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Why does the nose bleed: all possible reasons

From this article you will learn: all the possible causes of nosebleeds in adults and children.

There are many causes of nosebleeds. It is important to determine the cause of bleeding in an individual to prevent recurrent episodes.

Table of contents:

In children, blood flows from the nose due to polyps or adenoids, age-related immaturity of blood vessels, the presence of a foreign body in the nasal passage, anemia, prolonged use of a vasoconstrictor spray, etc.

If your nose bleeds repeatedly, this cannot be ignored. This may be a sign of a serious disease of the blood, internal organs, or a manifestation of oncology. First, you need to try to understand for yourself why the nose may bleed, whether there is a periodicity, notice whether the bleeding is tied to a certain time of day or not, what intensity it is, how often it occurs, whether there are clots or scarlet liquid blood flows.

Then be sure to contact an otolaryngologist. All these observations will help him quickly understand why your nose is bleeding. Of course, additional examination will be required. The doctor will select a list of diagnostic methods in accordance with the suspected cause. It is possible that after receiving the research results, you will need consultation or treatment from another specialist - a cardiologist, endocrinologist, surgeon, oncologist. If there is a facial injury with damage to the nasal passages, the cause of the bleeding is obvious; in this case, you should immediately contact a traumatologist.

Only by eliminating the provoking factor will you get rid of bleeding.

Causes in adults

Two groups of causes of bleeding:

  1. local (local) – affects only the nose;
  2. systemic (general) - arise due to internal effects of the body, for example, in various diseases.

Local provoking factors

  • Nose injuries. They often occur during a fight due to blows to the face or during serious accidents.
  • Allergy. The walls of blood vessels rupture due to an allergic reaction and blood flow.
  • Dry hot room air. Often the cause of night bleeding is drying out of the mucous membrane due to inhalation of too dry air currents during hot radiators in winter.
  • Polyp in the nose or deformation of the nasal septum. This makes nasal breathing difficult, causing the load to be improperly distributed between the nostrils. The polyp compresses the blood vessels, due to which red liquid often flows from the nose, especially in the morning.
  • Atrophy of the mucous membrane. Develops in various inflammatory diseases, for example, chronic rhinitis. It may be a consequence of a hereditary disease or occupational hazard - dusty premises, dry air, working in the cold. Insufficient mucus secretion, drying out and thinning of the mucous membrane causes fragility of blood vessels, and ultimately nosebleeds.
  • Inflammation of the nasal mucosa (rhinitis) may be accompanied by minor nosebleeds. Blood clots are visible along with the mucus that appears during a runny nose.
  • Long-term use of hormonal or vasoconstrictor spray (drops).
  • Sunstroke is one of the main factors in the occurrence of nosebleeds in hot summers. Often, general overheating of the body, which occurs due to prolonged exposure to the scorching rays of the sun, is accompanied by nosebleeds. The vessels of the mucous membrane become fragile and burst.
  • Snorting cocaine. It has long been noted that drug addicts who use cocaine through the nose have thinning mucous membranes, loss of smell, and nosebleeds.

General pathologies of the body

  • Hypertension is the most common cause of nosebleeds in adults, especially older people. This “natural bloodletting” reduces the risk of cerebral stroke. Usually after it the person’s condition does not worsen, but improves. Develops against the background of tinnitus, cephalgia (headache) and other symptoms of crisis. The blood vessels burst, unable to withstand the pressure, causing blood from the nose to flow in a thin stream without clots.
  • Acute infections affecting the mucous membrane of the nasal passages. These are sinusitis, sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, rhinitis, ARVI and others. Inflamed vessels are more fragile and more likely to burst, causing blood to flow through the nose. Similar changes in the vascular walls occur with allergic rhinitis.
  • Blood diseases or other pathologies accompanied by impaired blood clotting. What causes nosebleeds in this case? For example, in hemophilia, a deficiency of blood plasma coagulation factors leads not only to nosebleeds and other heavy external bleeding, but also to serious internal bleeding. Other pathologies include hemorrhagic diathesis, vasculitis, coagulopathies, hypo- and vitamin deficiency with vitamin deficiency. K, S.
  • Hormonal changes or disruptions during puberty, menopause or pregnancy.
  • Taking blood thinning medications. Heparin, warfarin, and aspirin can cause nosebleeds.
  • Pheochromocytoma is a hormone-dependent tumor of the adrenal gland of a malignant or benign nature. Its main symptom is arterial hypertension with frequent crises, during which nosebleeds are possible. The stable form of the disease is characterized by a persistent increase in blood pressure and, accordingly, frequent episodes of nosebleeds.
  • Malignant neoplasm in the nasal cavity. Various cancerous tumors lead to ulceration of the mucous membrane, impaired nasal breathing, and bleeding.
  • Barometric pressure difference. This is what divers, climbers or pilots encounter.

Why does the nose bleed - for other reasons:

  • Inhalation of chemical irritants.
  • Air travel.
  • Intense sneezing.

Causes in children

Why do babies have nosebleeds? There are many factors, just like in adults. Very common:

  1. Foreign body in the nasal passage.
  2. Fall with damage to the nose.
  3. Mechanical injury with a slimy toy or finger.

The cause of nosebleeds in children at night may be increased pressure or dry air in the room. If this is an isolated case, the bleeding is easy to stop, and there are no other symptoms, then there is no cause for concern. If bleeding occurs repeatedly, does not stop well, the child complains of weakness, various pains, then you should definitely contact a pediatrician and be examined. In such cases, nosebleeds may be due to a serious illness, such as anemia, leukemia, hemophilia, or another disease associated with poor blood clotting.

When is nosebleed one-time and when is it periodic?

Single nosebleed

  1. Injury to the mucous membrane by a foreign object, which is especially typical for young children.
  2. Severe fatigue or stress.
  3. Fever due to acute respiratory infection or other infection.
  4. Overheating of the body during a visit to a bathhouse, sauna, or prolonged exposure to the sun.

If a child develops nosebleeds after using drops with a vasoconstrictor effect, you should stop using them. The mucous membrane is so dry that the nasal capillaries burst.

Single bleeding without massive blood loss is usually not dangerous. But if the episodes are repeated many times, you should be wary and be sure to consult a specialist.

Signal bleeding deserves special attention. It begins suddenly and ends quickly, but the blood loss is significant, and the color of the blood may be unusual - dark, coagulated with flakes and large clots, or red foamy. This may indicate an aneurysm, rupture of a large vessel, disintegration of a malignant neoplasm, pulmonary, gastric bleeding, etc.

Causes of periodic nosebleeds

If blood flows systematically and is accompanied by other symptoms - uterine bleeding, bleeding gums, bruising, fever, joint pain, you should be wary and be sure to first consult with an ENT doctor or therapist. You may have a systemic or malignant disease, such as anemia, pheochromocytoma, thrombocytopenic purpura, leukemia, etc.

Hypertensive patients prone to nosebleeds usually themselves note that blood flows from the nose during a hypertensive crisis. After the pressure normalizes, it stops.

If you cannot stop the child’s bleeding on your own, and there are bruises in different parts of the body, then you should immediately call an ambulance, and then undergo an examination to rule out hemophilia.

If cases of nosebleeds recur, last longer than 20 minutes, or if there are accompanying symptoms, you should definitely visit a specialist to find out and eliminate the cause of the pathological condition.

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What are the reasons for nosebleeds in adults?

Every person has had to deal with nosebleeds at least once. But not everyone knows why nosebleeds occur. The reasons for this phenomenon in an adult can be very different: overwork and fatigue, nasal injuries, as well as other more serious diseases.

In cases where nosebleeds occur quite often, you should immediately undergo a medical examination to identify the true cause or disease.

Such symptoms can signal a disease of various internal organs - liver, kidneys, and blood. In addition, nosebleeds can be caused by cardiovascular diseases, rheumatism and various infectious diseases.

Classification

The volume of blood leaking from the nose can range from several milliliters to half a liter.

  1. Blood loss of a few milliliters is considered insignificant. Such bleeding is not dangerous to health and does not lead to any consequences. The only negative point may be fear, hysteria or fainting in young children.
  2. Blood loss is assessed as moderate if its volume does not exceed 200 ml. Such blood loss causes slight weakness, dizziness, rapid pulse and flickering of spots before the eyes. Visible mucous membranes and skin may become pale.
  3. We are talking about massive blood loss in cases where up to 300 ml of blood flows out in total or simultaneously. It is accompanied by more severe symptoms compared to mild ones: weakness, tinnitus, dizziness, headache, thirst, shortness of breath.
  4. Profuse bleeding is characterized by a large volume - 500 ml and above. Massive blood loss leads to hemorrhagic shock, expressed in a sharp drop in blood pressure, lethargy, various disturbances of consciousness up to its loss, and insufficient blood circulation in the internal organs.

Also, nosebleeds can be divided into local and general. Local are those that cause bleeding when the nose is damaged locally, and general are those that cause bleeding in general.

Why does an adult have nosebleeds: reasons

Drops or streams of blood appearing from the nasal passages are a consequence of vascular damage. This happens as a result of either mechanical impact (trauma to the nose) or internal processes in the body.

Let's take a closer look at the main reasons why an adult may have a nosebleed, and what to do in this case:

  1. Trauma - most often, various blows to the face area lead to injury to the nose, which may be accompanied by a fracture of its septum with the development of severe bleeding. In childhood, injuries to the nasal mucosa are caused by the habit of picking the nose with a finger or other objects (pencil, pen).
  2. Impact of external conditions. Long exposure to the sun, overwork, physical activity are factors that can cause spontaneous nosebleeds. This is an isolated phenomenon, it is not a reason to go to the doctor, the bleeding quickly stops, and the incident is forgotten.
  3. Sunstroke and overheating are one of the main factors for nosebleeds, especially in the summer. Due to high temperatures, the nasal cavity becomes dry and the vessels become fragile. They burst easily and cause nosebleeds. To protect yourself from heatstroke, you need to wear a Panama hat or a hat and stay in a shady place as much as possible.
  4. Drying of the mucous membranes can also cause bleeding from the nose, as the capillaries become fragile. Drying of the nasal mucosa can be the result of prolonged exposure to dry air or frost.

The second group of nosebleeds is usually caused by much more serious reasons, including systemic disorders. In this case, nosebleeds are not a separate pathological condition, but a manifestation of symptoms of diseases of any organs and physiological systems, most often the respiratory and circulatory systems. This group includes diseases such as:

  1. Hypertension. Increased blood pressure or intracranial pressure can also cause nosebleeds. But this is more of a blessing than a disaster, because it is better to lose a little blood and lower blood pressure than to have a stroke. By the way, most often pressure changes occur from 4 to 6 am. This fact explains why some people have nosebleeds in the morning.
  2. Inflammatory process of the nasal mucosa (rhinitis) or its sinuses (sinusitis, frontal sinusitis) - inflammation weakens the walls of blood vessels, making them more brittle. Acute respiratory viral infection, allergic rhinitis, bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci, E. coli) can lead to the development of the inflammatory process.
  3. Papillomas in the nose are growths on the mucous membrane. They are the result of a viral infection and are dangerous due to mutations into malignant formations. Polyps put pressure on blood vessels, make breathing difficult, and cause frequent bleeding in the morning.
  4. Vegetative-vascular dystonia is accompanied by weak, fragile vessels, often causing nosebleeds in an adult or child diagnosed with VSD. Additional symptoms include watery discharge, headache, and tinnitus.
  5. Atherosclerosis - changes in blood vessels, loss of their elasticity, frequent damage with the occurrence of various bleedings (internal and external).
  6. Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal gland that causes increased levels of stress hormones. Because of this, the pressure rises sharply and the nose bleeds constantly. Signs of this tumor are frequent nosebleeds and dry nose. If you have such symptoms, you should contact the clinic.
  7. Taking medications. Bleeding is usually caused by drugs that prevent blood clotting. These include heparin, aspirin and others. Blood from the nose can flow with prolonged and uncontrolled use of nasal sprays that dry out the mucous membrane.
  8. Oncological diseases. Epistaxis occurs with malignant and benign tumors in the nose. In addition to bleeding, there may be an ulcer on the nasal mucosa, swelling of the nose, and a change in its shape.
  9. Diseases accompanied by bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia.
  10. Vitamin C deficiency. As you know, vitamin C strengthens the walls of blood vessels. If there is not enough of it, the vascular walls become loose and brittle. This fact may be the answer to the question why nosebleeds often occur.

In adults, the most common cause of nosebleeds is damage to the vessels of the anterior nasal septum (Kiesselbach's place), which is densely penetrated by a network of small arterioles and capillaries. Such bleeding, as a rule, does not pose a threat to human health. Blood from the nose flows out in drops or a thin stream and, with normal clotting, quickly stops on its own.

The situation is worse when the vessels of the upper and posterior sections of the nasal cavity are damaged. The arteries here are noticeably larger than in the anterior section, and therefore the bleeding is stronger, can cause significant harm to health and even lead to death due to very severe blood loss. In this case, the blood flows in a bright red, non-foamy stream, may appear from the mouth, and practically does not stop on its own.

What to do when your nose is bleeding?

There is no point in treating symptoms exclusively, since the underlying disease must be eliminated. The causes of frequent nosebleeds are determined by your doctor. It is necessary to visit a therapist or pediatrician and otolaryngologist. For diagnosis, you will need to take a general blood test and check blood clotting indicators.

Nosebleeds may not be so harmless. Many people do not pay enough attention to this. If blood from the nose bothers you in rare cases and then due to mechanical action, then there is no need to worry.

If blood from the nose bothers you often, it spurts out, or the bleeding is profuse and prolonged - all this is a signal to seek help from a specialist as soon as possible.

How to stop nosebleeds?

If blood flows from the nose as a result of mechanical damage and there is little blood, and apart from a slight headache, there are no signs of serious illness, you can deal with the problem yourself. The order of tasks is as follows: first we stop the bleeding, then with the help of analgesics you can reduce the intensity of pain.

Take a sitting position and tilt your head back slightly. Loosen your tie and unbutton your collar. Do not tilt your head forward - this will cause a rush of blood to the nose area and increased bleeding. It is also impossible to throw your head back - blood will enter the nasopharynx and lead to vomiting.

You can put a piece of ice or a towel soaked in cold water on the bridge of your nose for a short time, about ten minutes. A napkin moistened with cold water can also be applied to the back of the neck. It is advisable to press the nostril from which the blood is coming from for 5-10 minutes until the bleeding stops. If the bleeding is intense or does not stop, use tampons. For this, cotton swabs soaked in hydrogen peroxide are suitable; they need to be inserted into the nose, but not too deep, and sit for 10-15 minutes.

If there is no tampon and hydrogen peroxide, then insert a bandage into the nostril from which the blood is coming, leaving at least 10 centimeters outside so that it can be freely removed from the nostril. This is done to prevent blood from coming out of the nose. Also, if you have vasoconstrictor medications for nasal instillation, then apply a few drops to a tampon and insert it into your nose. These drops will help close the damaged vessel, which caused the bleeding. Then place the person in a cool, quiet, dark room. It happens that these measures are already sufficient.

If the bleeding is profuse and cannot be stopped quickly enough at home, the headache is severe, speech, vision or consciousness in general are impaired - immediately call an ambulance.

Good to know:

One comment

You just need to use less vasoconstrictors, but on the contrary, it’s better if your nose is a little stuffy.

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Causes of nosebleeds

General information

Currently, about 15% of patients visiting otolaryngologists are those who complain of frequent nosebleeds that occur spontaneously.

When blood comes from the nose after injury or other mechanical influence, this symptom is quite understandable to a person. But if this phenomenon repeats constantly, and there are no apparent reasons, then bleeding can seriously worry the patient. Bleeding without a reason can be both abundant and scanty, it can be short-term or long-lasting. Both adults and children suffer from this phenomenon.

However, some people never experience such problems; they are even sometimes interested in how to get a nosebleed without pain.

What can cause bleeding from the nose? First of all, we can talk about violations of the integrity of the walls of blood vessels, as well as poor blood clotting. In most cases (approximately 80%), the blood comes from the vessels of the anterior parts of the nose. If the blood appears from the posterior sections, then it is more difficult to stop, and this condition is more dangerous for health. Indeed, in this case, large vessels are damaged, and blood flows through the nose more intensely.

As a rule, bleeding appears due to a violation of the mucous membrane where the Kisselbach zone, which is located in the anterior part of the nasal septum. Since the mucous membrane in this place is very thin, and there are many vessels in it, even the smallest and most insignificant damage leads to blood running from the nose.

There are many reasons why this manifestation occurs. As a rule, it is associated with blood diseases, some infectious diseases, as well as diseases of the blood vessels, heart, kidneys and liver, and rheumatism.

Sometimes blood is released in streams or drops, sometimes it flows down the back wall of the throat. In this case, a person may notice weakness, dizziness, low blood pressure, tachycardia, and tinnitus.

Why such manifestations are observed every day, you must immediately ask your doctor.

It happens that nosebleeds are confused with the same manifestations from the lungs, trachea, bronchi, stomach, and nasopharynx. It should be noted that pure blood is usually released from the nose. Below we will talk about the reasons for this manifestation and how to eliminate this symptom.

Causes of nosebleeds: the influence of external factors

If a person has a very frequent nosebleed, the causes of this phenomenon are often related to external factors. External causes of nosebleeds can be:

  • The air is too dry, which often results in nosebleeds in children. This happens especially often during the heating season - in the mornings and not only the mucous membrane dries out, sticking to the smallest vessels. As a result, they lose their elasticity and burst, which leads to this phenomenon. This can also occur in a teenager during a period of active growth.
  • Many people note that they bled due to severe overheating - sunstroke or heatstroke. In this condition, weakness, headache, dizziness, fainting, and tinnitus are also noted.
  • Sometimes the answer to the question of what causes nosebleeds is strong changes in pressure, atmospheric or barometric. This happens if a person descends to the depths or rises high into the mountains, or takes off on an airplane to a great height.
  • There are other explanations for why nosebleeds occur. The reasons for this may be related to intoxication of the body or poisoning. This can occur due to inhalation of toxic vapors, gases, or aerosols. This also happens due to thermal burns of the mucous membrane, as well as chemical and electrical burns. This can happen with chronic benzene poisoning or exposure to radiation.
  • If a person sneezes or coughs very hard, the pressure in the vessels of the nose increases sharply and they become damaged.
  • Sometimes the causes of this phenomenon may be associated with the use of a number of medications. In particular, corticosteroids, antihistamines, nasal vasoconstrictors, blood thinners.

Local reasons

Local causes may also explain why a teenager, child or adult often bleeds from the nose.

Consequence of injuries

This is a very common reason, because very often an adult bleeds constantly after accidents, bruises, injuries at home, falls, which lead to fractures of cartilage tissue. As a rule, in addition to bleeding, in this case there is pain and swelling of the surrounding tissues. If there is bleeding due to a fracture of the facial bones or cartilage tissue, then the deformation will be visually noticeable.

Also, injuries to the nasal mucosa occur if specific operations or manipulations for diagnosis are performed: probing, puncture or catheterization of the nasal sinuses.

ENT diseases

If local pathological conditions develop, congestion of the nasal mucosa may occur. This can be observed with sinusitis, adenoids, and sinusitis. Also, such manifestations are possible in people with chronic rhinitis (allergic, etc.), especially if they are accustomed to very often and uncontrollably using nasal drops, which constrict blood vessels. Also dangerous in this case are hormonal medications that provoke thinning of the nasal mucosa and, as a result, its atrophy.

Changes in the mucous membrane, deviated nasal septum, anomalies in the development of veins

In patients with atrophic rhinitis, dystrophic changes in the mucous membrane are noted, which leads to the manifestation of nosebleeds. Anomalies in the development of arteries and veins (their local enlargements), severe curvature of the nasal septum, or the location of mucosal vessels too close to the surface can also lead to bleeding.

Adenoids, polyps, tumors

Sometimes frequent bleeding in women and men is a sign that a benign or malignant formation is developing in the nasal passages. These can be polyps, adenoids, tumors, angioma, specific granuloma.

Foreign bodies in the nose, infection with worms

Often the causes of nosebleeds in a child are associated with injuries from various objects - fingers, toys, etc. Sometimes blood comes if small foreign objects or small insects disappear into the nose. It sometimes flows even after the child has been bathed in an open body of water, since parasites - mites, etc. - can get into the nasal cavity.

Sometimes the explanation for why a child’s nose bleeds at night or in the morning is helminthic infestation, since roundworm larvae, when migrating, enter the lungs, nasopharynx, and other organs and damage blood vessels. Therefore, if your child often bleeds from the nose, you need to check him for the presence of parasites in his body.

In any case, if a child starts bleeding, it is necessary to act correctly, as advised by Dr. Komarovsky and other experts. How to provide emergency care for nosebleeds in children and how to stop the bleeding can be found below.

Common reasons

Sometimes a certain disease causes nosebleeds. Causes in adults and children may be associated with various diseases and conditions. Thus, the causes of nosebleeds in adults, as well as in children, may be associated with increased fragility of blood vessels, which is noted in such cases:

Changes in the vascular wall

Vasculitis, that is, the inflammatory process of the inner lining of blood vessels, leads to the manifestation of light bleeding, in which sometimes hemorrhage occurs in the muscles or joints, and a rash always appears.

Infectious diseases - measles, tuberculosis, influenza, chickenpox, etc., in such conditions pathological changes in the walls of blood vessels occur. If a patient contracts tuberculosis of the nasal cavity, blood crusts may periodically appear in his nose.

Vascular atherosclerosis – this disease can also cause bloody discharge from the nose. It should be remembered that this disease is dangerous, as it can lead to the development of heart attack and stroke.

Hypovitaminosis - sometimes the reason why blood flows from the nose in an adult is a lack of vitamins C, K, and calcium in the body. In this case, the doctor will tell you how to stop bleeding by prescribing vitamin complexes.

Fluctuations in hormonal levels

This also happens if sharp fluctuations in hormonal levels occur in the human body. This is why bloody discharge appears and headaches occur in adolescents, as well as in women during pregnancy and menopause.

Increase in blood pressure

Nosebleeds with blood pressure that has risen sharply are also possible. An increase in blood pressure levels is observed due to emotional and physical overload, as well as due to the development of vascular and heart diseases, etc. At what pressure this can happen depends on the characteristics of the body. But bleeding is most likely to occur during sudden changes in blood pressure: then the walls of the capillaries in the nose rupture, which provokes bleeding. This is possible with the following conditions and ailments:

  • atherosclerosis;
  • hypertension;
  • mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis;
  • adrenal tumors;
  • heart defects, in which there is an increase in blood pressure;
  • emphysema, pneumosclerosis;
  • pyelonephritis glomerulonephritis in chronic form;
  • excessive stress, physical and emotional.

Blood diseases

  • Bleeding disorders are one of the symptoms of a group of diseases, both acquired and hereditary, in which nosebleeds and other bleeding occur.
  • Cirrhosis of the liver.
  • Leukosili aplastic anemia.
  • Decreased platelet production in the body (thrombocytopenic purpura).

Other reasons

In addition to the above reasons, the following factors can provoke such manifestations:

Symptoms of anterior and posterior bleeding

Signs of nosebleeds sometimes complement the signs of the underlying disease, as well as symptoms of acute blood loss. You need to pay attention to the following manifestations:

If minor bleeding occurs, then signs of blood loss are usually not pronounced. Bleeding may occur both inward and outward. If it does not go out and flows along the back wall of the oropharynx, then it can be detected by performing pharyngoscopy. If significant blood loss occurs, a person may experience hemorrhagic shock, in which there is a sharp decrease in pressure, thread-like pulse, and tachycardia.

If anterior bleeding occurs, in most cases (approximately 90%) its source is the Kisselbach area. In this zone there is a large network of small vessels covered with thin mucosa with virtually no submucosal layer.

In such a situation, blood loss is usually minor. It stops on its own - basic first aid for nosebleeds works almost immediately. This phenomenon is not life-threatening.

If posterior bleeding develops, large vessels located deep in the nasal cavity are damaged. This is a dangerous condition for the patient, because bleeding very rarely stops on its own.

The doctor can determine the type of bleeding by examining the patient, performing pharyngoscopy and anterior rhinoscopy.

In addition, during the examination, the doctor can determine the development of pulmonary or gastric bleeding, since in such conditions blood sometimes flows into the nasal cavity. It is not difficult to recognize pulmonary hemorrhage - in such a situation, the color of the blood is bright scarlet, it foams. If it is gastric, it is dark, reminiscent of coffee grounds.

In the case of very intense bleeding flowing down the back wall, vomiting may develop, in which dark impurities are noted.

A general examination to diagnose the underlying disease will help to find out why bloody discharge from the nose appears.

To assess blood loss, the doctor prescribes a coagulogram, as well as a general blood test.

How to provide first aid?

You need to clearly understand what to do in case of nosebleeds in order to help both yourself and your child if severe bleeding develops. It is especially important for parents to know how to stop nosebleeds. After all, this happens often with children.

  • If bloody discharge is noticed in a child or an adult, you must immediately give him a semi-recumbent position - sit the patient up, tilt his head forward. You can also apply cold to the bridge of your nose for a few minutes - for example, ice wrapped in a towel or a heating pad with cold water.
  • You can also drip vasoconstrictor drops into your nose (these can be drugs Naphthyzin, Nazivin, Galazolin) or 3% hydrogen peroxide, then pinch your nostrils with your fingers.
  • If it flows from the nose and does not stop, the same drops or hydrogen peroxide should be applied to a cotton swab and inserted into the nostril, pressing it against the septum.
  • Provided that it is flowing from the right nostril, the person needs to raise his right hand up and press his left nostril. If there is bleeding from both, the person should raise both hands up, and the one who helps him can press both nostrils.
  • If none of the advice on how to stop nosebleeds quickly is effective, you should definitely call emergency help. It is the doctor who must determine how to stop the bleeding from the nose if it flows non-stop, despite all the measures taken.

After the discharge from the nasal cavity has stopped, there is no need to pull out the tampon too quickly, as there is a risk of damaging the blood clot, after which the attack may recur. It is better to carefully moisten the tampon with hydrogen peroxide, wait until it softens, and only then pull it out.

Even if such an incident occurs just once, it is imperative to take the child to an otolaryngologist to determine the cause of this phenomenon. The doctor will tell you what diseases there are that provoke such a symptom and prescribe tests to determine the diagnosis and prevent relapse.

To prevent dry nose and blood crusts in your baby, speed up the healing process and reduce the likelihood of relapse, you should lubricate the mucous membrane with Bacitracin, Neomycin or Vaseline ointment twice a day. During the heating season, you can drip products based on sea water (Salin, Aqua Maris) into your nose.

In serious cases, when it is not possible to cope with the situation on your own, specialists anemize the mucous membrane with a solution of adrenaline or ephedrine. If anterior tamponade is ineffective, posterior tamponade is performed. However, in most cases, both in children and the elderly, anterior tamponade also helps with posterior bleeding.

If relapses occur very often or tamponade is ineffective, surgical intervention is necessary. For people who are concerned about the frequent manifestation of anterior bleeding, coagulation and endoscopic cryodestruction are effective methods. Also, in such a situation, sclerosing drugs are sometimes administered, and drugs that increase blood clotting are prescribed.

What can't you do?

  • If blood appears from the nasal cavity, you should not lie down or tilt your head back - this will only worsen the situation, and blood in such positions can flow into the respiratory tract or into the esophagus. Getting it into the respiratory tract leads to suffocation, getting it into the stomach leads to nausea and vomiting.
  • You should also not blow your nose, as this may dislodge the clot that has formed.
  • If a foreign body gets into your nose, you should not remove it yourself - this should be done by a specialist.

When is urgent medical attention needed?

Sometimes, if a person has weak blood vessels or suffers from other diseases, you should not wait until the bleeding stops - you need to immediately call emergency help so that the patient can be helped by a doctor. This is necessary if the following occurs:

  • blood pressure increases;
  • there was a nose injury;
  • the patient has diabetes mellitus;
  • the person fainted;
  • very heavy bleeding was observed, in which there is a threat of large blood loss;
  • if a person has been taking or is currently taking Heparin, NSAIDs, Aspirin for a long time, or the patient has problems with blood clotting;
  • if there is vomiting of blood, which may indicate damage to the stomach, esophagus, or lungs;
  • If a clear fluid flows along with blood in a person after a head injury, this may indicate a fracture of the base of the skull.

Health care

If an adult or child experiences severe bleeding from the nasal cavity, he is hospitalized in an inpatient department. Even if you managed to cope with the problem on your own, you need to consult with an otolaryngologist later.

If the cause of the problem cannot be found, and such manifestations constantly appear, you need to undergo examination by a number of specialists - an endocrinologist, hematologist, neurologist.

If blood appears from the Kisselbach area, then this area is cauterized to prevent relapses. If necessary, the otolaryngologist practices the following measures:

  • removes polyps or foreign bodies from the nasal cavity;
  • performs anterior or posterior tamponade, which is impregnated with a 1% solution of feracryl, preserved amnion, epsilon-aminocaproic acid;
  • to cauterize the vessel, insert a tampon with trichloroacetic acid and vagotil;
  • practices coagulation using electric current, silver nitrate, laser, ultrasound, liquid nitrogen, or performs cryodestruction;
  • uses a hemostatic sponge;
  • administers sclerosing medications, an oil solution of vitamin A;
  • if the blood loss is very serious, the doctor uses fresh frozen plasma, blood transfusion, and administers hemodez, rheopolyglucin and aminocaproic acid intravenously.

If all these methods are ineffective, then a surgical operation is performed - embolization of large vessels in the area of ​​the nasal cavity where problems are noted.

Also prescribed are drugs that increase blood clotting - calcium chloride, vitamin C, Vikasol, calcium gluconate.

If a nosebleed occurs, you should not eat hot food or drink hot drinks afterward, and you should not engage in severe physical activity to prevent the problem from reoccurring.

Prevention

  • Sometimes, for the purpose of prevention, Ascorutin is prescribed to children and adults, and treatment of vascular fragility is carried out.
  • During the heating season, it is necessary to properly humidify the air in the room.
  • It is important to eat a nutritious and varied diet to get all the vitamins and minerals your body needs.
  • Avoid injury.

Education: Graduated from Rivne State Basic Medical College with a degree in Pharmacy. Graduated from Vinnitsa State Medical University named after. M.I. Pirogov and internship at his base.

Work experience: From 2003 to 2013 – worked as a pharmacist and manager of a pharmacy kiosk. She was awarded diplomas and decorations for many years of conscientious work. Articles on medical topics were published in local publications (newspapers) and on various Internet portals.

The most obvious symptom is blood coming out of a child’s nose. If this process occurs internally, then the liquid flows into the oropharynx, which is where it is found when pharyngoscopy is performed.

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All materials presented on the site are for reference and informational purposes only and cannot be considered a treatment method prescribed by a doctor or sufficient advice.

The site administration and the authors of the articles are not responsible for any losses and consequences that may arise when using the site materials.

Source: http://medside.ru/prichinyi-krovotecheniya-iz-nosa

Why does the nose bleed: reasons, ways to stop

Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, is a fairly common phenomenon that occurs in both adults and children due to various diseases or other causes. Visually, this manifests itself in the form of varying degrees of intensity of blood flow from the nostrils.

Nosebleeds are divided into anterior and posterior. The separation is based on the physiological characteristics of the blood supply to the nose.

What are the types of nosebleeds?

The source of the most common anterior bleeding (in 90–95% of cases) is the Kisselbach plexus, a dense submucosal cavernous venous network with a mass of small capillaries and arterioles that supplies blood to the anterior part of the nasal cartilage. Epistaxis from this area is usually not dangerous due to the small amount of blood loss. Blood flows out either in a thin stream or drops. With normal clotting, bleeding stops on its own within a few minutes.

In 5–10% of cases of posterior type bleeding, blood flows from the branches of the large arteries of the posterior or middle sections of the nose. Bleeding from these arteries is profuse and can have serious health consequences and even in rare cases lead to the death of the patient. Blood of bright scarlet color flows out in a continuous stream. This type of bleeding does not stop on its own. Another manifestation of posterior epistaxis is the appearance of blood in the mouth and bloody vomiting that occurs from swallowing blood flowing from the nose through the pharynx into the oral cavity.

In some severe cases, bleeding from the orbit or lacrimal punctum may occur, with blood rising from the nose up the nasolacrimal duct.

Depending on the volume of blood leaked, there are several degrees of blood loss:
  • Minor blood loss, in which from a few drops to several milliliters of blood is lost. Such bleeding is not dangerous to health and does not lead to any consequences. The only negative point may be fear, hysteria or fainting in young children.
  • A mild degree of blood loss, the blood volume of which does not exceed 700 ml in an adult, is no more than 12% of the total amount of circulating blood. Such blood loss causes slight weakness, dizziness, rapid pulse and flickering of spots before the eyes. Visible mucous membranes and skin may become pale.
  • The average degree is characterized by blood loss from 1000 to 1400 ml in an adult, which is up to 20% of the total circulating blood volume. It is accompanied by more severe symptoms compared to mild ones: weakness, tinnitus, dizziness, headache, thirst, shortness of breath.
  • Severe with massive bleeding. The volume of blood loss exceeds 20% of all circulating blood in the body. Massive blood loss leads to hemorrhagic shock, expressed in a sharp drop in blood pressure, lethargy, various disturbances of consciousness up to its loss, and insufficient blood circulation in the internal organs. Sudden short-term but massive bleeding, leading to large blood loss, poses a great danger.

Causes of nosebleeds

Why does my nose bleed? Let's look at the reasons. Factors that cause nosebleeds are divided into local (local) and general (systemic).

Local factors:

  • Various nasal injuries.
  • Mechanical damage to internal structures, which include the mucous membrane. Violation of its integrity can occur due to inaccurate removal of dried crusts, intensive scratching of the nose with a finger, rough repeated blowing of the nose, etc. Young children love to put various foreign objects into their mouth and nose, thereby causing injury to the mucous membrane.
  • Barotrauma due to a sharp change in barometric pressure, typical for divers, pilots, and climbers.
  • Congestion of the mucous membrane, its thinning, or exposure to various medications during inflammatory processes in the nose, for example, with influenza, ARVI, allergic rhinitis or chronic sinusitis. There is a particular risk when using a nasal steroid spray for treatment.
  • Inhalation of drugs, mainly cocaine, through the nose.
  • Anatomical deformities of the nose. As an example, a deviated nasal septum or telangiectasia caused by Rendu-Osler disease.
  • Malignant and benign tumors of the nasal cavity. Oncological ones include nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and benign ones include angiomas or polyps.
  • Prolonged inhalation of cold winter air. In this case, the low relative humidity of the air itself plays a role.
  • Heatstroke or sunstroke from being under the scorching sun in hot weather.
  • Epistaxis as a consequence of surgical intervention in the nasal area.
  • Possible drying of the mucous membrane when using an oxygen catheter.

Systemic factors of nasal bleeding:

  • Arterial hypertension.
  • Allergies.
  • Vascular diseases.
  • Congenital vascular pathology.
  • Blood diseases (leukemia, hematological malignancies, anemia, etc.).
  • Vitamin deficiencies, mainly lack of vitamin C and K.
  • Drinking alcoholic beverages that cause vasodilation, including in the nose.
  • Heart diseases accompanied by heart failure.
  • Connective tissue diseases.
  • Side effects from taking NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).
  • Diseases involving bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia.
  • Hemorrhagic diathesis.
  • Severe kidney pathology.
  • Physical overexertion.
  • Severe infectious diseases, including HIV infection and AIDS.
  • Hormonal changes in the body in a pregnant woman.

First aid for nosebleeds

A person who has a nosebleed can get help before seeing a doctor. To do this, you need to perform a series of manipulations:

  1. First of all, sit the person down and lower his head slightly to ensure good blood flow. If it is difficult for the patient to sit independently, it is better to lie him down, but raise the head end of the couch and turn his head to the side. A common folk measure, like throwing back the head, is strictly prohibited. This will not stop the bleeding, but can only lead to undesirable consequences in the form of penetration into the mouth, swallowing into the stomach, and in severe cases, entry into the respiratory tract.
  2. Provide a flow of fresh air (unbutton your shirt, open the window).
  3. Place an ice pack on the bridge of your nose. If the bleeding does not stop after a short time, then you need to press the nostril from which more blood flows to the nasal septum for 5 or 10 minutes. Blowing your nose is prohibited. If blood gets into the mouth, you should spit it out.
  4. If the above measures do not produce results, you can try making a turunda or a tampon from sterile cotton wool, moisten it with 3% hydrogen peroxide or any vasoconstrictor, for example, Sanorin, Naphthyzin, Galazolin, Tizin. Insert this turunda into the nasal passage and leave until the bleeding stops.
  5. When epistaxis is a consequence of a runny nose and the crusts that form after it, it is advisable to lubricate the tampon with Vaseline. Softening dry mucous membranes will help stop bleeding.
  6. If a nosebleed is caused by sunstroke, the person should be moved to a cool, well-ventilated place and a cool cloth should be placed on the forehead and face, and ice should be placed on the bridge of the nose.

In case of massive bleeding resulting from a trauma to the nose with distortion of its anatomical structure, or in the case when it is not possible to stop the bleeding on your own, you should immediately consult a doctor and temporarily apply cold to the bridge of the nose to relieve swelling.

Treatment of nosebleeds

After examination, determining the degree and cause of bleeding, the doctor chooses a method to stop it and, if necessary, further treatment.

Specialized medical care consists of the following measures:

  • Nasal tamponade is a method of stopping nosebleeds by introducing tampons soaked in one of the hemostatic agents, for example, thromboplastin, into its cavity. A hemostatic sponge, which contains thromboplastin and thrombin, helps well.

Depending on the situation, the doctor makes an anterior tamponade - from the side of the nostrils, or a posterior tamponade - from the pharynx.

  • Cauterization of bleeding vessels. There are many ways. Some acids are used as cauterization agents - lactic, trichloroacetic or chromic. Zinc salts, alum, tannin, and silver nitrate solution are also used.
  • Modern methods of stopping nosebleeds are highly effective: ultrasonic disintegration (intentional destruction of the existing blood supply to hypertrophied nasal turbinates using an ultrasonic waveguide), laser therapy (laser coagulation), exposure to liquid nitrogen (cold cauterization), electrocoagulation (electric cauterization).
  • In case of frequent bleeding, accompanied by significant loss of blood, a surgical operation is indicated, which consists of ligating large vessels and arteries, as well as detachment of the periosteum at the site of bleeding, leading to the desolation of blood vessels.

It is important to know that nosebleeds are not always harmless. It is often a symptom of serious illnesses. If it is strong and does not stop for a long time, and even more so often repeats, leading to a worsening of the condition, then you should definitely consult a doctor for a detailed examination in order to determine the causes of epistaxis and choose a method of qualified treatment.

The program “About the Most Important Thing” talks about the causes of nosebleeds:

Source: http://otolaryngologist.ru/773