divided into two types. The first of these is complications of the respiratory system:

  • tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils);
  • bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi);
  • chronic form;
  • otitis;
  • pneumonia;
  • frontal sinusitis, ethmoiditis (inflammatory process in other sinuses).

Other consequences:

  • myocarditis (pathologies in the heart);
  • sepsis (blood poisoning);
  • intracranial complications (meningitis, brain abscess);
  • nephritis (kidney damage);
  • The result can be a variety of joint pathologies.

Prevention

To avoid the occurrence of sinusitis and its symptoms in children, you should follow simple but effective rules. Prevention of the disease includes:

  • regular visits to the dental office;
  • strengthening the immune system (proper diet, hardening);
  • elimination of anatomical defects (adenoids, deviated nasal septum, etc.);
  • competent treatment of colds;
  • the maximum possible protection of children from negative environmental factors (dust, cigarette smoke, exhaust gases).

Video: how to find out if a child has sinusitis

The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials in the article do not encourage self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and make recommendations for treatment based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

Source: http://sovets.net/12354-gajmorit-u-detej-simptomy-i-lechenie.html

How to determine sinusitis in children based on the main symptoms?

Sinusitis in children is an infectious inflammation of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus (maxillary), located above the upper jaw on the sides of the nose inside the skull. The sinus has a free space covered with mucous membrane, it is separated from the maxillary teeth by a thin plate, and the sinus is connected to the nose using a thin anastomosis. It is this location of the sinus that causes the development of inflammation and the spread of infection.

Sinusitis can be cured using traditional medicine and folk remedies, it is only necessary to correctly determine the source of the disease and direct all efforts to destroy it.

What causes the pathology?

Like any disease, sinusitis in children has its own causes. The causative agents are viruses and bacteria of acute respiratory diseases.

  1. influenza and parainfluenza;
  2. coronaviruses;
  3. adenoviruses;
  4. respiratory syncytial virus;
  5. rhinovirus;
  6. metapneumovirus.
  1. Pneumococcus;
  2. hemophilus influenzae;
  3. moaxella.

In the chronic course of the disease, other pathogens are added: Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, anaerobes, Streptococcus pyogenes. It is also possible for a child to develop the disease with a mixed infection: bacteria and viruses.

Caries in a child can cause the development of sinusitis

Predisposing factors

The development of sinusitis in children does not occur spontaneously, but against a background of weakened immunity, due to previous or existing diseases:

  • vasomotor rhinitis;
  • chronic tonsillitis;
  • being in a draft;
  • deviated nasal septum;
  • severe hypothermia;
  • hypertrophy of the nasal concha;
  • trauma to the nasal mucosa;
  • weak immune system;
  • adenoids;
  • allergic predisposition;
  • caries.

If there are predisposing factors, be sure to carry out prevention. If you don’t want to take medications, turn to folk remedies.

If your child has carious teeth, be sure to treat them, even if the baby teeth are damaged (which “will then fall out and there will be no caries”). Caries is caused by infections that can penetrate through a thin plate into the sinus and cause inflammation there!

Pathogenesis of the disease

Symptoms of the disease directly depend on how the disease progresses!

The infection, entering through the nasal or oral cavity of the child, causes inflammation. The vessels in the mucous membrane fill with blood, causing nasal congestion. Due to the inflammatory response, thickening of the membrane and disruption of cell function, the amount of mucus produced increases. It cannot freely leave the sinus, as a result of which catarrhal sinusitis develops, most often caused by viruses.

The addition of bacteria causes an accumulation of immune cells, which, when fighting the infection, form pus that accumulates in the free space of the sinus. Purulent sinusitis occurs. Ineffective or incorrect treatment ensures the development of chronic sinusitis.

The listed factors cause swelling and accumulation of pus, which can spread to other sinuses and lead to complications, so treatment of sinusitis in children must be carried out in a timely manner!

How does sinusitis manifest?

Signs of sinusitis in children have both features characteristic only of it and common features with other diseases.

Symptoms characteristic of sinusitis:

  1. headache, aggravated by tilting the head, radiating to the cheek or temple, caused by the pressure of accumulated pus or mucus on the inner surface of the skull;
  2. copious discharge from the nose of light-colored (mucus) or yellow-green (pus) fluid;
  3. lack of fluid and nasal congestion due to blockage of the anastomosis between the sinus and the nasal passage;
  4. nasal breathing and sense of smell are impaired;
  5. swelling of the face, especially the eyelids;
  6. change in voice, its nasality;
  7. pain in the projection of the maxillary sinus;
  8. impossible to breathe through the nose;
  9. pain when tapping on the upper jaw;
  10. temperature rise to 38 0 C due to bacterial infection;
  11. In children under one year of age, light pressure on the maxillary sinus area will cause crying.

Symptoms of intoxication in severe cases of the disease:

  • fatigue;
  • general weakness;
  • sleep and appetite are disturbed;
  • headache;
  • the child is naughty.

Chronic course

It is important to know that a viral infection takes more than ten days to treat, and ineffective treatment of sinusitis in children contributes to the chronicity of the inflammatory process for 8-12 weeks. Clinical manifestations are varied - from rare exacerbations to constant nasal discharge. The patient will be tormented by the following symptoms: headaches that get worse in the evening, pain and discomfort in the maxillary sinuses, a constantly stuffy nose, a changed voice, and a decreased sense of smell. Exacerbations can occur several times a year.

In the chronic form of the disease, the risk of infection in the meninges is increased, so be vigilant!

You cannot constantly use drugs to treat rhinitis; over time, they stop working, and the infection spreads through the child’s sinuses. If you cannot overcome rhinitis, then contact your doctor and ask to change your therapy.

How to fight the disease?

Treatment of sinusitis in children should begin immediately when the first symptoms appear.

Traditional treatment is aimed at getting rid of infection in the nose, large amounts of pus and mucus - rinsing the nose is done by slowly instilling a medicinal solution (antiseptic, saline solution) into the nostril on which the sick child lies.

To relieve the symptoms of edema, vasoconstrictor drops are taken, which should be prescribed by a doctor, since they have many contraindications. For example: “Xilen” nasal drops can be used by those over two years old, but “Dlyanos” is contraindicated for children under six years of age. If an allergy is suspected, antihistamines are prescribed.

They use physiotherapeutic methods to combat the disease: electrophoresis, phonophoresis, laser therapy - treatment cannot be limited to just this, complex therapy is necessary. The widely used method of heating the nose with hot potato, egg and salt is only possible during the convalescent stage. Treat these folk remedies with caution!

Do not warm your nose during the acute phase of the disease, this will spread the infection throughout the body and intensify the symptoms!

Sinusitis in children caused by bacteria is treated with antibiotics: ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, stronger ones - macropen, zitrolide. The doctor chooses which antibiotics to take after determining the bacteria’s sensitivity to them and assessing the child’s allergic history.

If conservative treatment is ineffective, the doctor performs a puncture of the maxillary sinus in order to free the sinus from pus. It is possible to use anesthesia for the baby.

Painkillers may be given to relieve symptoms of pain.

  • "Ketanov" and "Ketoral" should not be given to children and adolescents under 16 years of age.
  • Ibuprofen tablets should not be taken by children under six years of age; with a doctor’s recommendation – by children under 12 years of age.
  • Ibuprofen suppositories can be used for children from three months to two years.
  • "Nurofen" suppositories can be given to children under 1 year of age.

Many procedures are performed in a hospital, so you and your baby may be admitted as a day patient or a permanent patient.

Treatment with folk remedies

There are many popular folk remedies to combat the disease, but be sure to combine them with traditional medicine.

Propolis is a strong disinfecting bactericidal folk remedy that can be used along with antibiotics. You can buy an aqueous solution at the pharmacy and drop it into your nose. Prepare an ointment from propolis and lubricate the nasal cavity. Melt propolis in hot oil, soak a cotton swab in the solution and insert it into your nose.

Essential oils: eucalyptus, pine, tea tree - good for inhalation; this is a good folk remedy for disinfecting the nasal passages and respiratory tract.

A complication of sinusitis is damage to the meninges, which leads to irreparable consequences.

Strengthen your baby's immunity, do not stop treatment immediately after the signs of the disease disappear, complete the course of treatment completely, and the baby will be healthy!

Questions and suggestions:

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The information is provided for informational purposes only. Self-medication can lead to undesirable consequences! At the first sign of disease, consult a doctor.

Source: http://agushkin.ru/zdorove/gajmorit-u-detej.html

How to determine sinusitis in children 4 years old: main symptoms

Sinusitis is most often diagnosed in children aged 4 years and above. The reason is that the baby’s maxillary sinuses are not yet fully formed, so they are not cavities, but narrow slits. The maxillary sinuses are formed at an older age, therefore, the classic symptoms of the disease begin to make themselves felt a little later.

By what signs to determine

The fundamental factor in the formation of the disease is considered to be viral and bacterial infection. As a result, childhood sinusitis can manifest itself in the form of prolonged acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections. As a rule, the symptoms of viral infections include a runny nose, sore throat, and fever.

Under normal conditions, viral infections are pronounced, and all signs leave the baby within a week. The same is true with respiratory ailments that are caused by a bacterial infection.

How to use thuja oil for sinusitis can be found in this article.

Increase in body temperature

A patient aged 4 years may experience an increase in temperature from the first day of illness. She will hold out until she starts therapy. It can only be reduced if treatment measures are based on eliminating sinusitis. If you simply give antipyretic drugs, you will be able to reduce the temperature only for a certain time.

Nasal congestion

Sinusitis is a disease characterized by swelling. As a result, it becomes difficult for the child to breathe, since there is purulent stagnation inside. During palpation, the child is bothered by painful sensations in the bridge of the nose.

nasal voice

Every mother can identify these symptoms. When the baby begins to say the words “in the nose,” this is a clear sign of sinusitis. This happens due to sinus congestion with purulent “deposits”. As a result, there is a lack of clarity in the pronunciation of sounds.

Headache

When a 4-year-old child experiences a headache due to sinusitis, it is concentrated in the forehead and is permanent. This sign indicates that the disease is already on the way. The cause of headaches lies in the obstructed outflow from the sinuses, which results in pressure on the frontal part of the baby's head.

You can find out how to do a massage for sinusitis by reading the article.

Other symptoms of sinusitis include lethargy, fatigue, and pale skin.

Sinusitis in a child can be bilateral or unilateral. The difference between them is that damage can be caused to one or two sinuses at once. According to clinical manifestations, the disease is divided into acute and chronic. The acute form is classified into caratal and purulent, and the chronic form is represented by the following types:

How to make a cuckoo for sinusitis is indicated in the article.

All presented types of chronic sinusitis, despite the difference in symptoms, damage the mucous membrane of the nasal sinuses. If treatment is not started in time, atrophic sinusitis contributes to the complete cessation of the functioning of the mucous membrane. As a result, the child’s body is deprived of a filter that protects the lungs from pollution and cold air in winter. If you do not seek help from a doctor in childhood, then in adulthood he may be left without respiratory protection.

The video talks about the symptoms of sinusitis in children 4 years old:

The symptoms of chronic sinusitis in a 4-year-old child are similar to the signs of the disease in acute form, but they are not so pronounced. There are cases when the manifestations of chronic sinusitis begin to bother the baby after several weeks of treatment. The first signs of sinusitis in a child are odor from the mouth or nose. These symptoms alone should alert parents.

What signs of sinusitis in adults can be identified independently are indicated in this article.

The chronic form occurs due to poor quality treatment of acute sinusitis or due to an inaccurately identified source of infection.

Therapeutic measures

To confirm the child’s diagnosis, the doctor sends him for ultrasound diagnostics. They can also use the diaphanoscopy method. Its essence is that a Goering light bulb is placed in the baby’s mouth. The child wraps his lips tightly around it. The study must be carried out in a dark room. Based on the level of transparency of the nasal passages, the doctor will be able to determine inflammation.

Antibacterial therapy

For such treatment, the specialist prescribes broad-spectrum medications for the baby. Depending on the severity of the disease, antibiotics can be presented in the form of tablets or injections. The most commonly prescribed drugs are:

The presented drugs are in wide demand due to their rapid penetration into tissues. If the inflammation has a microplasma or chlamydial form, then a reserve antibiotic is used. As a rule, the doctor can prescribe Vilprofen and Azithromycin to the child. The dosage is selected taking into account the age of the baby.

When sinusitis is severe, antibiotics are administered into the body by injection. Intramuscular or intravenous administration can be used here.

From this article you can find out which antibiotics are best to take for sinusitis.

Local vasoconstrictor drops

In order to eliminate swelling of the nasal mucosa and regenerate the movement of secretions, nasal drops can be prescribed. It is best for a 4 year old child to use these medications in spray form. Young patients may be prescribed the following drops:

Local antibacterial agents

Medicines such as Bioparox and Isofa are in wide demand in the treatment of childhood sinusitis. They actively fight the pathogen directly in the nasal cavity. They should be taken in a course of 5 days.

Hormone therapy

This treatment is based on the use of hormonal drops and nasal sprays. The most effective are Polydexa and Flixonase. These medications eliminate inflammation and swelling in a short period of time.

Anti-inflammatory drugs

Erespal is used to treat sinusitis in children 4 years of age. It is produced in the form of a spray for small children. For older patients, it can be taken in tablet form. The drug perfectly eliminates the inflammatory process and fights all the symptoms of the disease.

Surgery

Surgical treatment is necessary only in severely advanced cases. The operation involves the implementation of a centering procedure. The manipulation is very simple. It involves puncturing the sinus wall with further suction of purulent accumulations from it. After this, rinse the sinuses with antiseptic solutions.

Adjuvant therapy

In addition to the treatment presented, the doctor may prescribe UHF and laser therapy for the child, rinsing the nasal passages and nasopharynx. All of these therapeutic interventions can be used as primary treatment or as an adjunct to primary therapy.

What is the price of the Yamik catheter, which is used for sinusitis, can be found in the article

Antiallergic therapy

Antihistamines can only be taken in cases of allergic origin of the disease. The following medications have been developed for children:

Traditional treatment

If you decide to turn to alternative treatment, be sure to first obtain the approval of your doctor. After this, you can actively use propolis, bee glue, medicinal herbs and sea salt. The presented components have the maximum effect in the treatment of sinusitis in children 4 years old.

The article indicates what it is to prevent sinusitis.

In the video - more information about sinusitis in children 4 years old, symptoms, treatment at home:

Propolis

The composition of this component is rich in various substances beneficial to the human body. All of them have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Propolis mono is actively used for various inflammatory ailments. If chronic sinusitis occurs, then it is necessary to use a 20% propolis solution.

To obtain the medicine, you need to take peach oil and propolis solution. Mix everything in a 1:1 ratio. soak a cotton swab in the medicine and insert it into the nasal passages for 10 minutes. Such manipulations should be performed 2 times a day.

How Rinofluimucil is used for sinusitis is indicated here.

Healing herbs

For children's sinusitis, sage, calendula, and chamomile have a positive effect. You can prepare a decoction from a mixture of the presented herbs or use just one. It is necessary to use the prepared product for rinsing. Perform treatment in the morning and evening.

You can do such activities as a preventative measure 3 times a week. Rinsing a child's nasal passages is an effective method of eliminating dust particles that enter the nose. Often they are the causative agents of the pathological process.

Sea salt

This component is a natural and absolutely safe antiseptic. Sea salt is widely used for chronic sinusitis in children. With regular use, you can cure the advanced form and prevent puncture.

You can find out what symptoms of sinusitis and sinusitis may be by reading the article.

Most often, sea salt is used for rinsing. It is necessary to add 2 tablespoons of the presented ingredient to a glass of boiled water. To eliminate pain and swelling, you can make a compress of heated sea salt, which must be wrapped in a handkerchief and placed on the bridge of the nose. But such measures can only be carried out if there is no purulent form of the disease.

Sinusitis is a dangerous disease, which is simply impossible to eliminate without proper examination and treatment. If therapy is delayed or performed incorrectly, there is a huge risk of complications and the disease transitioning from acute to chronic.

Source: http://prolor.ru/n/detskoe-zdorove/gajmorit-4-let-simptomy.html