Chronic nasopharyngitis in adults

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Symptoms of nasopharyngitis and its treatment

Nasopharyngitis, also called nasopharyngitis, is manifested by inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx. This is an infectious disease. It affects people of any age.

Table of contents:

In everyday life this problem is called a cold.

Description

According to ICD-10, nasopharyngitis is classified as a respiratory infection of the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by several viruses such as rhinovirus, coronavirus and respiratory syncytial virus. But the disease can have not only a viral, but also a bacterial origin.

In the photo this is what the disease nasopharyngitis looks like

Nasopharyngitis can be acute or chronic. Acute occurs under the influence of a virus, while chronic is caused by fungi and bacteria. The disease is transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person through airborne droplets. Therefore, most often nasopharyngitis affects children who infect each other in schools and kindergartens.

When bacteria or a virus enter the nasopharynx, they begin to multiply rapidly. This is accompanied by dilation of the vessels of the nasopharynx and an increase in their permeability.

Video description of the disease nasopharyngitis:

Additional factors also contribute to the development of the disease:

  1. Hypothermia and fatigue
  2. An unbalanced diet, due to which the body does not receive enough nutrients.
  3. Emotional overload.
  4. Alcohol abuse and smoking.
  5. Unfavorable environmental situation.

After the virus enters the body, manifestations of the disease can be noticed within 1-2 days. After a week or two, nasopharyngitis goes away, but the virus can remain in the body for a long time.

How does the disease manifest in children and adults?

The clinical picture of nasopharyngitis consists of three stages of development:

  • Stage of irritation. It may last for several days. Its main manifestations are a feeling of dryness and burning in the nasopharynx.
  • In the second stage, significant serous discharge from the nose occurs.
  • Mucopurulent discharge occurs. This stage may occur on the fifth day of illness. The patient notes that gray and yellow-green discharge appears from the nose.

Adults tolerate the disease more easily than children. This is due to the still weak immune system. Therefore, in a child, nasopharyngitis may be accompanied by fever and deterioration in the general condition of the body.

In children and adults, the disease also manifests itself with symptoms such as:

  • Moderate increase in body temperature.
  • Nasal discharge and a feeling of stuffiness, sneezing - these sensations may appear in the first days of the illness. These symptoms make breathing difficult.
  • Pain and irritation in the throat, hoarseness.
  • Headache.
  • Redness and swelling of the nasopharyngeal mucosa.
  • Loss of ability to distinguish tastes and smells.
  • Unpleasant sensations in the ears and hearing loss.
  • General weakness, anxiety and irritability.

Depending on the age of children, nasopharyngitis can manifest itself as follows:

  • Newborns are most affected by increased body temperature.
  • Older children develop nasal discharge.
  • A school-age child develops a cough, runny nose, and nasal congestion.

In newborn children, nasopharyngitis most often develops due to parents not maintaining the cleanliness and humidity of the room. When nasal discharge and congestion appear in children at this age, it is very important to cleanse the nasal cavity, since infants cannot breathe through the mouth.

But how to treat a cold sore in the nose, and how this can be done quickly at home, is described in great detail in this article.

It will also be interesting to know what cough tablets are available during pregnancy, and what their name is: http://prolor.ru/g/lechenie/chto-mozhno-ot-kashlya-pri-beremennosti.html

What is the best and most popular remedy for nasal congestion is described in great detail in this article.

Features of therapy

Diagnosis of nasopharyngitis consists of assessing the clinical manifestations of the disease, examining the patient and laboratory tests.

During a physical examination, the doctor may note that the patient has nasal discharge, absence of swelling and redness of the nasal mucosa, moderate enlargement of the lymph nodes in the neck, and wheezing can be detected when listening to the chest.

If these signs do not convince the doctor of the presence of nasopharyngitis, then he can take a swab from the throat and do a general blood test to rule out other infections. This is also necessary to identify complications in the form of acute bronchitis, sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis and pneumonia.

Video shows treatment of nasopharyngitis in adults:

The risk of developing nasopharyngitis is increased in people who suffer from chronic lung diseases. It is not always possible to detect the disease in its early stages. Sometimes the diagnosis is made only when other organs have also been affected.

Treatment of the disease is prescribed depending on the form: acute or chronic. There are some differences between them.

Acute nasopharyngitis is manifested by acute inflammation of the entire nasal mucosa. It can also develop under the influence of pathogenic microorganisms. For a disease caused by these bacteria, the characteristic manifestations are a persistent increase in temperature for several days and general intoxication of the body.

Chronic nasopharyngitis occurs in the absence or improper treatment of the disease. It can be of hypertrophic and atrophic form. In the first case, the nasopharyngeal mucosa swells, nasal discharge appears, and the throat gets sore. With atrophic nasopharyngitis, there is bad breath, thinning of the nasopharyngeal mucosa, and dry throat.

Treatment of all types of nasopharyngitis involves eliminating symptoms and preventing transmission of the infection to another person.

What to do when a child’s nasal congestion does not go away, and what can be done about this problem as quickly as possible, is described in detail in this article.

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It will also be interesting to learn about what to do when snot flows from your nose like water, and what home remedies are the best and most effective.

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To eliminate the disease, medications and folk remedies are used.

Traditional treatments include:

  1. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antihistamine drugs to relieve nasal congestion.
  2. Symptoms can also be relieved with oral pseudoephedrines.
  3. Reducing the amount of nasal discharge is carried out using first-generation antihistamines.
  4. Young children are treated with cough suppressants, analgesics, antihistamines and decongestants. Treatment must take place under the supervision of a specialist.

In the photo - decongestants

The patient is recommended to rest in bed. The room must be regularly ventilated and the air must be humidified. It is also necessary to increase fluid intake. You can drink weak tea, compotes, fruit drinks, and it is advisable to avoid sour juices, as they can have an irritating effect on the mucous membrane of the throat.

It is useful to gargle with salt water. Smokers should give up this habit, as it will only worsen the course of the disease.

To prevent irritation under the nose, this area can be lubricated with Vaseline or baby cream.

To eliminate nasopharyngitis, many people use traditional medicine:

  1. Gargling with water with turmeric and salt.
  2. The use of products with echinacea and yarrow, Chlorophyllipt. This will help get rid of a sore throat.
  3. Garlic is widely used for colds. It can simply be used for cooking.
  4. Chicken broth will help relieve the condition.
  5. Do not forget about warming procedures, such as mustard plasters and various compresses.

There are many home remedies to relieve the symptoms of nasopharyngitis. But to avoid complications, when the first symptoms appear, it is better to consult a specialist, especially if a child is ill.

Source: http://prolor.ru/n/bolezni-n/nazofaringit/simptomy-lechenie.html

What is nasopharyngitis: symptoms and treatment in adults

Nasopharyngitis is an inflammatory process in the nasopharynx. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets and requires complex treatment.

If the doctor has diagnosed nasopharyngitis, this means that the mucous membrane of the nose and throat is inflamed. More than two hundred viruses can provoke the disease, but most often the disease is caused by rhinoviruses Picornaviridae. There are about a hundred serotypes that are perfectly adapted to the human body.

Sometimes this disease is called rhinopharyngitis, rhinonasopharyngitis, rhinovirus infection and epipharyngitis, nasopharyngotracheitis. Middle-aged and older men suffer from the disease much more often than women. Therefore, in everyday life they use another name for the pathology - “man flu”.

Description of the disease

Doctors distinguish nasopharyngitis as acute and chronic. If the form of pathology is acute, it has three stages:

  1. development of dry irritation. It begins with a feeling of acute burning, scratching, dryness in the throat and nose;
  2. formation of serous fluid. Active production of watery sputum occurs, taste and smell deteriorate;
  3. the appearance of mucopurulent exudate. This phase will begin 5 days after the onset of symptoms.

Typically, acute nasopharyngitis is allergic or infectious. It develops after an allergen or infection gets into the nasopharyngeal mucosa.

Perhaps the most common infection is rhinovirus. Sometimes the disease is also caused by bacteria (staphylococcus, pneumococcus, streptococcus, diplococcus) or fungi.

The allergic form of the disease in adult patients is quite rare. In this case, the causative agent will be pet hair, dust, some medications, and plant pollen.

Chronic nasopharyngitis is usually of fungal or bacterial etiology. It may be a consequence of:

  • repeated acute nasopharyngitis;
  • frequent hypothermia;
  • abnormal development of the nasopharynx.

In addition, the disease becomes a complication of infectious lesions of the heart, kidneys and liver. Predisposing factors include the presence of adenoids, active and passive smoking, regular inhalation of dust, harmful gases and dirty air, addiction to alcoholic beverages.

There are two chronic forms of nasopharyngitis – atrophic and hypertrophic. In the first case, the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx dries out and becomes thinner. As a result, dysphagia may begin, and the smell of the mouth becomes unpleasant and rotten. When talking, such a patient constantly wants to drink some water.

In the hypertrophic form, the mucous membranes and submucosal layer thicken and swell. Therefore, the patient does not leave:

  1. tickling in the nose;
  2. lacrimation;
  3. discharge of clear mucus from the nasal passages.

There is also recurrent nasopharyngitis, in which inflammation in the nasopharynx, regardless of the cause, recurs from time to time.

There is a purulent or bacterial form of the disease. It is diagnosed when there is nasal secretion mixed with pus. Meningococcal pharyngitis will be a local clinical manifestation of damage to the body by meningococci, and herpes will be a consequence of infection with the herpes virus or the activation of a latent infection.

Symptoms of nasopharyngitis

Acute nasopharyngitis begins with increasing irritation and itching in the nose, continuous sneezing, a feeling of dryness, soreness in the pharynx and oropharynx.

Soon, the symptoms will be joined by copious, colorless, watery discharge from the nose, this discharge looks like white snot. On approximately the third day of the disease, nasal secretions will become thicker and acquire a yellow-green color.

Such a dense environment will become a favorable condition for the proliferation of bacteria already present in the nose, which provokes the development of a secondary infection.

Under the influence of histamine, intracellular fluid accumulates:

  • stuffy nose;
  • it becomes difficult to breathe;
  • the sense of smell disappears.

As the disease progresses, other symptoms begin: lacrimation, myalgia, general malaise, pain in the back of the head.

Almost all symptoms last no more than 2 weeks, but some manifestations of nasopharyngitis may last a little longer. In patients with acute nasopharyngitis, a dry and short cough occurs. Sometimes the symptom lingers for several weeks even after recovery. Doctors explain this fact by saying that the airways may be inflamed and extremely sensitive to irritants for some time (smoke, dry air, dust).

In adult patients, general body temperature rarely rises; in all others, temperature jumps up to 38.5 degrees are possible.

As a rule, the disease occurs without complications and passes quickly. But there are symptoms that should definitely alert you and force you to seek additional advice from an otolaryngologist:

  • prolonged nasal congestion;
  • discomfort in the maxillary sinuses;
  • increased sore throat;
  • the appearance of purulent plaque;
  • pain in the ears, combined with decreased hearing acuity and noise.

Any of these signs is considered a symptom of a bacterial infection and a worsening of the disease.

If in adults the submandibular lymph nodes are swollen, whitish spots appear on the tonsils and walls of the throat, the cough intensifies, and the sputum becomes greenish or yellow, we are talking about the addition of a secondary bacterial infection, which is treated only with antibiotics. Symptoms may include:
  1. chest pain;
  2. slight increase in body temperature;
  3. constant feeling of weakness.

Acute nasopharyngitis, when no treatment is taken, turns into chronic nasopharyngitis.

To make a correct diagnosis and begin treatment, an otolaryngologist will examine the patient, listen to his complaints and refer him for tests. Usually a general blood and urine test is sufficient. If necessary, allergy tests are done.

Treatment of nasopharyngitis

Modern medicine has not yet learned to suppress rhinoviruses. If the cause of the disease is a virus, the doctor may prescribe antiviral drugs. However, their effectiveness has not yet been proven. Therefore, treatment of the disease is aimed at alleviating symptoms.

Treatment begins with bed rest and plenty of warm fluids to prevent dehydration. It is not recommended to abuse antipyretic drugs, because fever is a natural reaction of the body aimed at fighting infection.

Based on the temperature reaction, the doctor will be able to diagnose the onset of complications. And uncontrolled use of antimicrobial drugs will significantly distort the picture of the disease. Sometimes to lower the temperature it is enough:

  • humidify the air;
  • moisten the skin with a cool towel;
  • drink a lot.

Expectorant medications (mucolytics) can help reduce cough in adults. When nasal discharge is profuse, the doctor will prescribe vasoconstrictor drops, but using them for more than 5 days in a row is prohibited. If the patient ignores this recommendation, the opposite effect will occur and the runny nose will get worse.

Saline solutions will help clear the nose of mucus accumulation. They are prepared at home or purchased ready-made.

Treatment of the disease includes the use of antihistamines. Only new generation antihistamines affect the symptoms of nasopharyngitis:

  • Suprastin (Halopyramine, Chloropyramine);
  • Tavegil (Clemastine, Angistan, Meklastine).

Suprastin is prescribed 25 mg (one tablet) twice a day. Take the medicine with food. Tavegil is taken 1 mg (one tablet) twice a day.

Before starting treatment, the patient should know that these drugs, like many drugs of this pharmacological group, have many negative effects. Their use in some cases can cause drying out of the mucous membrane of the mouth, throat, vomiting, and nausea.

General weakness, constant drowsiness, lack of coordination, convulsions, increased blood pressure, headache, muscle pain, disruption of the functioning of blood vessels, heart and urinary system cannot be ruled out.

The drugs also have contraindications, including:

  1. cardiac arrhythmia;
  2. stomach and duodenal ulcers;
  3. glaucoma;
  4. hypertonic disease;
  5. prostate diseases.

Thanks to intranasal decongestants (necessary for vasoconstriction), it is possible to relieve swelling of the mucous membranes and normalize nasal breathing. The most popular drops for the disease are: Naphthyzin (Nafazolin, Imidin, Rinazin), Galazolin (Otrivin, Influrin, Rinazal).

Any of these drops can be used 2-3 times a day, 2 drops in each nasal passage. It should be remembered that the recommended duration of treatment should not be exceeded. Usually the doctor will prescribe nasal drips for no longer than 7 days in a row, otherwise the nasal mucosa may atrophy. This treatment should also not be used for patients under 12 years of age.

Galazolin and Naphthyzin are strictly contraindicated for the following health problems:

  • atrophic form of nasopharyngitis;
  • vascular atherosclerosis;
  • insufficient secretion of thyroid hormones;
  • type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus;
  • angle-closure glaucoma.

Decongestant drugs are characterized by side effects that include burning and dryness of the nasal cavity, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, headaches, decreased reaction speed, and sleep disturbances.

This is important to keep in mind before driving a car or operating complex machinery in factories.

If there has been an overdose of drops, atrophy of the ciliated epithelium develops.

For a long-term effect of vasoconstrictor drops, you should choose long-acting drugs:

Nasal aerosols Rinofluimucil and Vibrocil have the same properties.

If Vibrocil is used in the form of drops, it is necessary to drip 2 drops into each nasal passage 3 times a day. The drug in the form of a spray is injected with two clicks on the spray nozzle, but not more than 3 times a day. The safe period of use of this group of products is no more than 7 days.

Treatment of nasopharyngitis in adults requires replenishing the balance of vitamins and minerals. In particular, you cannot do without ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Being a powerful antioxidant, the vitamin helps reduce the severity and duration of the disease. However, ascorbic acid is not equally beneficial for everyone; for example, it should not be taken by allergy sufferers.

As soon as the first symptoms of acute nasopharyngitis begin, physiotherapeutic treatment should begin. The treatment has worked well:

It is useful to inhale soda vapor, a decoction of chamomile, sage, and eucalyptus leaf.

Prevention

Acute nasopharyngitis cannot be prevented, since viruses surround a person everywhere, and vaccinations against them have not yet been invented. However, there are ways to help increase the body's resistance to infection. The main measures should be hardening, a healthy lifestyle, playing sports and giving up bad habits, if any.

Since the disease often begins with hypothermia, it is important to always dress for the weather. During seasonal exacerbations of viral diseases, you will need to avoid contact with people suffering from infectious lesions of the upper respiratory tract:

You should also eat right and take vitamins. To prevent the acute form of nasopharyngitis and prevent activation of the chronic phase, it is necessary to monitor hand hygiene, avoid irritating factors (for example, tobacco smoke), and drink plenty of fluids.

The video in this article will look at some forms of pharyngitis.

Source: http://stopgripp.ru/bolezn/pharyngitis/nazofaringit.html

Chronic nasopharyngitis in adults: what is this disease and how is it treated?

Nasopharyngitis is damage to the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx by a viral infection.

The disease can occur in both acute and chronic forms. With this pathology, the localization of inflammatory processes is observed in the upper part of the pharynx and nasal cavity.

Chronic nasopharyngitis in adults

Chronic nasopharyngitis (as well as the disease in its acute form) can be transmitted from person to person.

Moreover, the likelihood of becoming infected is higher if people are constantly in a close community or group, especially during epidemics of respiratory viral infectious diseases.

The transition of the disease to this stage is due to several reasons:

  • constant hypothermia of the body;
  • acute nasopharyngitis, occurring too often or left untreated;
  • abnormal structure of the nasopharynx, as a result of which pathogenic microflora constantly accumulates in it;
  • pathologies of the kidneys and liver of infectious etiology;
  • smoking (active and passive);
  • constant inhalation of polluted air (gassed or high in dust particles).

In the chronic stage, nasopharyngitis can develop in one of two forms: hypertrophic and atrophic.

Hypertrophic chronic nasopharyngitis is characterized by thickening of the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx.

As a result, the patient constantly exhibits symptoms such as phlegm and mucus from the nose, uncontrollable lacrimation and an incessant feeling of itching in the nose.

In the atrophic form, on the contrary, the mucous membrane becomes thinner and dries out.

As a result, a person has difficulty swallowing, bad breath, and constant thirst.

Symptoms of the disease

Nasopharyngitis (also known as rhinopharyngitis) in the chronic form differs from the acute form only in that it occurs from time to time, and the symptoms are not so pronounced.

Signs of this disease are:

  • sore and dry throat;
  • periodic severe runny nose (especially in the morning);
  • tickling sensation in the nose;
  • specific odors from the nasal and oral cavities;
  • difficulty swallowing (sometimes this process is accompanied by pain);
  • mucus constantly accumulates in the throat, which is constantly present in saliva;
  • possible swelling of the mucous membrane of the eyes and redness of the conjunctiva;
  • Dense crusts form on the mucous membranes of the throat.

In adults, an increase in temperature is not typical for this form of the disease.

Diagnostics

  • computed tomography of the sinuses and nasopharynx;
  • nasal endoscopy (performed to collect samples of secretions used in bacteriological examination);
  • throat swab (to determine the pathogen and subsequently prescribe the most effective medications);
  • X-ray of the nasal cavity (in some cases, chronic nasopharyngitis is caused by the abnormal structure of the nasopharyngeal space; is this true? This procedure can reveal it);
  • skin tests (if there is a suspicion that the disease is a consequence of allergic reactions of the body).

The disease's symptoms are sometimes similar to chronic sinusitis and vasomotor-allergic rhinitis.

That is why additional research methods can be used to differentiate these diseases.

Also, if necessary, an examination by specialists of other profiles (endocrinologist and gastroenterologist) can be prescribed.

Methods of treating the disease

Treatment of chronic nasopharyngitis is not always effective if the patient does not follow the doctor’s instructions and does not follow standard recommendations.

Among them are maintaining a drinking regime, paying more attention to your diet, and getting rid of bad habits.
  1. The use of local antiseptic drugs in the form of tablets, aerosols and lozenges (Strepsils, Lizobakt, Ingalipt).

Aerosols are not prescribed if the patient is prone to allergies, since this product penetrates deep into the tissue, which can provoke allergic reactions to the components it contains.

  • Antiseptic irrigation of the throat (the main drugs are tantum verde and chlorophyllipt).
  • Antibacterial therapy (if the causative agent of the disease is bacteria).

    • Sometimes it is necessary not only to eliminate pathogenic microflora, but also to restore proper nasal breathing.

    In these cases, a procedure to remove the adenoids (adenotomy) is performed. If the shape of the nasal septum is disrupted (which causes the same problems), its submucosal resection is performed.

    Prevention measures

    Experts do not highlight any special preventive measures characteristic of chronic nasopharyngitis.

    • give up any bad habits;
    • engage in hardening and some active sport;
    • regularly take medium-distance walks (to mobilize the body’s defenses);
    • Healthy food;
    • maintain a daily routine (go to bed on time and allocate 6-8 hours of sleep for an adult);
    • during epidemics of viral or colds, limit your stay in crowded places;
    • avoid hypothermia.

    Useful video

    From this video you will learn why mucus appears in the throat and how to deal with it:

    During exacerbations of viral rhinopharyngitis, you should not self-medicate, since such methods are almost ineffective.

    And the further the disease develops without appropriate treatment, the more pronounced the symptoms will appear and the higher the likelihood of serious complications.

    Source: http://prostudanet.com/bolezni/gorlo/faringit/nazofaringit/hron-nzf-v.html

    Nasopharyngitis

    Nasopharyngitis (rhinopharyngitis, rhinovirus infection, less often - rhinonasopharyngitis or epipharyngitis), which in everyday life is called a cold - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx. It manifests itself in redness and swelling of the mucous membrane, its swelling, as well as in the formation and release of transparent, mucous or purulent exudate (liquid). The cause of the disease in most cases is infectious.

    Content

    General information

    Nasopharyngitis develops in 80% of cases during seasonal ARVI. According to statistics, every adult suffers from ARVI 2-3 times a year, and children suffer from this disease several times more often. The peak incidence occurs during the period of decreased immunity (late winter - early spring).

    The onset of ARVI in most cases is accompanied by signs of nasopharyngitis, so nasopharyngitis in 90% of cases has a viral etiology.

    Acute nasopharyngitis can be complicated by a bacterial infection.

    Forms

    Depending on the type of disease, the following are distinguished:

    • acute nasopharyngitis, which is often of viral origin, but allergic and bacterial etiologies are also possible;
    • chronic nasopharyngitis, which in most cases is caused by bacteria, and in some cases by fungi.

    Acute nasopharyngitis, depending on the pathogen, is divided into:

    • streptococcal;
    • staphylococcal;
    • chlamydial;
    • mycoplasma;
    • meningococcal, etc.

    Chronic nasopharyngitis can be:

    • Hypertrophic. This type of nasopharyngitis is characterized by swelling and thickening of the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx and submucosal layer, sore throat, a tickling sensation in the nose and increased secretion of clear exudate in the morning. Tear production also increases.
    • Atrophic. This species is characterized by thinning of the mucous layer of the nasopharynx, a feeling of dryness, bad breath and problems with swallowing.

    Reasons for development

    The main cause of the disease is an infection that has entered the body. Regardless of the type of pathogen, the decisive factor in the development of nasopharyngitis is a viral infection.

    The most common pathogens of the disease are:

    • Rhinoviruses (40% of all cases of the disease). This group includes dozens of numbered serological types of small RNA viruses that do not have an outer envelope. Rapid reproduction of rhinoviruses occurs in the cytoplasm of mucosal cells, and daughter populations of viruses are released upon lysis (dissolution of the affected cell).
    • Streptococci. The main type of this pathogen is group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, which, being human parasites, live mainly in the nasal and oral cavities. The causative agent may be a strain of other serogroups (groups C or G). These bacteria are transmitted by airborne droplets from sick people. Asymptomatic carriage of these pathogens is also possible. The incidence varies depending on seasonality (more common in the winter-spring season), region and age of patients. Most often, the disease caused by streptococci is observed in children aged 5-15 years.
    • Staphylococci. These bacteria come in many species. Some representatives of staphylococci belong to the normal microflora of human skin, while pathogenic and opportunistic species colonize the nasopharynx and skin. The source of infection is the patient (usually the disease is associated with damage to the pharynx and respiratory tract, but infection is also possible with heavy purulent discharge from wounds) or a carrier. Carriage with localization of staphylococcus in the nasal cavity or on the skin, as well as the presence of chronic infection, can persist for years. The main routes of spread are airborne droplets, household contact and dust. Possible food and injection routes of spread. Newborns, infants, the elderly and the sick are more susceptible to staphylococcal infection.
    • Pneumococci. These bacteria, belonging to the genus Streptococcus and occurring in pairs, are the main causative agents of meningitis, sinusitis and some other diseases.
    • Meningococci. These diplococci (round bacteria that occur in pairs) are transmitted by airborne droplets and affect the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx. Since the natural reservoir of meningococcus is the human nasopharynx, patients with nasopharyngitis and carriers become the source of infection. Meningococcal nasopharyngitis can be either an independent disease (the disease occurs as acute nasopharyngitis and develops in% of cases when the pathogen enters the nasopharyngeal mucosa), or a symptom of a generalized form of the disease (meningitis, which develops in some cases mainly in children and young people, and meningococcemia) .

    In some cases, nasopharyngitis is caused by fungi. The most common pathogen in this group is the Candida fungus. With candidiasis of the nasal cavity, inflammation develops in the area of ​​the anterior or middle third of the nasal septum. It may manifest as an isolated disease or be combined with oral candidiasis.

    Nasopharyngitis is also one of the most common manifestations of allergic reactions. Allergens that most often provoke allergic nasopharyngitis include:

    • pet hair;
    • plant pollen;
    • book dust;
    • food allergens.

    Inflammation usually begins in the nasal cavity and then descends into the pharynx, but the reverse path of development of the disease is also possible.

    Factors contributing to the development of nasopharyngitis include:

    • proliferation of adenoids;
    • deviated nasal septum;
    • trauma to the mucous membrane in the nasal cavity;
    • hypothermia;
    • weakened immunity;
    • hypovitaminosis;
    • smoking.

    Nasopharyngitis also occurs as a complication of certain diseases of the heart, kidneys and liver, in which congestion occurs.

    Pathogenesis

    Under the covering epithelium of the mucous membrane of the nasal septum in humans there are:

    • a layer of loose fibrous connective tissue;
    • layer of glands;
    • a layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of cartilage and is rich in nerves and blood and lymphatic vessels.

    In the vestibule of the nose, the mucous membrane is covered by stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium, which in the area of ​​the septum turns into non-keratinizing, and then into ciliated multirow cylindrical epithelium. Goblet cells are found in the deep parts of the nasal cavity.

    The nasal mucosa is formed by:

    • Loose fibrous connective tissue, which includes cellular elements, fibers and capillary-type vessels.
    • A layer of its own glands, which contains a large number of vessels. This layer also includes the serous glands.
    • The mucous membrane of the nasal concha, which is also characterized by a layered structure.

    A pathogen that enters the nasopharynx or becomes activated actively multiplies when immunity decreases. The process of reproduction in the nasopharynx of any pathogen causes expansion and increased permeability of blood vessels, as well as infiltration of the mucous membrane with leukocytes.

    Nasopharyngitis in its acute form causes hyperemia of the mucous membrane and cellular infiltration of the follicles, and in some places rejection of the epithelium is observed.

    The inflammatory process is most pronounced in places where lymphadenoid tissue is well developed - in the area of ​​the nasopharynx and pharyngeal mouths of the Eustachian tubes.

    Acute nasopharyngitis goes through three successive stages:

    • The stage of dry irritation, in which dryness and hyperemia of the nasal mucosa are observed. Then the mucous membrane swells, the nasal passages narrow, making nasal breathing difficult, a nasal sound occurs, and taste sensitivity and smell decrease. This stage usually lasts several hours, but it can last longer (up to 2 days).
    • Stage of serous discharge. At this stage, a large amount of clear serous fluid begins to be released, to which the mucous discharge produced by the goblet cells is gradually added. The mucous-serous discharge contains ammonia and sodium chloride, so irritation occurs in the upper lip area. Dryness and burning are replaced by copious discharge, nasal congestion and sneezing, and the mucous membrane becomes cyanotic.
    • The stage of resolution, which is characterized by the presence of mucopurulent discharge. This stage begins 4-5 days after the onset of the disease. Since leukocytes, lymphocytes and exfoliated epithelium are added to the nasal secretion at this stage, the discharge acquires a yellowish-greenish tint. Over the course of several days, the amount of secretion decreases, and nasal breathing and general condition gradually return to normal.

    The acute form of nasopharyngitis ends 8-14 days from the onset of the disease.

    With good immunity, nasopharyngitis lasts 2-3 days, and in weakened patients it can last up to 4 weeks with the risk of becoming chronic.

    Acute nasopharyngitis in children, due to its anatomical features (short and wide auditory tube, into which the contents of the nasopharynx easily enters), often develops into acute otitis media.

    Symptoms

    Symptoms of the disease depend on the age of the patient and the form of the disease - acute nasopharyngitis in children occurs with more severe symptoms, while in adults some symptoms may be absent.

    Nasopharyngitis in children is in most cases accompanied by:

    • high temperature (up to 39 degrees);
    • headache;
    • sneezing and dry cough, which worsens at night as a result of irritation by secretions in the back of the throat (cough may be absent);
    • sensation of itching and burning in the nose;
    • sore throat and/or sore throat;
    • nasal voice and shortness of breath;
    • muscle pain;
    • runny nose (clear, mucous or purulent);
    • enlargement of regional lymph nodes;
    • loss of appetite, weakness, tearfulness, sleep disturbance.

    In adults, a significant increase in temperature and cough is rarely observed, nasal sound may be absent, and general malaise is less pronounced.

    The spread of inflammation to the mucous membrane of the auditory tubes (eustachitis) is manifested in the sensation of clicking, noise and pain in the ears, and decreased hearing.

    Meningococcal nasopharyngitis in most cases manifests itself in the same way as nasopharyngitis of other etiologies (fever, runny nose, etc.), but in 30–50% of patients the disease is preceded by generalized forms of the disease with their characteristic symptoms.

    The chlamydial and mycoplasma type of disease lasts more than 2 weeks and often develops into tracheitis and bronchitis.

    Allergic rhinopharyngitis in children and adults is usually accompanied by redness of the throat and pharynx, copious watery discharge and its flow down the back wall of the throat, swelling of the nose, coughing, redness and swelling of the eyelids, sneezing attacks that cause itching in the nose. These symptoms develop without a sequence of stages of acute nasopharyngitis.

    Chronic nasopharyngitis (hypertrophic form) manifests itself during an exacerbation of the disease:

    • constant sore throat and itching sensation in the nose;
    • unproductive dry cough and, in some cases, pain when swallowing;
    • discharge of liquid transparent nasal mucus in the morning;
    • increased lacrimation.

    The atrophic form of chronic nasopharyngitis is different:

    • a feeling of dryness in the throat (the patient wants to take a few sips of water during a conversation);
    • difficulty swallowing and a feeling of a lump in the throat;
    • unpleasant odor from the mouth;
    • the formation of hard-to-remove dense crusts from dried mucus.

    Diagnostics

    The basis for making a diagnosis of “nasopharyngitis” are:

    • Clinical signs of the disease.
    • Complaints of the patient and description by parents of the course of the child’s illness.
    • Pharyngoscopy data (examination of the pharynx), which reveals swelling, redness and infiltration of the posterior wall of the pharynx, palate, and arches. With lateral pharyngitis, the lateral ridges of the pharynx are inflamed. A mucous exudate may be present on the back of the throat.
    • Rhinoscopy data (examination of the nasal cavity), which can reveal swelling and hyperemia of the nasal mucosa, the presence of mucous or mucopurulent exudate.
    • A blood test, which in 50% of cases reveals the presence of moderately severe leukocytosis of a neutrophilic nature, and in other cases the picture of peripheral blood does not deviate from the norm.

    If chronic nasopharyngitis is suspected, it is recommended to:

    • nasal endoscopy, which allows you to examine the paranasal sinuses, determine the condition of the mucous membrane and collect secretions for bacteriological diagnosis;
    • radiography, which allows to identify pathology of the paranasal sinuses and assess the condition of the nasopharyngeal space;
    • CT scan of the nasopharynx and sinuses;
    • consultation with an otorhinolaryngologist, and, if necessary, a gastroenterologist or endocrinologist.

    A throat swab that allows you to identify the pathogen and determine sensitivity to antibiotics.

    If an allergy is suspected, skin tests are done.

    It is necessary to differentiate this disease from acute sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses), vasomotor-allergic rhinitis and exacerbation of chronic sinusitis.

    Treatment

    Since in most cases the cause of nasopharyngitis is a rhinovirus infection, patients are often prescribed antiviral drugs (Oxolin, Interferon, etc.), but they do not reduce the duration of nasopharyngitis and are drugs with unproven effectiveness.

    The main method of treatment is symptomatic therapy:

    • Antipyretics for elevated temperatures (if the temperature is above 38 C, with the exception of children prone to temperature cramps).
    • Vasoconstrictor drugs (“Naphthyzin”, “Glazolin”, etc.) for difficult nasal breathing. Since long-term use of vasoconstrictors causes drying out of the mucous membrane, it is recommended to use these drugs for adults no longer than a week, and no more than 3 days for children. Rhinovirus infection in children under 6 years of age is treated with vasoconstrictor drops (sprays and gels are contraindicated). For children under one year of age, it is recommended to use Vibrocil drops if necessary.
    • First generation antihistamines, which relieve swelling and are prescribed mainly for the allergic nature of the disease.
    • Gargling with a warm antiseptic solution (furacilin, etc.), salt water, chamomile, sage for sore throat.
    • Nasal rinsing with Aquamaris and Aqualor.
    • Rhinopharyngitis of bacterial etiology requires treatment with antibiotics.

    Regardless of the form of the disease, patients are advised to drink plenty of fluids. Preference should be given to compotes, fruit drinks or freshly squeezed diluted fruit juices.

    Nasopharyngitis is also treated with physiotherapy (Ural irradiation, UHF).

    Chronic nasopharyngitis in adults is treated with:

    • Irrigation of the pharynx. Herbal decoctions or antiseptics are used (“Chlorphyllipt”, “Tantum Verde”, etc.);
    • Local use of antiseptics in the form of tablets, lozenges, aerosols (Ingalipt, Lizobakt, Strepsils, etc.). If you are prone to allergies, it is better to refuse aerosols and use other dosage forms.

    To restore adequate nasal breathing, adenotomy (removal of adenoids), submucosal resection of the nasal septum to restore its normal shape, polypotomy, etc. are used, if necessary.

    If the etiology of the disease is bacterial, antibacterial therapy is prescribed (for bacterial rhinopharyngitis in children, it is recommended to use Isofra nasal spray).

    When treating nasopharyngitis, a gentle diet is recommended (exclude hot, cold, spicy and salty foods), as well as giving up alcohol and smoking. It is also important to maintain moist, cool air in the room to prevent mucus from drying out.

    Possible complications

    The prognosis for nasopharyngitis is favorable, but there is a danger:

    • development of otitis media in young children;
    • exacerbation of asthma and bronchiectasis in persons suffering from these diseases;
    • development of laryngitis and false croup (occurs in children under 7 years of age due to the anatomical structure of the larynx);
    • development of tracheitis, bronchitis and in some cases pneumonia.

    Prevention

    Nasopharyngitis has no special methods of prevention. General recommendations aimed at strengthening general and local immunity include:

    • hardening activities;
    • playing sports;
    • regular walks;
    • maintaining a daily routine and proper nutrition;
    • giving up bad habits (smoking, alcohol).

    During periods of exacerbation of seasonal diseases, it is advisable to avoid contact with sick people and places where large numbers of people gather. It is recommended to eat garlic and onions, rich in phytoncides - these substances inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi and protozoa. You can also take multivitamins and lubricate the outer parts of the nasal passages with oxolinic ointment.

    Source: http://liqmed.ru/disease/nazofaringit/

    Nasopharyngitis

    Inflammation of the nasopharynx - associated with the nasal cavity, the upper and shortest part of the pharynx that allows the passage of inhaled air - is called nasopharyngitis.

    In medicine, nasopharyngitis is considered synonymous with acute viral rhinitis, colds or ARVI - an acute respiratory viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. Acute nasopharyngitis is coded according to ICD 10 - J00, chronic - J31.1.

    ICD-10 code

    Causes of nasopharyngitis

    Nasopharyngitis can be caused by over two hundred different viruses, but in eight out of ten cases, the causes of nasopharyngitis are human rhinoviruses (HRVs) of the Picornaviridae family, which has more than a hundred serotypes that are perfectly adapted to the human body.

    The cold season is the season for viral inflammation of the nasopharynx, since rhinoviruses are more active in autumn and winter. Why? Because the optimal temperature for their reproduction is +33°C, and the upper respiratory tract, through which cold air passes, is the most suitable place for them (outside the human upper respiratory tract, HRV can live no more than 18 hours).

    Pathogenesis

    The pathogenesis of the disease is associated with airborne or contact spread of rhinoviruses and their entry into the mucous membrane lining the nasopharynx. Rhinovirus nucleocapsids gain access to epithelial cells by adhesion to special molecules (ICAM-1) on the surface of the membranes of cells of the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Then the viruses begin to multiply rapidly, and the replication of their RNA causes the activation of cytokines and kinins, which, in turn, transmit a signal about the pathogenic factor to inflammatory mediators of the epithelium. That is, the body’s immune response mechanism is triggered. An hour after infection, the first signs of the disease begin to appear, and acute nasopharyngitis develops.

    This disease reduces the resistance of the nasopharyngeal mucosa to bacteria, and when they join rhinoviruses, complications such as inflammation of the paranasal sinuses (sinusitis) and acute tonsillitis (sore throat) can occur. In childhood, inflammation of the middle ear (otitis) often develops - due to the structural features of the auditory tubes in children in the first 5-7 years of life.

    And in the presence of chronic pulmonary pathologies (bronchial asthma, COPD, emphysema, cystic fibrosis), complications of nasopharyngitis - in the form of exacerbation of chronic diseases - are almost inevitable.

    Symptoms of nasopharyngitis

    The very first signs of damage to the nasopharynx by rhinoviruses and the resulting irritation of the mucous membrane lining it are pruritis (itching) in the nose and sneezing, as well as a feeling of dryness and tickling in the oropharynx and pharynx. Soon they are joined by rhinorrhea, that is, a significant amount of colorless watery exudate is constantly released from the nose, which by the beginning of the third day thickens and can become yellow-greenish. Thick discharge is a favorable environment for the proliferation of bacteria present in the nasal cavity, which causes consequences in the form of the development of a secondary infection.

    Due to the accumulation of intracellular fluid in the mucous tissues (under the influence of histamine), the nose becomes blocked, stops breathing and smells. Other symptoms of nasopharyngitis are also noted: lacrimation, pain in the back of the head, myalgia, chills, and general malaise. The cough that accompanies nasopharyngitis in half of the cases is usually dry and short-lived. In most adults, body temperature remains within normal limits (see - Colds without fever), but in young children it can jump to +38.5°C and above. For more details, see - Rhinovirus infection in children.

    Most symptoms last about a week or a little longer (which corresponds to the duration of the active phase of development of most rhinoviruses), but some manifestations of the disease may occur a little longer. This applies to a cough that lingers for a week even after the person has recovered. This fact is explained by the fact that the airways may remain inflamed and sensitive to various irritants (dry air, smoke, dust, etc.).

    But the symptoms of nasopharyngitis, which should alert you and force you to seek help from an otolaryngologist, include: prolonged nasal congestion and the appearance of unpleasant sensations in the paranasal or maxillary sinuses; the pain in the throat intensifies, and a purulent coating appears on its mucous membrane; painful sensations in the ears are combined with noise and decreased hearing acuity. All these are clear signs of a bacterial infection.

    And you should go to a therapist when the submandibular lymph nodes are swollen, and there are whitish spots on the tonsils or on the wall of the throat; when the cough has become stronger, and at the same time gray or greenish-yellow sputum appears, pain behind the sternum, the temperature is slightly increased and general weakness is constantly felt. These are clear signs of a secondary bacterial infection that must be treated with antibiotics.

    Where does it hurt?

    Forms

    In otolaryngology, which tends to equate nasopharyngitis with a runny nose (since this is the key symptom of the disease), nasopharyngitis, as a separate nosological unit, includes rhinitis of other origins. These are purulent, allergic and herpes rhinitis, which, in fact, are symptoms and are excluded by ICD 10 from the class of acute respiratory infections.

    In those 20% of cases when nasopharyngitis has a non-viral etiology, ENT doctors distinguish:

    • chronic nasopharyngitis, in which the inflammatory process in the upper respiratory tract caused by infections (including bacteria and fungi) lasts a long time;
    • recurrent nasopharyngitis - in which the inflammatory process in the nasopharynx, caused by various reasons, often recurs sporadically;
    • atrophic nasopharyngitis is a form of chronic rhinitis in which the nasopharyngeal mucosa undergoes pathological changes (partially atrophies) due to vitamin deficiency, iron deficiency anemia or constant inhalation of harmful chemicals;
    • purulent nasopharyngitis or bacterial rhinopharyngitis - diagnosed when exudate mixed with pus is released from the nasal passages;
    • allergic nasopharyngitis (J30-J31) is a sign of allergy - increased sensitization of the body reacting to a specific irritant (allergen);
    • catarrhal nasopharyngitis is the same as acute respiratory viral infection, which was previously called catarrhus respiratorius (catarrhus in Greek means “outflow”, in this case - a secretion product of the inflamed mucous membrane);
    • meningococcal nasopharyngitis is a local clinical manifestation of damage to the body by meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis);
    • Herpes nasopharyngitis develops as a result of infection with the Herpes simplex virus or its activation during a latent infection.

    Diagnosis of nasopharyngitis

    Diagnosis of nasopharyngitis in more common terminology - acute respiratory infections or acute respiratory viral infections - is the prerogative of a therapist or family doctor who makes just such a diagnosis.

    Tests aimed at identifying the actual infectious agent causing nasopharyngitis consist of a nasal and throat swab and a blood test (to detect or rule out a secondary infection). However, the detection and identification of human rhinoviruses in clinical settings is a matter of the future, since there are currently no readily available testing systems even in the best foreign clinics.

    It is also impossible to determine the HRV serotype based on symptoms. Therefore, the diagnosis of nasopharyngitis is based on complaints from patients, assessment of the intensity of symptoms, examination of the nasopharynx and checking the condition of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Otolaryngologists do all this.

    What needs to be examined?

    Differential diagnosis

    In clinical ENT practice, differential diagnosis is important, since acute nasopharyngitis is often mistaken for influenza (in the presence of fever and cough). It is easy to confuse purulent nasopharyngitis with sinusitis or chronic inflammation of the adenoids. And otolaryngologists use instrumental diagnostics: the condition of the nasal mucosa is examined using rhinoscopy, ears - otoscopy; the pharynx is examined with a fibrolaryngoscope; Diaphanoscopy will show the condition of the paranasal sinuses, and ultrasound will give a general picture of the ENT organs.

    Who to contact?

    Treatment of nasopharyngitis

    Medicine has not yet been able to combat rhinoviruses, because antimicrobial drugs, as is known, do not kill viruses. Therefore, antibiotics are not used for nasopharyngitis. Although, due to the expectation of bacterial infections, some doctors still prescribe them, despite the fact that antibacterial agents do not have preventive properties, but seriously disrupt the microbiocenosis of the body. See more about when you need antibiotics for a cold.

    Treatment of nasopharyngitis is aimed solely at relieving symptoms. Many studies have found that the symptoms of nasopharyngitis (itching in the nasopharynx, increased transudation of secretions from the nose, watery eyes, dry cough) develop not due to damage to the mucous membrane by viruses, but due to immune reactions like allergies - with an increase in the release of the neurotransmitter histamine by mast cells and the participation of peripheral H-receptors.

    Therefore, medications used for rhinorrhea and nasal congestion due to nasopharyngitis include antihistamines. Moreover, as it turned out, only first-generation antihistamines, such as Suprastin (Chloropyramine, Galopyramine, etc.) or Tavegil (Angistan, Clemastine, Meclustine, etc.), affect the symptoms of nasopharyngitis or ARVI.

    Suprastin is prescribed one tablet (25 mg) - twice a day, during meals. Tavegil should also be taken one tablet (1 mg) twice a day. But these drugs (like all other antihistamines) have many side effects, and their use may be accompanied by dry mouth; nausea and vomiting; weakness and drowsiness; seizures and loss of coordination; headache, epigastric and muscle pain; increased blood pressure and disorders of the heart and urinary system. Contraindications for Suprastin and Tavegil include: cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, stomach ulcers, prostate pathologies, glaucoma, pregnancy and lactation.

    With the help of intranasal decongestants-decogestants, which promote vasoconstriction, you can relieve swelling of the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and restore nasal breathing. The most popular drops for nasopharyngitis are Naphthyzin (other trade names are Naphazolin, Rinazin, Imidin) and Galazolin (Influrin, Rinazal, Otrivin). It is recommended to instill these drops 2-3 times a day - 1-2 drops in each nostril. However, the duration of use of these drugs should not exceed seven days, otherwise the nasal mucosa may atrophy. Also, they should not be used in the treatment of rhinitis in children under three years of age (in the USA they are prohibited for use under 12 years of age).

    Medicines Naphthyzin and Galazolin are contraindicated in the atrophic form of nasopharyngitis, arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, insufficient production of thyroid hormones, diabetes mellitus, angle-closure glaucoma, and also during pregnancy.

    Decogestants have side effects, which are manifested by dryness and burning in the nasal cavity (with an overdose, atrophy of the ciliated epithelium develops), increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, headache, sleep disturbance and decreased reaction speed (the latter should be kept in mind for those who drive or controls machinery in production).

    To prolong the vasoconstrictor effect of nasal drops, it is more advisable to use long-acting preparations, for example, Vibrocil, Nazivin, Nazol, Polydexa, Rinza drops, Vibrocil, Rinofluicil sprays, etc.

    Vibrocil drops are recommended for adults (and children 6 years of age and older) to instill two drops into each nasal passage three times a day. And Vibrocil spray is injected with one or two clicks on the spray nozzle no more than three times a day. The safe duration of use for the nasal mucosa is seven days.

    When treating nasopharyngitis, one should not forget about vitamins. In particular, vitamin C, being a strong antioxidant, can reduce the severity and duration of the disease (large doses of ascorbic acid are not recommended for children). Read more - Vitamin C and cold treatment.

    From the very beginning of acute nasopharyngitis, physiotherapeutic treatment can be carried out in the form of UHF of the nose, as well as using warm steam inhalations with soda, a decoction of chamomile flowers, sage herb, eucalyptus leaves (or its essential oil), etc.

    There is no exercise therapy complex for nasopharyngitis, but you should know what kind of physical activity during a cold will not harm your health.

    Homeopathy for nasopharyngitis

    Is homeopathy used for nasopharyngitis? Its use is possible, and pharmacies have a number of homeopathic medicines for the treatment of rhinitis.

    The multicomponent drug Corizalia in the form of tablets reduces the intensity of discharge from the nasal cavity and relieves swelling of the nasopharyngeal mucosa, including in acute nasopharyngitis. Method of application: sublingual (absorption under the tongue). Recommended dosage: on the first day of treatment - one tablet every 60 minutes, but not more than 12 tablets per day. Over the next three days, the intervals between doses increase to two hours. An allergic reaction to this drug often occurs, and contraindications include pregnancy and age under two years.

    Cinnabsin contains cinnabar (mercury sulfide), goldenseal and echinacea plant extracts, as well as highly toxic potassium dichromate (Kalium bichromicum), which is widely used in homeopathy. The method of using Cinnabsin is the same as the previous remedy, but at two-hour intervals; after the condition improves, daily intake is limited to three tablets. Side effects include hypersalivation (salivation).

    For allergic nasopharyngitis, homeopaths recommend the drug Rhinital, which contains tropical plants cardiosperum and galphimia, whose phytosterols have antipruritic properties. The method of administration, doses, side effects and contraindications are similar to the drug Coryzalia.

    Traditional treatment

    It has long been recognized that traditional treatment for nasopharyngitis and any respiratory viral infection copes well with the symptoms of the disease. The main thing is to do everything according to the rules.

    Properly rinse the nasal cavity and gargle with a warm solution of ordinary salt (a teaspoon per glass of boiled water).

    It is correct to drink three cups of ginger root tea during the day. See more details - how to use ginger for colds.

    It is correct to do hot foot baths by adding mustard powder or a teaspoon of turpentine to the water.

    It is correct to do inhalations, for which you can use not only chamomile, eucalyptus and sage, but also calendula flowers, thyme and horsetail herbs, and ginkgo biloba leaves. Essential oils of rosemary, geranium and cypress (in an aroma lamp) are very useful for nasopharyngitis. You can finely chop half an onion or 2-3 cloves of garlic, put it in a saw and breathe in the phytoncides.

    At the first signs of illness, you need to start herbal treatment:

    • drink tea made from linden blossom or raspberry leaves with the addition of cinnamon, lemon and honey;
    • brew as tea and drink 1-2 times a day an infusion of medicinal hyssop, echinacea, fireweed, watercress or mullein (20 g of herb per 200 ml of boiling water);
    • drink a decoction of dried black elderberry flowers, lemon balm leaves and yarrow herb (a dessert spoon of each ingredient in half a liter of water, boil for 10 minutes, cool and take poml three times a day);
    • gargle with a decoction of plants such as sage, cinquefoil, plantain, calendula;
    • drink a water infusion of thyme for a dry cough (a dessert spoon of the herb per 250 ml of boiling water, take a few sips 3-4 times a day);
    • bury your nose with Kalanchoe pinnate juice, a strong decoction of St. John's wort or a mixture of almond, menthol and tea tree oils (in equal proportions), 2-3 drops into each nasal passage.

    More information about treatment

    Prevention

    Prevention of nasopharyngitis - in the sense of preventing a respiratory viral infection - is considered impossible, because these viruses are everywhere and are very contagious. However, there are some ways that help reduce their spread, read more in our material Preventing colds.

    Forecast

    The prognosis for nasopharyngitis is favorable: most people begin to feel better already on the 4-5th day, as the body produces antibodies, and within 10 days the disease usually goes away without complications. But there is also a secondary bacterial infection. According to statistics from the European Society of Virology (ESV), bacterial complications caused by nasopharyngitis lead to sinusitis in 8% of cases, otitis in 30%, and pharyngitis and tonsillitis in the remaining cases.

    Medical Expert Editor

    Portnov Alexey Alexandrovich

    Education: Kiev National Medical University. A.A. Bogomolets, specialty - "General Medicine"

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